Numerical Study on Density Residual Currents of the Bohai Sea in Summer

M2 tide and density residual currents in the Bohai Sea were examined using the Blumberg and Mellor 3D nonlinear numerical coastal circulation model incorporating,Mellor and Yamada level 2.5 turbulent closure model.The tidal results showed good agreement with previous work.The model results indicated that the density residual currents are robust in summer;and that at the transition zone between well-mixed and stratified water,the horizontal velocity is high and the vertical velocity is positive.     

The observed currents in summer in the Bohai Sea

A harmonic method was used to analyze the tidal currents observed in summer at 11 stations made from 1996 to 2001 in the Bohai Sea, China. Data was compared among different instruments and intervals. Elliptic elements were calculated based on harmonic constants, of which vertical distributions of the maximum speed and rotation direction were discussed for understanding the characteristics of diurnal and semi-diurnal tidal current components. The results indicate that the maximum speed of M2 tidal current component is much larger than that of K1; the rotation direction of M2 tidal current constituent is clockwise in the central part of the Bohai Sea and in the Laizhou Bay, but anticlockwise in the Liaodong Bay and Bohai Bay. For K1 tidal current constituent, it is clockwise in the central Bohai Sea but anti-clockwise in the Laizhou Bay and Liaodong Bay. The tidal currents in most stations in the Bohai Sea were regular semidiurnal except for those in the central Bohai Sea, being irregular semidiurnal.     

A two-dimensional numerical model of the tidal motions in the Bohai sea

The motions of diurnal, semidiurnal, and shallow-water tides and tidal current in the Bohai Sea are computed using a finite-difference method based on two-dimensional tidal wave equations. Good agreement of the computed results with the observed data is achieved for diurnal and semidiurnal tides. The general pattern of the computed quarterdiurnal tide conforms to the observed pattern, but the computed amplitudes are on the high side. This is attributed to the ineligibility of the friction terms in the two-dimensional governing equations to dissipate the energy of high frequency tidal waves. It is found that the existing semidiurnal cotidal charts have considerable differences in Laizhou Bay. The difference is likely caused by the movement of the coastline of the Yellow River Delta. The present result coincides with the recent empirical cotidal chart. The computation shows a new current-amphidromic point for both semidiurnal and durnal tidal currents. The diurnal current has two current-amphidromic points in the Bohai Sea with co-phase lines progressing clockwise round these points. The semi-diurnal current has also two current-amphidromic points with co-phase lines progressing counterclockwise. The distributions of tide-induced residual elevation and currents are illustrated, and the tidal energy fluxes are computed. Institute of Marine Scientific and Technological Information, State Oceanic Administration Contribution No. 1125, Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica, Qingdao, China.     

Observed residual currents off the Changjiang （Yangtze） Rivermouth in wintertime of 1959 and 1982

Data taken in the two large-scale ocean investigations in China in winter 1959 and 1982 are used to analyze the residual current off the Changjiang (Yangtze) River mouth in this paper. The current in wintertime off the river mouth consist of the Changjiang runoff, wind-driven current, coastal current, density-driven current and Taiwan Warm Current (TWC). The TWC occurs in wintertime off the mouth. The surface TWC reaches only to the east side of Dinghai, then turns southeastward. The bottom TWC can flow to the area off the Changjiang mouth along west slop of the submerged river valley (SRV) and to the area off the Subei coast, The simulated currents by 3D model are basically consistent with the observed currents, although the model was run with climatological forces and the observations was done in episodic time manner.     

渤海郯庐断裂西支构造特征及对潜山形成的控制作用

渤海郯庐断裂西支是指郯庐断裂渤海段西侧分支断层,其形成演化对前新生代地层展布和潜山构造发育具有重要控制作用。基于三维地震、钻井、分析化验等资料,对渤海郯庐断裂西支构造特征、成因演化模式,以及对潜山形成的控制作用进行了分析。研究表明:①渤海郯庐断裂西支具有印支期、燕山早期、燕山中期、喜山早期多期叠加活动的特征,喜山晚期活化作用弱,整体隐伏于新生代沉积物之下;②渤海郯庐断裂西支具有显著的分段性,被近东西向断裂分割成北、中、南3段,各段在关键地质时期构造变形型式和强度存在一定差异;③印支期不均一南北向挤压所导致的走滑转换是渤海郯庐断裂西支的启动机制;④渤海郯庐断裂西支在印支期-燕山早期走滑逆冲活动及伴生褶皱是控制潜山地层展布及渤中19-6等潜山构造形成的关键因素。研究成果可以为渤海海域的油气勘探提供基础。      

Observation of the abyssal western boundary current in the Philippine Sea

Mooring observations were conducted from July 16, 2011 to March 30, 2012 east of Mindanao, Philippines(127°2.8′E, 8°0.3′N) to observe the abyssal current at about 5600 m deep and 500 m above the ocean bottom. Several features were revealed: 1) the observed abyssal current was highly variable with standard deviations of 57.3 mm/s and 34.0 mm/s, larger than the mean values of-31.9 and 16.6 mm/s for the zonal and meridional components, respectively; 2) low-frequency current longer than 6 days exhibited strong seasonal variation, flowing southeastward(mean flow direction of 119.0° clockwise from north) before about October 1, 2011 and northwestward(mean flow direction of 60.5° counter-clockwise from north) thereafter; 3) the high-frequency flow bands were dominated by tidal currents O 1, K 1, M 2, and S 2, and near-inertial currents, whose frequencies were higher than the local inertial frequency. The two diurnal tidal constituents were much stronger than the two semidiurnal ones. This study provides for the first time an observational insight into the abyssal western boundary current east of Mindanao based on long-term observations at one site. It is meaningful for further research into the deep and abyssal circulation over the whole Philippine Sea and the 3D structure of the western boundary current system in this region. More observational and high-resolution model studies are needed to examine the spatial structure and temporal variation of the abyssal current over a much larger space and longer period, their relation to the upper-layer circulation, and the underlying dynamics.     

牵引流化重力流沉积过程与堆积机制:以渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷为例

以具备牵引流特色的重力流沉积体为载体的高效储集体,是陆相湖盆沉积学研究与勘探突破的重要领域.渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷沙一段发育的大规模多期次陆相重力流具有其沉积特征的独特性(面积约940km2,纵向分布厚度约1.1km).依据水动力条件及沉积过程机制,存在层级递进继承型、渐进过渡型、兼并融合型3种牵引流与重力流动力学过程,细分为泥质碎屑流、砂质碎屑流、过渡型同生流、(高密度-低密度悬浮)似涌浪浊流、(高密度-低密度)准稳态浊流5种机制类型,并依据其发育背景识别出了滨海地区中央隆起带上以重力流水道为主导特征的水道型重力流沉积体系和受次洼地貌控制的面流型重力流.本研究细化了沉积动力学过程-堆积机制-沉积相-岩相一体化的关联性,确定了牵引流化重力流发育的关键控制因素.作为极具潜力的优质储层目标,陆相牵引流化重力流沉积体的研究成果在丰富理论体系的同时,对油气勘探新领域的拓展与突破具重要意义,具备生产实践价值,对于其他陆相湖盆油气勘探具有重要的借鉴作用.     

Barotropic current fluctuations coupled with sea level drawdown in Yellow and Bohai Seas

Sub-tidal barotropic current variations coupled with residual sea level fluctuation in the Bohai and Yellow Seas during wintertime are addressed in this study.The temporal evolution and spatial distribution of current fluctuation are investigated using moored acoustic Doppler current profiler data in a three-dimensional numerical model.It is found that a southward current followed by a northward current occurred in the northern Yellow Sea during the fluctuation,concurrent with a significant outflow followed by inflow through the Bohai Strait.The process is consistent from surface to bottom and is coupled with remarkable residual sea level fluctuation.This quasi three-day fluctuation with amplitude 0.2-0.3 m/s leads to 1 m/1.2 m drawdown in the northern Yellow and Bohai Seas,respectively,strongly influencing water exchange between those seas.Because this a prominent feature in the seas,it is necessary to evaluate its effect on fluctuation during winter in future studies,in particular,the northward current during the recovery phase of sea level in the Bohai and Yellow Seas regarding seasonal variation.     

Numerical simulation and dynamic study of the wintertime circulation of the Bohai Sea

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Observed residual currents off the Changjiang （Yangtze） Rivermouth in summertime of 1959 and 1982

Data taken in two large scale ocean observations in China in summer 1959 and 1982 were used to analyze the residual current off the Changjiang (Yangtze) River mouth. The currents at surface off the mouth in July 1959 and 1982 flow northeastward and eastward due to the river discharge, the current speed was larger in 1982 than in 1959. All the bottom currents flow landward due to baroclinic effect. The surface current was controlled by the river runoff and the Taiwan Warm Current (TWC). A return current at surface off the mouth was observed in September 1959. In general, the bottom currents were controlled by the TWC in most study area in addition to the runoff near the mouth. Although driven by 3-D model with the monthly averaged forces (river discharge, wind stress, baroclinic effect, open boundary water volume flux and tidal mixing) in August, the simulated circulations were basically consistent with the observed ones with episodic time manner.     

Dynamical Control of Asymmetrically Oblique Tidal Currents to the Sedimentary Characteristics and Development of Linear Sand Ridges in the Liaodong Shoal,East Bohai Sea

The Liaodong Shoal is a group of linear sand ridges located in the east Bohai Sea of China.In this study,54 surface sediment samples have been collected,current measurements at 4 stations have been carried out and bathymetric data were obtained.The current directions are rightward deflected relative to the strikes of the sand ridges.Affected by the narrowing effect of the ridge,the current velocities exhibited an anti-‘C’type vertical profile.The velocities of the lower currents linearly correlate with the water depths.The near-bed current velocities over the troughs are estimated to be higher than those over the ridges,and this feature could be explained by the loss of kinetic energy together with the conversion between kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy.The sedimentary characteristics that are compatible with the tidal dynamics are developed across the ridges and troughs,including grain size compositions,grain size parameters,mineral compositions and Dhm indexes.The existence of the angles between the current directions and the strikes of the sand ridges is the key factor for the growth of the sand ridges.The asymmetric hydrodynamic features between the flood and ebb currents lead to the differences in the topographical and sedimentary characteristics on both sides of a sand ridge.Insufficient material supply led to the degradation of the sand ridges,and the reduction of the tidal current intensity has led to the development of the subordinate sand ridges in the troughs.Sand ridges are migrating.     

Numerical Study of the Secondary Circulations in Rip Current Systems

To investigate the mechanism of secondary circulations in rip current systems, and to explore the relationship between wave conditions and secondary circulation intensity, a series of numerical experiments is performed using coupled nearshore wave model and circulation model. In these experiments, the rip currents and secondary circulations generated above barred beaches with rip channels are simulated. A comparison experiment is conducted to investigate the formation and hydrodynamics of the secondary circulations. Model results indicate that the secondary circulations consist of alongshore flows driven by wave set-up near the shoreline, part of the feeder currents driven by the wave set-up over the bars, and onshore flows at the end of the rip channel driven by wave breaking and convection. The existence of the secondary circulation barely affects the rip current, but narrows and intensifies the feeder currents. Three groups of experiments of varying incident wave conditions are performed to investigate the relationship between wave conditions and secondary circulation intensity. The velocity of the alongshore flow of the secondary circulation is sensitive to the variation of the incident wave height and water depth. It is also found that the alongshore flow intensity is in direct proportion to the alongshore variation of the wave height gradient between the bars and the shoreline.     

地壳块体应力场动力学演变过程仿真的初步研究

运用三维非线性动态有限元方法,研究华北地壳块体对渤海、黄海潮汐水位变化的动态响应,得出该块体中各力学量随时间演变的数值结果以及动态、直观的三维仿真映象,并以此探索计算力学与地学综合研究的途径.从仿真模拟结果可以看出:华北地区近期发生的几次较大地震均在应力较大或应力变化剧烈的地点.由于海洋动态载荷的量级小,计算结果的应力绝对值也很小,因此,这种吻合表明较小的动态载荷下的动态响应揭示了孕震构造的特征,显示了应力集中的地点.     

Radial tidal current field in a semi-enclosed rectangular basin: formation and evolution

The radial tidal current field accounts for the formation of the radial sand ridges in the South Yellow Sea. Understanding the formation and evolution of this radial tidal current field is vital to assessing the morphodynamic features in the area. A semi-enclosed rectangular basin with and without a coastal barrier was schematized from the topography of the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. The 2D tidal current field in this basin was simulated using the DELFT3D-FLOW model. The concept of tidal wave refraction, which highlights the effect of the sloped or stepped submarine topography on the propagation of the tidal waves, was introduced to explain the formation of the radial tidal current field. Under the effect of tidal wave refraction, co-phase lines of the counterclockwise rotating tidal wave and incident tidal wave are transformed into clockwise and counterclockwise deflections, respectively, leading to the convergence and divergence of the flow field. Regardless of whether a coastal barrier exists or not, the outer radial tidal current field might emerge over certain topography. The responses of the radial tidal current field in this basin to the environmental variations such as coastline changes and bottom erosions were discussed. Results show that local protrusion near the focal point of the radial tidal current field will have limited effects on the location of the tidal system. However, a remarkable shift of the amphidromic point toward the entrance and central axis of this basin and a movement of the focal point of the radial tidal current field toward the entrance could be caused by the significant seaward coastline advance and submarine slope erosion.     

ANISOTROPY OF MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND IDENTIFICATION OF TILTED SEDIMENT CORES FROM THE BOHAI SEA

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) is a well-developed technique increaseingly used in petro-fabric determination. ItS application to two Mackereth cores JX91-2A and JX91-2B, taken from thesame site in the central Bohai Sea, revealed 3D magnetic fabrics of the sediments as expressed with susce-ptibility ellipsoids. The flat seafloor and the relatively quiet depositional environment in the semi-isolatedBohai Sea should asult in a primary fabric with horisontally obate susocptibility el1ipsoids. Mormwr,the inaxing downcore totaI anisotropy comprising mainly of magntic foliation nsulting fIrom sedimentcompaction should also lead to flat ellipsoids. Therefore, the off-pole meam dindions of minimurn axes ofaseptibility ellipsoids on stermnets must indicate that the two coas are ti]ted re1ative to the flat anfloor.Use of Fisher statisties showh the tilt angles to be 14° for JX91-2A and 23°for JX91 -2B from whichthe tna depths of the coas were dedded accordingly.     

Tide and current observations in the central Chukchi Sea during the summer of 2012

Current data from a moored Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler(ADCP) deployed at 69?30.155′N,169?00.654′W in the central Chukchi Sea during 2012 summertime is analyzed in the present paper.Characteristics of tidal and residual currents are ob-tained with Cosine-Lanczos filter and cross-spectral analyses.The main achievements are as follows:1) Along with the local inertial frequency of 12.8 h,two other peaks at ~12-h and ~10-d dominate the time series of raw velocity;2) The M_2 dominates the 6 resolved tide constituents with significant amplitude variations over depth and the ratios of current speed of this constituent to that of the total tidal current are 54% and 47% for u and v components,respectively.All the resolved tidal constituents rotate clockwise at depth with the exception of MM and O1.The constituents of M_2 and S_2 with the largest major semi-axes are similar in eccentricity and orientation at deeper levels;3) The maximum of residual currents varies in a range of 20–30 cms~(-1) over depth and the current with lower velocities flow more true north with smaller magnitudes compared to the current in surface layer.The ~10 d fluctuation of residual current is found throughout the water column and attributed to the response of current to the local wind forcing,with an approximate 1.4 d lag-time at the surface level and occurring several hours later in the lower layer;4) Mean residual currents flow toward the north with the magnitudes smaller than 7 cms~(-1) in a general agreement with previous studies,which suggests a relatively weaker but stable northward flow indeed exists in the central Chukchi Sea.     

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Wind energy input in coastal seas east of China

This study investigates the wind energy input, an important source of mechanical energy, in the coastal seas east of China. Using the wind field from the high-resolution sea surface meteorology dataset in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea, we studied the wind energy input through surface ageostrophic currents and surface waves. Using a simple analytical formula for the Ekman Spiral with timedependent wind, the wind energy input through ageostrophic currents was estimated at ～22 GW averaged from 1960 to 2007, and through use of an empirical formula, the wind energy input through surface waves was estimated at ～169 GW. We also examined the seasonal variation and long-term tendency of mechanical energy from wind stress, and found that the wind energy input to the East China Sea decreased before the 1980s, and then subsequently increased, which is contrary to what has been found for the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. More complicated physical processes and varying diffusivity need to be taken into account in future studies.     

渤海湾区域应变应力场演化特征

根据渤海湾区域1999~2013年多期GPS站点速率资料,以营潍断裂带为界分为东西两个地块计算运动参数,求解主应变率和断裂带的应变率。基于应变率计算结果研究了区域应变-应力场。结果表明,1999~2011年渤海湾区域地壳整体受北东东-南西西向压应力和北北西-南南东向张应力作用,2011~2013年区域地壳压应力主方向为近南北向,张应力主方向呈近东西向,致使这一变化的主要原因是2011年日本3.11大地震。渤海湾区域不同地段的应力也存在差异,局部性变化明显。营潍断裂带不同时段的正应变率和剪应变率亦不同,1999~2011年为右旋剪应变-剪应力作用,2011~2013年为左旋剪应变-剪应力作用。     

The Impact of Large-Scale Reclamation on Hydro-Dynamic Environment——A Case Study of Xinghua Bay

A hydro-dynamic model is established on basis of MIKE21 FM to simulate the hydro-dynamic characteristics of Xinghua Bay and investigate the influence of reclamation project on the tidal elevation and tidal currents. Tidal elevation data was obtained at the six tide gauge stations around the Xinghua Bay, and another six current stations were established to observe the tidal current velocity and direction. Validation shows that the model-simulated tidal elevation and tidal currents agree well with observations made at different stations. Predictions are made according to the reclamation project proposed in the regional marine planning of Hanjiang Industrial Park around the port in Putian City. The variations of hydro-dynamic factors, such as tide, current velocity and direction and tidal influx are obtained, and the adverse effect of reclamation on marine environment is discussed. It is shown that the tidal level inside the Xinghua Bay during high tide decreases after the reclamation project is completed. The tidal currents during flooding tide generally decrease in the southeast of the reclamation region, with the maximum decreasing amplitude reaching 0.44 m s^-1. On the other hand, the tidal currents during flooding tide increase around the southeast and southwest corners of the reclamation region. The tidal currents during ebb tide increase around the southeast and southwest corners of the reclamation region, with the maximum increasing amplitude attaining 0.18 m s^-1. The results in this paper can give some guidance for the marine environment management and the effective utilization of land in Putian.