A numerical study of the vertical structure of typhoon surge currents

In the present paper a three-dimensional model has been used to calculate the vertical structure of the current generated by typhoon surge. The aim of this work is to obtain support for the depth-averaged model, which is based upon two basic assumptions. One of them is that the current has a negligible vertical structure and the other is that the velocity veering angle is small. Our results show that, in most of the real storm surge cases, these two assumptions are quite good approximations of the real situation, especially when water is shallow, and the locations are near the shore. These features are usually encountered in the real storm surges with which we are concerned. Therefore, we can expect that the two-dimensional depth-averaged model will give satisfactory results. The experiments carried out by using a straight coastline and uniform depth give vertical structures which are compatible with the conclusions previously reached by other authors.     

An ultra-shallow water storm surge model with quadratically depth-varying eddy viscosity and its application to the numerical modelling of the Bohai Sea storm surges

Based on the ultra-shallow water storm surge theory proposed by Qin and Feng^[1] (1975), an ultra-shallow water storm surge model, taking into consideration the effect of the earth's rotation and the quadratically depth-varying eddy viscosity, is developed. Using the model wind stress fields as a guide for representing the effect of wind stress forcing in our model, a numerical investigation of the Bohai Sea wind surge is made. As a better means for solving the mathematical model, the Galerkin finite element technique is employed in numerical solutions. Under the control of the main weather situation, namely, the cold wave combined with the extratropical cyclone, two storm surge processes experienced on the Bohai Sea are simulated numerically. It is found that the experimental results, in the main, are in agreement with the observations.     

Electro-connection marine corrosion test method and its application

Corrosion of marine steel constructions may vary to a considerable extent owing to their different locations such as atmosphere, splash zone, tidal zone, immersion zone and mud zone^{[7, 8]}. A rather lengthy hanging steel sample is needed to test its corrosion resistance in various environments. But it is cumbersome to handle and not convenient for frequent observation and maintenance. So an indoor analogue test method is generally adopted for this purpose^[1]. This paper is a report of such a test. Contribution No. 1333 from the Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica.     

VMD-SG-WT去噪法及其在混沌去噪中的应用

为对混沌信号进行降噪,提出基于变分模态分解(VMD)的混合去噪(VMD-SG-WT)方法,首先基于各分量间的最小巴氏距离确定VMD分解模态参数,通过VMD将混沌信号分解成多个本征模态函数(IMFs);然后分别计算各个IMF分量与原始信号间的相关因数,根据相关关系指标确定IMF分量的含噪程度,对有效成分主导的信息分量重构进行Savitzky-Golay平滑滤波,对噪声主导的噪声分量重构进行小波降噪处理;最后利用平滑的信息分量与小波去噪的噪声分量进行重构,得到最终去噪的信号。采用VMD-SG-WT去噪法对Lorenz系统产生的仿真信号和实测的太阳黑子数序列进行降噪处理,并与局部投影去噪法、小波去噪法、经验模态分解(EMD)去噪法和单一VMD去噪法进行对比。结果表明:VMD-SG-WT去噪法能够有效对混沌信号进行降噪,去噪效果相对优于其他去噪方法的去噪效果。     

THE METHOD BASE OF GEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS AND ITS APPLICATION

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A THREE-LAYER OCEAN CIRCULATION MODEL APPLICATION TO NUMERICAL STUDIES ON THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN CIRCULATION

The formulation and justification of a three-layer baroclinic ocean model developed to simulate thegeneral circulation of the ocean are described in this paper.Test of the model in simulating the annualmean circulation patterns in the North Pacific under the prescribed atmospheric forcing,which consists ofthe climatological surface wind stress and sea surface heat flux,and comparison of the results withobservations showed that the model basically simulated the large scale features of the annual meancirculation patterns in the North Pacific Ocean such as those of the intensified western boundary currentsand the North Equatorial Currents and Undercurrents.But due to the coarse resolution of the model,some details of these currents were poorly reproduced.The seasonal variations of the North Pacific Oceancirculation driven by the seasonal mean sea surface wind stress was calculated,the different aspects of theseresults were analyzed and the main current(the intensified western boundary currents)transports we     

典型相关统计方法及其在四川气温场分析中的应用

利用典型相关理论,分析了四川7月气温与当年前期1-5月气温场之间的关系.分析结果表明1月川西和川东北高温与7月川西和川东北高温呈正相关,盆地中西部1月低温与盆地中西部7月高温呈反相关.2至5月盆地东北部低温与7月同地区高温呈反相关,2至5月盆地南部高低温与7月同地区高低温呈反相关.     

Extraction method of component waves in full waveform acoustic data and its application

In conventional slowness-time coherence(STC)method,slowness and time need to be searched at the same time,which limits the precision and lowers the efficiency.The dichotomy method combined with slowness-time coherence algorithm aims to enhance the efficiency of data processing and to improve the precision.The algorithm changes the searching pattern of conventional slowness-time coherence method to acquire the slowness of component waves in array acoustic logging data.Based on energy ratio of short time window versus long time window and slowness-time coherence method,the algorithm first acquires the arrivals of the component waves using energy ratio of short time window versus long time window method.It then uses the calculated results as the arrivals in conventional slowness-time coherence method,so the slowness-time two-dimensional searching process is simplified to slowness searching process.Based on dichotomy method,the searching pattern is further optimized in replace of the ergodic searching pattern in conventional slowness-time coherence method,which means that as the iteration proceeds,the current searching interval is reduced to half of the former,so the number of searching times is decreased.The dichotomy method combined with slowness-time coherence algorithm is applied to well L in the data processing.Compared with conventional slowness-time coherence method,for compressional wave,the searching efficiency of the algorithm is 4.53 times better,while for Stoneley wave,the searching efficiency is 1.85 times better.Compared with conventional logging data,the average absolute error of the results of the dichotomy method combined with slowness-time coherence algorithm is 1.14μs/ft smaller than that of the conventional method,while the average relative error is 1.2 percent lower.The dichotomy method combined with slowness-time coherence algorithm shows good results in its application,which can enhance the processing efficiency remarkably while getting reliable results at the same time.     

STUDY ON METHOD OF NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF NONLINEAR RANDOM WAVES

This new method can simulate the nonlinear random wavcs processes by computer if the higherorder moments of the probability distribution of the sea surface elevation reflecting the nonlinearity ofthe sea wave are given. Compared with other methods, this method has greater accuracy andflexibility, wider application and faster simulation. Statistical analysis of the sea surface elevationdistribution of the simulated wave process showed obviously the Gram-Charlier series can be used to depictthe distribution of the sea surface elevation.     

Study of numerical simulation on dual-frequency IP method with FEM

Using the finite element method and Cole-Cole model for dual-frequency IP method to research numerical simulation, the authors introduced the fundamental principle of the dual-frequency IP method and the boundary value problem and variational equations, then replaced the complex resistivity of the model with the Cole-Cole model's parameters under ignoring the EM effect. Through solving the last linear equations, electric potentials of all the model's points were obtained. With changing model's parameters, the authors got different curves of the Fs and phases. According to the results of the simulation, the algorithm is proved to be correct and adaptable.     

动网格在非饱和饱和界面数值模拟中的应用研究进展

为了探讨结构和非结构动网格技术在地下水非饱和-饱和数值模拟领域未来的发展趋势, 总结了非饱和-饱和耦合数值模拟研究现状, 介绍了动网格技术原理及运动边界结构和非结构网格的变形方法, 综述了动网格技术在非饱和-饱和分界面的应用现状及存在的不足, 探讨了相关研究的未来发展趋势。综合分析表明: 结构动网格和非结构动网格均存在其固有优缺点, 结构、非结构混合网格以及多种动边界处理方法的结合使用在非饱和-饱和耦合数值模拟研究中具有重要的应用价值。在模拟潜水面的变动时, 可将多种网格变形方法结合使用, 当潜水面位置和形状变动较小时, 采用弹簧法更新网格; 当潜水面位置变化较大但形状变化较小时, 采用重叠结构动网格技术或铺层法更新网格; 当潜水面形状变动较大时, 则采用网格重构法更新网格, 从而更精确地模拟非饱和-饱和分界面的变化和移动。相关研究为场地非饱和带土壤与饱和带地下水协同防治工作提供了科学指导。      

NEW METHOD TO OBTAIN THE POWER SPECTRA OF HIDDEN VARIABLES AND ITS APPLICATION TO OCEAN DATA

A novel method is proposed to obtain the power spectra of hidden variables in a chaotic time series. By embedding the data in phase space , and recording the conditional probability densityof points that the trajectory encounters as it evolves in the reconstructed phase space, it is possible torecover the power spectra of hidden variables in chaotic time series through a spectral analysis over theconditional probability density time series. The method is robust in the application to Lorenz system, 4-di-mension Rossler system and rigid body motion by linear feedback system (LFRBM). Applying the method the time series of sea surface temperature (SST) of the South China Sea, we obtained the power spectraof the wind speed (WS) from SST data. Furthermore, the results showged that there exists an importantnonlinear interaction between the SST and the WS.     

A review of comminution age method and its potential application in the East China Sea to constrain the time scale of sediment source-to-sink process

The East China Sea(ECS) is a river-dominated epicontinental sea, linking the Asian continent to the northwestern Pacific via the large rivers originating from Tibetan Plateau. The relevant huge influx of riverine detritus has developed unique sedimentary systems in the ECS during the Quaternary, offering ideal terrestrial archives for reconstructing Quaternary paleoenvironmental changes and studying land-sea interactions. Overall, two characteristic river systems dominate the sedimentary systems and sediment source to sink transport patterns in the ECS, represented by the Changjiang(Yangtze River) and Huanghe(Yellow River) for the large river system and Taiwan rivers for the small river system. Given this, the sediments derived from both river systems bear distinct features in terms of parent rock lithology, provenance weathering and sediment transport. Previous studies mostly focus on either the ‘source' discrimination or the ‘sink' records of the sedimentary system in the ECS, while the source to sink process linking the land and sea, in particular its time scale, has been poorly understood. Here we introduce a newly-developed dating technique, the ‘comminution age' method, which offers a quantitative constraint on the time scale of sediment transfer from its ultimate source to the final depositional sink. This novel method is of great significance for improving our understanding on the earth surface processes including tectonic-climate driven weathering, and sediment recycling in relation to landscape evolution and marine environmental changes. The application of comminution age method in the ECS will provide important constraints on sediment source-to-sink process and more evidences for the construction of late Quaternary paleoenvironmental changes under these unique sedimentary systems.     

A high resolution forecast model of storm surge inundation

In order to forecast storm surge inundation, a two-dimensional model is established. In the model, an alternating computation sequence method is used to solve the governing equations, and the dry and wet method is introduced to treat the moving boundary. This model is easy to use. It has a friendly input interface and Arcview GIS is used as the output interface. The model is applied to the Shantou area to simulate the storm surge elevations and inundations caused by Typhoons 6903 ane 0104 using the same relevant parameters. The calculated results agree well with the observations.     

A statistical dynamics model of the marine ecosystem and its application in Jiaozhou Bay

Models of marine ecosystem dynamics play an important role in revealing the evolution mechanisms of marine ecosystems and in forecasting their future changes. Most traditional ecological dynamics models are established based on basic physical and biological laws, and have obvious dynamic characteristics and ecological significance. However, they are not flexible enough for the variability of environment conditions and ecological processes found in offshore marine areas, where it is often difficult to obtain parameters for the model, and the precision of the model is often low. In this paper, a new modeling method is introduced, which aims to establish an evolution model of marine ecosystems by coupling statistics with differential dynamics. Firstly, we outline the basic concept and method of inverse modeling of marine ecosystems. Then we set up a statistical dynamics model of marine ecosystems evolution according to annual ecological observation data from Jiaozhou Bay. This was done under the forcing conditions of sea surface temperature and surface irradiance and considering the state variables of phytoplankton, zooplankton and nutrients. This model is dynamic, makes the best of field observation data, and the average predicted precision can reach 90% or higher. A simpler model can be easily obtained through eliminating the terms with smaller contributions according to the weight coefficients of model differential items. The method proposed in this paper avoids the difficulties of obtaining and optimizing parameters, which exist in traditional research, and it provides a new path for research of marine ecological dynamics.     

基于离散裂隙网络法和水流数值模拟技术的地下水封洞库水封性研究

水封性是保证地下水封洞库安全运营的关键,目前研究地下水封洞库水封性的主要难点在于裂隙岩体含水层强烈的非均质性和各向异性。以某地下水封洞库工程为背景,通过实测裂隙几何参数分析裂隙发育特征,建立了研究区离散裂隙网络模型。之后对研究区进行网格化划分计算了各单元体渗透系数张量,基于对裂隙渗流基本规律的理解和假设建立了研究区高精度的非均质各向异性渗流模型,并对研究区渗透性特征进行分析。通过建立非均质各向异性渗流模型对水幕系统水封性能进行了探讨并与传统均质各向同性渗流模型进行对比分析,利用该模型可以弥补传统均质各向同性渗流模型的不足,更加准确地评价由于裂隙岩体非均质各向异性造成的储品泄漏风险。     

Nonlinear fitting method of long-term distributions for statistical analysis of extreme negative surge elevations

1　Introduction　Thestormsurgeduetoamovingmeteorologicalde pressioncausesabnormalchangesofseasurfaceeleva tion ,includingthenegativesurgeelevations .Hydro logicfrequencyanalysisofnegativesurgeelevationsplaysanimportantroleinmarinestructuredesignanddisasterprevention .Thedeterminationofthedesignparameterswillgreatlyaffecttheplanningofnaviga tion .Variousstudieshavecontributedvaluablefind ingstothistopic (e.g.CarterandChallenor ,1981;IsaacsonandMacKenzie ,1981;Muir ,1986 ;Goda ,1988;Vledder …     

A numerical study on seasonal variations of the Taiwan Warm Current

Princeton Ocean Model (POM) is employed to investigate the Taiwan Warm Current (TWC) and its seasonal variations. Results show that the TWC exhibits pronounced seasonal variations in its sources, strength and flow patterns. In summer, the TWC flows northeast in straight way and reaches around 32°N; it comes mainly from the Taiwan Strait, while its lower part is from the shelf-intrusion of the Kuroshio subsurface water (KSSW). In winter, coming mainly from the shelf-intrusion of the Kuroshio northeast of Taiwan, the TWC flows northward in a winding way and reaches up around 30°N. The Kuroshio intrusion also has distinct seasonal patterns. The shelf-intrusion of KSSW by upwelling is almost the same in four seasons with a little difference in strength; it is a persistent source of the TWC. However, Kuroshio surface water (KSW) can not intrude onto the shelf in summer, while in winter the intrusion of KSW always occurs. Additional experiments were conducted to examine effects of winds and transport through     

A method of catchments health assessment under value-pressure model and its application in urbanized river network area: A case study in Shanghai,China

Catchments health assessment is fundamental to effective catchments management. Generally, an as-sessment method should be selected to reflect both the purpose of assessment and local characteristics. A trial in Shanghai was conducted to test the method for catchments health assessment in urbanized river network area. Seven indicators that described four dimensions of river, river network, land use and function, and local feature were used to assess catchments values; while possible change rate of urbanization and industrialization in the next 3 years were chosen for catchments pressure assessment in the value-pressure model. Factors related to catchments classi-fication, indicators measurement and protection priority have been considered in the development strategies for catchments health management. The results showed that value-pressure assessment was applicable in urbanized catchments health management, particularly when both human and catchments had multiple demands. As a result of over 30-year rapid urbanization, more than 70% of Shanghai river network area was still in a healthy condition with high catchments values, among them, 39.3% was under high pressure. Poor water quality, simplified river system and weakened local feature of river pattern had largely affected catchments health in Shanghai. Lack of long-term monitoring data would seriously restrict the development and validity of catchments health assessment.     

雹云识别物元可拓模型及其在川西地区的应用

提出一个雹云识别的物元可拓模型 ,把单参数不相容的雹云识别问题化为相容的多参数的雹云识别问题 ,通过构造雹云和雷雨云的经典域和节域物元矩阵并计算相关关联度的大小进行雹云识别 .川南地区实例应用表明 ,该方法用于川西南地区雹云识别结果正确率达 80 %以上 .