Influence d'un élevage ostréicole sur les flux de nutriments et d'oxygène dans un écosystème lagunaire

The impact of suspended oyster culture (Crassostrea gigas, Thunberg) on oxygen and nutrient fluxes has been studied in situ, in a coastal lagoon (Thau, France), during a seasonal cycle. On the first plan of the multiple factorial correspondences analysis (MCA), seasons were well discriminated. The fluxes were maximum in summer and minimum in winter. However, this seasonal pattern was not only linked to the water temperature, as autumn and spring (similar temperatures of about 12 °C) were distinct in the second factorial plan (2.3). Oxygen uptake by the oyster cultures varied between 0 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹ (January) and 11 823 ±377 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹ (July). Ammonia and nitrate-nitrites were released into the water column respectively at a rate of 2905 ± 327 μmol m⁻²h⁻¹ and 891 ± 88 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹ in the summer and 0 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹ and 177 ± 97 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹ in the cold season. During the summer, the nitrate-nitrites flux was about 20 % of the total dissolved inorganic nitrogen production. Phosphate release was low except for two periods during which an important release was measured; in May (1686 ± 44 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹) and in November (2691 ± 800 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹). No linear relation between water temperature and phosphate flux was found. In Thau Lagoon, oyster cultures (oysters and epibiota) by producing 2 × 10⁷ mol-N y⁻¹ play a central role in nitrogen renewal in the water column.     

Distribution et écologie des Méduses (Cnidaria) du golfe de Tunis (Méditerranée sud occidentale)

The Medusae of Tunis Gulf (25 species) are qualitatively the third zooplanktonic group after Tintinnids and Copepods. Anthomedusae (eight species), Trachymedusae (five species) and Leptomedusae (four species) represent the major part among the 20 species of Hydromedusae identified during our study (December 1993–November 1995). However, the Limnomedusae (two species) and the Narcomedusae (one species) are poorly represented. In the Bay of Tunis, Obelia spp., the most common and dominant species, command the quantitative fluctuations of Hydromedusae and reach exceptionally the density of 25 800 ind. m^–3. Within the Scyphomedusae (five species), Pelagia noctiluca is the most common species which outbreaks in winter and autumn. Tunis Gulf seems to be composed of two jellyfish communities; the first one is composed of endogenous species showing a constant period of blooming like Olindias, Cladonema, Aurelia, Cotylorhiza and Rhizostoma and sometimes permanent like Obelia spp. and Clytia spp.; the second is represented by exogenous species considered as “visitors” like Velella, Sminthea or Pelagia whose presence on the coast is dependent on local and particular winds and currents.     

Prélèvements systématiques et caractérisation des réflecteurs acoustiques: nouvelle étape dans la compréhension de la géologie de la Méditerranée occidentale

A sampling survey in the Ligurian Sea and north of the Balearic Islands (Mediterranean Sea) brought back samples containing the following elements: (1) lithified Quaternary crust and deep-lying corals; (2) Early Pliocene marls corresponding to reflector level M in some cases; (3) red sediments tentatively assimilated with the Messinian continental equivalent; (4) rocks coming from the basement; (5) volcanic rocks.For the first time, basalts with olivine were discovered in the Algero-Provencal Abyssal Plain.A volcano 500 m high was sampled by dredging north of Minorca.     

Apports de nutriments et développement phytoplanctonique en baie de Seine

As part of the Programme National d'Océanographie Côtière, the nutrient dynamics of the Bay of Seine were studied between 1992 and 1994 in order to complement work on ecological modelling. Firstly, the River Seine's nutrient fluxes were established: 80 000–130 000 t a⁻¹ of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, 6 400–8 4001 a⁻¹ of dissolved phosphorus and 20 000–77 000 t a⁻¹ of dissolved silicium. Estuarine processes were taken into account. Consequences of nutrient loading for the bay were then evaluated at the pelagic level (nutrient and chlorophyll enrichments) and the benthic level (distribution of various phosphorus fractions in superficial sediments). The large continental inputs always induce concentration gradients in the water from the mouth of the river to the northwest of the bay. The northward spreading of fine particulate matter controls the distribution of adsorbed phosphate and iron-aluminium bound phosphate in sediments. In contrast, calcium bound phosphate, the main fraction in sediments, is not affected by river inputs. Organic phosphorus in sediments is related to phytoplankton blooms, with increasing concentrations during productive periods; afterwards the fast recycling prevents sedimentary accumulation. The nutrient depletions observed beyond the turbid plume during spring 1992 enabled the calculation of nutrient uptake rates, and the comparison of these rates with phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a + phaeopigments). Ratios of nutrient consumption to pigment concentration were estimated at 1 μmol μg⁻¹ for nitrogen, 0.05 for phosphorus and 0.5 for silicate. These values, as N/P and Si/N uptake ratios (respectively 17.5 and 0.4), were similar to usual values.     

Devenir des virus entériques en mer et influence des facteurs environnementaux

To improve the knowledge of the survival of enteric viruses in a marine environment, the influence of physico-chemical parameters (temperature, UV, salinity) on the survival of infectious poliovirus 1 and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in seawater was first studied, the influence of suspended solids (SS) on poliovirus adsorption and survival in seawater was then evaluated and the detection of rotavirus genome in environmental samples (shellfish, river water, treated wastewater) was finally investigated. The results show that temperature has a major impact on virus survival in seawater as the time necessary to inactivate 90 % of the virus (T₉₀) is 671 days at 4 °C and only 25 days at 25 °C. Ultraviolet light (42 mW s cm⁻²) rapidly inactivates viruses but HAV is more resistant (T₉₀ = 2.6 min) than the poliovirus 1 (T₉₀ = 1.3 min). By contrast, seawater salinity has no effect on virus survival. In presence of SS, 90 % to 99.9 % of the viruses were adsorbed. This adsorption does not provide any protection for viruses with low SS concentrations (3 and 15 mg L⁻¹) but a slight increase in virus survival was observed with a high SS concentration (500 mg L⁻¹). Finally environmental sample analysis indicated that 20 % shellfish, about 40 % river water and 40 % treated wastewater tested positive for the rotavirus genome.     

栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri(Jones et Preston)人工育苗试验报告

栉孔扇贝是海产珍品之一,其闭壳肌是制造“干贝”的原料。这种扇贝在我国只分布于山东和辽宁的某些海区,在山东历史上以荣成和长岛县为主要产地。长岛县1960年的鲜贝产量为200—250吨,荣成1967年成品于贝的产量曾达30吨,但以后产量急剧下降,几乎绝产。要恢复资源,开展栉孔扇贝的人工养殖,首先必须解决苗种问题。为此     

栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri（Jones et Preston）人工育苗试验报告

栉孔扇贝是海产珍品之一，其闭壳肌是制造“干贝”的原料。这种扇贝在我国只分布于山东和辽宁的某些海区，在山东历史上以荣成和长岛县为主要产地。长岛县1960年的鲜贝产量为200—250吨，荣成1967年成品干贝的产量曾达30吨，但以后产量急剧下降，几乎绝产。要恢复资源，开展栉孔扇贝的人工养殖，首先必须解决苗种问题。为此我们从1974年至1976年在烟台、荣成和长岛等海区进行了扇贝的半人工采苗试验并取得一些成果(见《水产》1975年1期和1976年1期)。     

栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri(Jones et Preston)人工育苗试验报告

栉孔扇贝是海产珍品之一,其闭壳肌是制造“干贝”的原料。这种扇贝在我国只分布于山东和辽宁的某些海区,在山东历史上以荣成和长岛县为主要产地。长岛县1960年的鲜贝产量为200—250吨,荣成1967年成品干贝的产量曾达30吨,但以后产量急剧下降,几乎绝产。要恢复资源,开展栉孔扇贝的人工养殖,首先必须解决苗种问题。为此     

黄海南部黄鲫Setipinna taty(Cuvier et Valenciennes)渔业生物学研究

本文对黄海南部黄鲫群体进行了常规生物学测定.研究分析了体长组成和体重组成、体长和体重关系、性比的变化及性腺的发育情况.总样品的性比为♀/♂=0.96,体长与体重的关系式为W=1.77×10-2L2.73.优势体长为12-15cm,占74.8%;优势体重为20-40g,占67.8%;年龄组成为1-4龄,以1龄和2龄鱼占优势.     

六线鳚(Ernogrammus hexagrammus(Temminck et Schlegel))染色体组型

用六线鳚脾脏为材料研究其染色体组型,2n=48,NF=48,全部为端部着丝点染色体。     

Variabilité spatio-temporelle de la biomasse microphytobenthique en rade de Brest et en Manche occidentale

Microphytobenthic biomass was estimated in the Bay of Brest (1994) and the western English Channel (Trezen Vraz, 1993) using spectrophotometry. Best results (42 % difference) were obtained with an instantaneous extraction procedure at room temperature, compared with the cold extraction procedure. Chlorophyll biomass in sediment was higher in the western English Channel (65–215 mg Chl a m⁻²) than in the Bay of Brest (10–113 mg Chl a m⁻²), in contrast to total pigment biomass (Chl a + pheo a : 88–254 mg m⁻² at Trezen Vraz vs. 131–934 mg m⁻² in the Bay of Brest). This study emphasized decreasing pigment biomass from the estuary to the open sea. Low benthic pigment biomass in the Bay, compared to eutrophic ecosystems, agrees with previous studies on the pelagic system, suggesting that there is no eutrophication in the Bay of Brest. Microphytobenthic blooms were strongly correlated with environmental factors, such as river floods, light intensity, water temperature and the spring/neap tidal cycle. Turbidity and light could be limiting factors at Roscanvel, i.e. the deepest site facing gyre circulation. The latter would favour sedimentation of silt particles at the sediment-water interface. Microphytobenthos population dynamics would be also dependent on the spring/neap tidal cycle, since maximum chlorophyll biomass occurred at neap tides at all three sites in the Bay of Brest, in contrast to the western English Channel. Lower temporal variations of pigment biomass in sediment were observed in the Channel, compared with the Bay of Brest; maximum chlorophyll biomass in sediment was found to occur three to four weeks after the phytoplankton blooms.     

Ocean acidification: Separating evidence from judgment – A reply to Dupont et al.

Recently ocean acidification as a major threat for marine species has moved from a consensus statement into a much discussed and even challenged conception. A simple meta-analysis of Hendriks et al. (2010) showed that based on results of pooled experimental evidence, marine biota may turn out to be more resistant than hitherto believed. Dupont et al. (in press) indicate the importance of evaluating the most vulnerable stages in the life cycle of organisms instead of only adult stages. Here we evaluate additional material, composed of experimental evidence of the effect of ocean acidification on marine organisms during adult, larval, and juvenile stages, and show that the observed effects are within the range predicted by Hendriks et al. (2010). Species-specific differences and a wide variance in the reaction of organisms might obscure patterns of differences between life stages. Future research should be aimed to clarify underlying mechanisms to define the effect ocean acidification will have on marine biodiversity. Conveying scientific evidence along with an open acknowledgment of uncertainties to help separate evidence from judgment should not harm the need to act to mitigate ocean acidification and should pave the road for robust progress in our understanding of how ocean acidification impacts biota of the ocean.     

Absorption et régénération de l'azote dans le système brassé de la Manche: productions nouvelle et régénérée

Nitrate and ammonium uptake rates were measured in spring and summer in deep and shallow wellmixed waters of the English Channel during different cruises between 1986 and 1994. In the deep waters, nitrate uptake was relatively low during phytoplankton development and ammonium uptake represented more than 70 % of the total uptake irrespective of the season. In the shallow waters, nitrate uptake during spring phytoplankton growth was high and represented about 75 % of the total uptake. Ammonium uptake became substantial towards the end of spring and summer. The high contribution of ammonium to the nitrogenous nutrition of phytoplankton over the whole of the well-mixed waters is related to a high rate of recycling of nitrogen in the water column. Ammonium regeneration by microheterotrophs can satisfy between 62 % and the totality of the phytoplankton nitrogen requirements. The high primary production in deep well-mixed waters is not supported by allochthonous nitrogen supply but by an intense in situ regeneration of nitrogen. The situation is similar in shallow well-mixed waters, except during the spring bloom.     

黄海区远东拟沙丁鱼Sardinops melanosticta(TEMMINCK et SCHLEGEL)种群的初步研究

1985年5月上旬至6月中旬在黄海区远东拟沙丁鱼海上试捕过程中,我们对其进行了一系列的研究工作。从近几年春夏季(4月—7月)我们对黄海区所采到的标本进行的性腺观察来看,该鱼在5月中旬以前,性腺发育均趋于Ⅲ—Ⅳ期;5月中旬后至6月底,性腺大部分已达Ⅴ期;7月初,则发现不少性腺处于产卵后恢复期的个体。同时,鱼群的密度较5、6     

Biodiversité et dynamique des peuplements ichtyiques de la mangrove de Guaratuba,Brésil

The Bay of Guaratuba, whose area is approximately 45 km², is a basin, situated to the south of Brazil (25° 52′ S; 48° 39′ W) and connected to the Atlantic ocean. In its northern part, a region of mangrove is found, under the influence of seasonal fluvial contributions, dominated by Laguncularia racemosa. The depth exceeds 6 m in some places. According to the period of the year, salinity varies between 3 and 37, and temperature between 15 and 28 °C. Several of the present fish species are exploited by commercial and recreational fisheries. This work describes characteristics of the fish populations occupying this mangrove, and temporal and spatial evolution of populations of the main species from available data on their biology. Between September 1993 and August 1996, fish samplings have been undertaken monthly by trawl, according to the same fishing effort (20 min), in channels of this ecosystem. Size, numerical abundance and weight of each individual of species were measured, as well as surface and bottom temperatures and bottom salinity. Species richness, Shannon-Weaver's diversity index were calculated and abundances were processed by the multivaried analysis. The global species richness is 61 species, distributed in 28 families; the better represented species are Sciaenidae (10), Gerreidae (5), Carangidae (5), Ariidae (4), Haemulidae (3), Serranidae (3), Bothidae (3). Each year, the number of species varies between 41 and 44, and a group of eight species represents between 80 to 90 % of the density and 75 % of the biomass. The constancy of this dominance is the main characteristic of this fish assemblage. The most represented species in abundance is Pomadasys corvinaeformis is the first two years, then Stellifer rastrifer. The group of eight main species is shared by 15 species in total, of which 13 for the density and 14 for the biomass. The most important monthly catches take place in winter season, during which one observes a decrease of water temperature and an increase of salinity. These species, however, being likely to be replaced by others according to the year or the season; one never finds the same composition in the assemblage which preserves always the same structures. Seasonal differences between seasons under marine (winter) and continental (summer) influences play a major role on the dynamics of fish in the Guaratuba mangrove. This ecosystem plays a functional role in the achievement of the life cycle of many permanent or temporary species. Those having succeeded to reach high levels of abundance are not represented in a uniform way in the course of the year, even when they reside permanently in the ecosystem. Periodic displacement strategies for self regulation of stocks abundance, are necessary mechanisms for these populations, which thus success to coexist in occupying the mangrove.     

胜利原油对栉孔扇贝Ghlamy farreri(Jones et preston)早期发育的影响

原油和炼制油对海洋生物的影响,目前已有不少的研究资料。在瓣鳃类动物方面,主要有贻贝,牡蛎、蛤蜊、沙海螂等,而有关油污染对扇贝的影响,迄今研究工作还很少。Motohiro等人(1976)曾报导了扇贝(Pecten yessoensis)在油污海水中受污程度的试验。Rice(1976)报导了柯克(Cook)原油和2号燃料油对成体栉孔扇贝(Chlamy Sp.)的半致死浓度试验结果。Croddock(1977)引述了几种原油和2号燃料油对栉孔扇贝(Chlamys rubida)成体的急性半致死浓度。但有关原油对栉孔扇贝早期发育影响的报导,我们尚未见到。栉孔扇贝是我国北方沿海的珍贵海产养殖     

Les observations de poissons tropicaux et le réchauffement des eaux dans l'Atlantique européen

A recapitulation of the records of tropical fishes from European Atlantic waters shows that 67.6% were fishes caught from the upper slope, between approximately 200 and 600 m; 19.8% were fishes caught from the continental shelf; and 13.5% were specimens caught from the middle slope, between 700 and 1 300 m. Since 1963, the upper slope species have made regular northward range extensions off of south Portugal to north-western Ireland (about 55° 30′N), more and less rapidly, about 30 years for Cyttopsis roseus and only 6 years for Sphoeroides pachygaster. The continental shelf species, observed from 1969 but mostly from 1981, have a northward range to south-eastern Ireland (about 52° N), but 65.2% of them have been caught off the south of the Bay of Biscay. The middle slope species, recorded only from 1991 according to the development of the deep fishery, were caught between 48° N and 60° N. The northward range extension of upper slope species and the higher frequency of records of continental shelf species from the southern part of the Bay of Biscay coincide with the investigations on the warming of the south-north current in the upper slope of northern Spain and of the south French Atlantic continental shelf.     

胜利原油对栉孔扇贝Ghlamy farreri （Jones et preston）早期发育的影响

原油和炼制油对海洋生物的影响，目前已有不少的研究资料，在瓣鳃类动物方面，主要有贻贝，牡蛎、蛤蜊、沙海螂等，而有关油污染对扇贝的影响，迄今研究工作还很少。Motohiro等人(1976)曾报导了扇贝(Pecten yessoensis)在油污海水中受污程度的试验。     

中国异枝软骨凹顶藻Chondrophycus intermedius (Yamada) Garbary et Harper的形态及解剖学

异枝凹顶藻Laurencia intermedia Yamada广泛地分布于东亚西太平洋沿岸的中国、朝鲜半岛(Nam et al. , 1984)及日本(Yoshida et al. , 1998)。在东南亚的菲律宾(Silva et al., 1987)，太平洋的斐济岛(NYeurt et al., 1996)，东非、印度次大陆及印度洋的斯里兰卡、肯尼亚、坦桑尼亚及Réunion (Silva et al., 1996)，以及西非的利比里亚、象牙海岸及加纳(Law son et al., 1987)等地均有报道。 Howe(1934)最早报道了中国的异枝凹顶藻。1962年，曾呈奎、张峻甫在“黄海西部沿岸海藻区系的温度性质”一文中也提到了该藻。1983年, 曾呈奎等在《Common seaweeds of China》中报道了黄海沿岸的异枝凹顶藻。1983年, 杭金欣等在《浙江海藻原色图谱》报道了浙江嵊山、渔山和南凫岛的异枝凹顶藻。1988年，张峻甫等也再次对该藻进行了报道。2000年，黄淑芳报道了台湾的异枝凹顶藻。     

中国异枝软骨凹顶藻Chondrophycus intermedius (Yamada) Garbary et Harper的形态及解剖学

异枝凹顶藻Laurencia intermediaYamada广泛地分布于东亚西太平洋沿岸的中国、朝鲜半岛(Namet al.,1984)及日本(Yoshidaet al.,1998)。在东南亚的菲律宾(Silvaetal.,1987),太平洋的斐济岛(N Yeurtet al.,1996),东非、印度次大陆及印度洋的斯里兰卡、肯尼亚、坦桑尼亚及R啨union