Geophysical interpretation of the Rashidpur structure Surma Basin,Bangladesh

The Rashidpur structure is located in the southern part of the Surma Basin, Bangladesh. This paper presents an integrated interpretation of seismic and other geophysical data considering the available geologic information in terms of hydrocarbon potential of this structure. The study area lies within a gravity high and a high magnetic intensity. Fifteen seismic sections of the study area have been analyzed to interpret the subsurface geology, structure and stratigraphy. Based on the analysis of seismic sections and correlation with well data, four prominent reflecting horizons have been identified. The litho-stratigraphy of the Rashidpur structure is prepared on the basis of well information. The lithological sequences encountered in the Rashidpur structure range in age from Miocene to Plio-Pliestocene. The gas producing sands of the structure are within Bokabil to Bhuban Formations of the Miocene age. The seismic study indicates that the Rashidpur structure is a narrow, NS elongated anticline affected by a major reverse fault on the eastern flank. It is an asymmetrical anticline with the axis swinging slightly to the east on the northern plunge and thus attaining a slight concavity to the east. There are various geophysical indications of hydrocarbons in this structure.     

缅甸安达曼海弧后坳陷天然气成藏要素及成藏模式

缅甸安达曼海已成为中国石油企业的重要海外探区之一。受印度板块向欧亚板块和西缅甸微地块多期斜向俯冲的影响,该区先后经历了被动陆缘、过渡型陆缘及主动陆缘的演化阶段,盆地属性与油气成藏特征极为复杂。通过系统梳理安达曼海弧后坳陷的烃源岩、储盖层、圈闭、输导体系与油气生-运-聚匹配史等成藏要素,总结出该区油气成藏主控因素。结果表明：本区发育渐新统-下中新统、中中新统与上新统3套泥质烃源岩,前二者为成熟烃源岩,后者为生物气源岩;岛弧带上碳酸盐岩礁体与斜坡带上砂体的储集条件良好;斜坡带继承性古隆起之上的断背斜圈闭容积大;高角度张性断裂与连通性砂体分别构成以垂向、侧向为主的输导体系。结合油气成因、运移方式与圈闭类型的主要特征,建立了2种成藏模式：①中央凹陷带浅层生物气或混源气垂向运移断块圈闭成藏模式;②东部斜坡带、西部斜坡和岛弧带热解气侧向运移断背斜-岩性圈闭成藏模式。西部斜坡及岛弧带上的碳酸盐岩礁体和东部斜坡带继承性古隆起之上的大型断背斜是有利勘探目标。     

柴达木盆地西部新生代生长构造格架与油气聚集

柴达木盆地西部地区新生界断裂划分为同生逆断裂、后生同生逆断裂和后生断裂 ,背斜发育有同生断展背斜、后生断展背斜及生长背斜 ,昆北断阶区褶皱发育演化序列为同生断展背斜之上叠加了生长背斜 ,一里坪坳陷、茫崖坳陷褶皱发育演化序列是后生断展背斜上叠加了同生断展背斜 ,同生断展背斜之上又叠加了生长背斜。新生代生长构造格架由三期生长构造组成 ,古近纪—早上新世逆同生构造、中—晚上新世逆同生构造和中—下更新世生长背斜组成 ,不同构造单元构造格架组成略有不同。三期生长构造是由E—N12 盆地基底扭压整体拗陷作用、N22 —N3 2 盆地基底扭压差异拗陷作用和Q盆地基底扭压缓慢拗陷作用而形成的。构造圈闭主要有同生断展背斜、后生断展背斜、生长背斜、断鼻等 ,且具有明显的层次性 ,主要分布在昆北断阶、茫崖坳陷。同生逆断裂的长期活动有利于油气的运移、聚集 ,位于油源区附近的同生和后生断展背斜有利于油气聚集成藏。     

Fluvial response to active extension: evidence from 3D seismic data from the Frio Formation (Oligo-Miocene) of the Texas Gulf of Mexico Coast, USA

Tectonic deformation of the land surface is known to influence the gradient, water and sediment discharge and the grain-size of modern fluvial systems. Any change in these variables alters the equilibrium of a fluvial system, potentially causing a change in channel morphology. 3D seismic data from the Tertiary (Miocene) age, Upper Frio Formation, Kelsey Field, South Texas, in the US are used to examine changing fluvial channel morphology through time during a period of active growth of a rollover anticline in the hangingwall of a normal fault (the Vicksburg Fault). The studied interval varies between 22 and 47 m thick, and spans several hundred thousand years. It consists of an alternation of fluvial sandstones, overbank mudstones and coal. Seismic extractions show the evolution of sinuous fluvial channels during a phase of growth fault activity. Prior to growth, a single sinuous channel is imaged. During growth, the fluvial system became decapitated by a developing rollover anticline, and a highly sinuous drainage network formed, with frequent avulsion events, headward propagation of streams and related stream capture. Increased channel sinuosity was spatially associated with increased avulsion frequency in the area down dip to the east of the rollover anticline, more than 10 km from the active fault. More than 25 m of relative accommodation developed on the flank of the growing rollover anticline compared with on the crest. The increased channel sinuosity is interpreted as reflecting an increase in longitudinal valley slope analogous to observations made in flume experiments and modern river systems. The increase in avulsion frequency is attributed to increased aggradation as the rivers adjusted back to equilibrium grade following the increase in slope.     

呼图壁至乌苏一带新构造变形特征及油气勘探方向预测

以覆盖北天山山前呼图壁至乌苏一带的四景 L andsat TM卫星遥感图像的地质解译为基础 ,结合野外实地考察所获取的地质资料以及烃源岩的生烃和排烃的盆地模拟分析结果 ,对呼图壁—乌苏地区第二、三排构造带上新世以来的新构造运动变形特征、背斜和断裂构造的形成时代以及油气勘探方向进行分析和预测。该区第二、三排背斜构造的变形非常强烈 ,它们的构造变形始于上新世末期 ,早更新世末期是新构造变形最强烈的时期 ,这些背斜构造带在中更新世早期已基本形成。第二排背斜构造带的构造变形强于第三排构造带。有利烃源岩安集海河组的排烃高峰期在距今 0 .3Ma左右 ,晚于背斜构造的形成时期 ,其生成和排出的油气很有可能聚集于这些背斜构造中。发育于背斜构造核部或北翼一侧的逆冲断裂构造为油气的垂向运移提供了良好通道 ,但也可能导致油气的逸散和破坏。综合分析表明第三排背斜构造带中的西湖背斜、独南背斜、安集海背斜和呼图壁背斜具有良好的油气勘探前景     

南海北部陆坡深水沉积体系研究

陆源碎屑物质是深水地质研究的重要内容,在全球“从源到汇”研究计划中占有重要地位。海底峡谷-水道搬运沉积体系和块体搬运沉积体系（海底滑坡）是大陆坡最重要的两种搬运沉积过程。根据高分辨率2D、3D多道反射地震资料、多波束测深法、旁扫声纳、重力与活塞取样等资料研究发现,在南海北部陆坡地层中,广泛发育大型深水块体搬运体系和相应深水水道沉积体系。针对白云凹陷和琼东南盆地深水陆坡区的实例研究,揭示了典型深水块体搬运的平面形态、内部结构和变形过程,进而深入认识这一地质体的形成演化过程。采用2D/3D地震资料和多种数值模拟新方法发现了第四系深水高弯曲水道及其沉积相特征、上新世琼东南盆地中央水道及中新世古珠江深水水道体系。深水沉积体系对研究我国深水油气资源的成因机理和分布规律,以及深水工程的地质灾害预测和防护具有十分重要的意义。     

库车坳陷西段新生代盐构造特征及演化

库车坳陷古-始新世沉积厚层膏盐岩,在沉积差异形成的重力负载作用下,膏盐岩发生塑性流动,山前的膏盐岩流向盆地内侧,发育盐底辟构造,形成吐孜玛扎盐墙、却勒盐丘,膏盐岩的塑性流动发生在膏盐层沉积后不久,并且持续到上新世库车早期,盐底辟构造主要通过被动底辟作用完成。上新世晚期,库车坳陷受到强烈的挤压作用,发生大规模的逆冲推覆,吐孜玛扎盐墙、却勒盐丘(应变强度薄弱部位)的北侧发育断层,盐岩沿断层刺穿地表,形成底辟型盐墙和喷出型盐席,同时发育整合型米斯坎塔克盐背斜和大宛齐盐枕。库车坳陷的盐构造分为两个阶段:构造平静期(渐新世-上新世),以重力差异负载作用为主,发育底辟型盐构造;构造挤压期(上新世晚期-现今),挤压作用强烈,形成逆冲推覆断层,在不同的构造部位分别形成盐席、盐墙、盐背斜,早期的盐构造对于后续挤压作用下盐构造的形成和演化具有重要的控制作用。     

Deposition and diagenesis of carbonate conglomerates in the Kremenara anticline, Albania: a paragenetic time marker in the Albanian foreland fold-and-thrust belt

This paper addresses the diagenesis of carbonate conglomerates in that it assesses the potential of conglomerates in refining the paragenetic history in complex structural areas, such as the Albanian foreland fold‐and‐thrust belt. Of major interest are stylolites (burial and tectonic) which are restricted to conglomerate fragments or which crosscut the conglomerate matrix. Based on the inferred age of stylolite development in relation to burial, uplift and tectonic history, and the Lower to Middle Miocene age of the conglomerates, the succession of diagenetic events was subdivided into several stages. The Poçem polymict transgressive carbonate conglomerate (Kremenara anticline, central Albania) was deposited in a shallow marine environment. These conglomerates are covered by intertidal rhodolithic packstones–grainstones. The stable‐isotope signature of these packstones–grainstones (δ¹⁸O_V‐PDB = −1·0 to +0·7‰; δ¹³C = +1·0 to +1·4‰) plots is within the range of marine Early and Middle Miocene values. Shortly after deposition of the conglomerates, micritization, geopetal infill and acicular calcite cementation took place. A first calcite vein generation is interpreted as having formed from a Messinian brine during shallow burial. Burial stylolites developed during further burial in the Pliocene. These stylolites serve as an important diagenetic time marker. The post‐burial stylolite meteoric calcite vein cement probably precipitated during the following telogenetic stage. Karstification and calcite concretion precipitiation pre‐date overturning of the western limb of the anticline. Reopening of subvertical fractures and tectonic stylolites in the western limb of the Kremenara anticline, followed by oil migration, represents one of the latest diagenetic events. These fractures and stylolites provide major pathways for hydrocarbon production.     

Quaternary sequences and their relations to the pre-Quaternary in the vicinity of Anholt, Kattegat, Scandinavia

The stratigraphic record from a boring penetrating the 104 m thick Quaternary sequence on the island of Anholt is summarized. The spatial distribution of the pre-Quaternary formations and the surface topography of these are described on the basis of reflection seismic profiles. It is concluded that Anholt is located in the crestal zone of a southeast–northwest trending anticline in the pre-Quaternary. The anticline was formed during the Late Cretaceous–Early Tertiary inversion episodes and was later deeply truncated by erosion. A southeast–northwest trending erosional channel, c. 2 km wide and with a maximum depth c. 250 m below sea level, is located southeast of Anholt along the crest of the anticline. This channel is not present at the bore locality. Although no direct correlation from the boring to the seismic profiles could be achieved it is argued that a strong reflection near the base of the Quaternary outside the channel may be correlated with the Saalian–Eemian complex found in the boring. Three younger sequences of probable Early and Middle Weichselian, Late Glacial and Holocene age respectively have been recognized. The Late Glacial and Holocene sediments appear to have been deposited in erosional troughs and channels cut into a sequence of Lower and Middle Weichselian sediments. Post-Eemian till deposits or other evidence unambiguously indicating the presence of Weichselian glaciers have not been found, either in the boring or in the seismic profiles. It is therefore assumed that the erosion of the Lower-Middle Weichselian sequence was of fluvial origin and can be ascribed to the lowstand period of the Weichselian glacial period. The western part of Anholt can possibly be regarded as an erosional remnant of the Lower-Middle Weichselian sequence.     

刚果扇盆地上中新世深水水道充填结构及演化特征

深水水道作为深水油气勘探的主力储层,其内部结构及演化特征的研究对于深水油气田勘探和开发都具有非常重要的意义.基于钻井及3D地震资料,对刚果扇盆地上中新世深水水道的内部充填期次、结构和演化特征进行了分析.从层序地层学的角度出发,将研究区内的水道划分为多个不同级别层序格架内形成的水道单体和水道复合体,从而对切谷内部的水道期次和组成特征进行精细表述.研究表明,研究区内水道单体自下而上发育底部滞留、滑塌充填、侵蚀水道、加积水道、天然堤和废弃水道6种沉积微相类型,整体表现为流体能量逐步降低的过程;三级水道复合体形成于复杂的多期侵蚀-充填过程,受到海平面变化、坡度及重力流流变学特征的影响,纵向演化可划分为初始侵蚀、初始充填、加积充填、后期充填和水道废弃5个阶段,各阶段切谷内充填结构和水道平面展布特征呈现有规律的变化.      

平湖油气田油气成藏新模式

通过对区域构造演化、沉积背景、盖层特性以及油气生成和运聚条件等的分析,结合前人研究成果,重新建立了平湖油气田的成藏模式.平湖油气田含上部渐新统花港组和下部始新统平湖组两套储层,呈上油下气的油气分布特征.古新世-始新世的断块阶段在区域上初步形成了大断裂控制下的断背料构造,在平湖组形成圈闭.中新世中期(平湖组沉积后期)发生...     

A modern oceanic hardground on the Carnegie Ridge in the eastern Equatorial Pacific

Fossil surfaces of erosion and non-deposition are common in limestone sequences from the Mesozoic in western Europe and in the Tethys and have been described under the name ‘hardgrounds’. They are of shallow water as well as of oceanic origin. A modern example in the Pacific is described in this paper. The Carnegie Ridge, an east-west trending shallow ridge between South America and the Galapagos Islands, has a central, deeper saddle where erosion has removed most of the sediment cover down to a hard chalk and chert bed (acoustic basement), and has cut intricate channel patterns on the south flank and two deep canyons on the north. The erosion has produced a karst-like relief of steep-walled channels, cliffs, and corroded chalk remnants. The floors of the channels are covered with ferromanganese oxide crusts or crust fragments over which loose sediment is being transported. In the two canyons on the north flank, this sediment consists of foraminiferal sand travelling downslope in the form of barchan dunes. All sediment down to acoustic basement has been stripped from the Carnegie Ridge crest except where it is protected behind basement ridges and pinnacles. Surface features of the eroded chalk are strongly reminiscent of features observed in Mesozoic hardgrounds. Current measurements over several days indicate a net northward movement, slow but possibly adequate to keep the sea floor free of fresh deposits. The rates, however, seem inadequate to explain the formation of the deep channels, and there is no evidence for the southward flow which is implied by the southern channel system. A process of combined carbonate dissolution and removal by the current of fresh sediment and dissolution residues can account for the required erosion in about two million years. Regional unconformities identifiable in seismic reflection profiles and dated in cores are of middle to late Pliocene age, suggesting that the formation of the erosion surface began 2-3 million years ago. Buried Miocene unconformities of local extent show that the present erosion period had minor precursors possibly related to short-lived increases in current action and carbonate dissolution.     

Plate boundary evolution in the Halmahera region,Indonesia

Halmahera is situated in eastern Indonesia at the southwest corner of the Philippine Sea Plate. Active arc-arc collision is in process in the Molucca Sea to the west of Halmahera. New stratigraphic observations from Halmahera link this island and the east Philippines and record the history of subduction of the Molucca Sea lithosphere. The Halmahera Basement Complex and the basement of east Mindanao were part of an arc and forearc of Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary age and have formed part of a single plate since the Late Eocene-Early Oligocene. There is no evidence that Halmahera formed part of an Oligo-Miocene arc but arc volcanism, associated with eastwards subduction of the Molucca Sea beneath Halmahera, began in the Pliocene and the Pliocene arc is built on a basement of the early Tertiary arc. Arc volcanism ceased briefly during the Pleistocene and the arc shifted westwards after an episode of deformation. The present active arc is built upon deformed rocks of the Pliocene arc. The combination of new stratigraphic information from the Halmahera islands and models of the present-day tectonic structure of the region deduced from seismic and other geophysical studies is used to constrain the tectonic evolution of the region since the Miocene. Diachronous collision at the western edge of the Philippine Sea Plate which began in Mindanao in the Late Miocene impeded the movement of the Philippine Sea Plate and further motion has been achieved by a combination of strike-slip motion along the Philippine Fault, subduction at the Philippine Trench and subduction of the Molucca Sea lithosphere beneath Halmahera.     

火山发育区通道相类型、特征、成因及对油气的控制作用

为探讨火山岩发育区通道相特征,充分利用三维地震资料、钻井资料和野外露头,研究了通道相的发育规律。结果表明,研究区发育火山通道和热液通道两种通道相。二者均表现为上粗下细的倒锥状,但是在岩相和地震相等方面差别较大。火山通道多为火山岩充填,表现为堆砌充填结构,具有明显的速度异常,反射振幅与围岩差别较大,常伴生较大规模的强振幅溢流相,整体上呈现出"两强夹一弱"的地震反射特征,即顶、底部强反射,中间弱反射;热液通道多为围岩碎屑充填,无速度异常,反射振幅与围岩差别不大,无溢流相伴生,整体上呈现出"一强一弱"的地震反射特征,即底部强反射,上部弱反射。在对2类通道相特征及成因分析的基础上,建立火山岩发育区通道相发育模式:火山通道由岩浆上侵喷发而成,热液通道受控于岩浆侵入引起的围岩液化侵位作用。2类通道相对油气具有不同的控制作用:火山通道为"利盖不利储",热液通道为"利储不利盖"。最后结合通道相的分布特征,指出了研究区有利的勘探区带。该研究成果对火山岩发育区油气勘探具有重要的指导意义。     

库车坳陷东部断裂特征与构造演化

山前逆冲褶皱带的几何学和运动学研究属于构造地质学前沿课题,也是全球山前盆地油气勘探开发所关注的问题.综合二维地震剖面、钻测井数据、地质填图资料,建立了库车坳陷东部两类断层几何学和运动学模型,绘制了吐孜洛克断层和东秋里塔格断层断距分布图以及东秋里塔格背斜位移缩短量分布图.研究资料表明库车坳陷东部发育两种类型断层,古近纪发育高角度逆冲断层,造成山前基底抬升,白垩系-古近系被剥蚀;上新世发育低角度逆冲断层,引发库车坳陷中生界-新生界变形,形成盆地腹部隐伏的叠瓦状逆冲构造.      

综合物探在博格达山前古牧地复杂构造中的应用

准噶尔盆地南缘古牧地地区具有丰富的油气勘探潜力,但由于中深层地震成像存在盲区,长期以来对古牧地构造特征认识不清,制约了油气勘探进程.笔者采用高精度重磁和电法CEMP综合物探技术对古牧地地区构造特征进行了研究,取得了有价值的新认识.研究成果表明,古牧地构造为博格达山前褶皱冲断带的前锋构造,受阶梯状断裂控制.古牧地构造纵向上具多层构造特征,其中浅层为紧闭型逆冲倒转背斜,中层为受阶状逆冲断层控制的屋脊状断块,深层为潜山披覆型冲断背斜.重力异常显示古牧地背斜西围斜可能是一完整的背斜构造,古牧地中深层构造和古牧地背斜西围斜评价为有利的油气勘探目标.     

New insights on diapirism in the Adriatic Sea: the Tremiti salt structure (Apulia offshore,southeastern Italy)

The reinterpretation of public seismic profiles in the Adriatic offshore of Gargano (Apulia, southern Italy) allowed the detection of a kilometre‐scale salt‐anticline, the Tremiti diapir, within the larger Tremiti Structure. This anticline was generated by diapirism of Upper Triassic anhydrites within a thick Mesozoic to Quaternary sedimentary succession. Both internal stratal patterns and shapes of Plio‐Quaternary units, and the occurrence of an angular unconformity between early Tortonian and Pliocene rocks on the Tremiti Islands, suggest that halokinesis began during the late Miocene and is still active today. An ancient extensional SE‐dipping fault, cutting an older Mesozoic low‐amplitude anhydritic ridge, played an important role during salt mobilization, which was promoted by NW‐SE shortening. The diapir grew in the footwall of this fault, causing its upward propagation. In some places, the ancient fault served as a preferential channel for the upward migration of the anhydrites.     

东海西湖凹陷中新世末反转背斜构造成因机制:来自基底结构差异的新认识

东海西湖凹陷广泛发育中新世末形成的大型反转背斜,关于背斜成因前人多认为与外力作用有关,忽视了凹陷内部结构的影响.以重磁震资料综合解释分析为基础,系统梳理中新世末反转背斜分布及其与凹陷基底结构的关系,并结合构造物理模拟实验方法探讨基底结构差异对反转背斜发育的影响.结果表明,中新世末反转背斜与高磁性火成岩基底分布呈现出明显的相关性,且均具有南北分段差异.凹陷北段火成岩基底分布在中央洼陷-反转带内,反转背斜主要在火成岩基底东缘区发育;凹陷南段火成岩基底分布在东、西两侧边缘,反转背斜主要在边缘火成岩基底内侧发育.构造物理模拟实验结果显示,在挤压背景下,压应力通过相对刚性硅胶边缘释放,控制挤压背斜褶皱的形成;表明不同岩性基底所产生的抗压强度差异能显著影响反转背斜分布.最终提出在挤压背景下,高磁性、高抗压强度的火成岩基底所引起的局部构造应力场改变是决定中新世末反转背斜强弱分布的关键因素.      

天山北缘前陆冲断带形成时间的地层学证据

乌鲁木齐附近天山北缘喀拉扎背斜及其周缘的地层学分析表明，上中新统一上新统昌吉河群(N1-2ch)(相当于独山子组N1-2d)是喀拉扎山地区发育的生长地层，是喀拉扎背斜形成时的同构造沉积层序．这个结论表明、包括喀拉扎背斜在内的天山北缘第一排前陆冲断构造带形成于晚中新一上新世时期．