东海黑潮温度锋分布特征研究

采用WOA13气候态季节温度数据,利用绝对梯度法对东海黑潮不同水深海洋锋的季节变化特征进行了分析,得出结论：东海黑潮温度锋具有显著的季节变化特征,它的范围和强度存在多个大值区,不同季节,温度锋的大值区存在于不同深度。在200 m以浅海域,按照冬季、春季、夏季的季节顺序,温度锋的大值区由表层逐渐增加到100 m层处;在200 m以深海域温度锋的大值区没有季节变化,大值区大约出现在400 m层附近。     

利用诺阿卫星红外信息对东海黑潮表层温度锋的解译

我国开始接收高分辨力的气象卫星图象以来，作者曾对东海及其毗邻海区的卫片进行了分析与研究。现选用了具有季节性代表与有关季节的连续性图象，并对其进行处理、甄别、数理分析与佐证。获得了东海黑潮逐年典型月份表层温度锋解译图与表层温度场模式数据。     

基于WOA13数据的东海黑潮主轴温度锋特征分析

利用WOA13(1955-2012年)月平均数据提取东海黑潮主轴温度锋信息,并结合海表面温度、PN断面温度结构的季节变化特征,研究东海黑潮主轴温度在垂直方向和水平方向的季节变化,探讨黑潮主轴温度锋季节变化特征,为开展黑潮相关研究提供基础。结果表明WOA13数据对东海黑潮主轴温度锋信息的提取具有较好的效果;在PN断面上,冬、春季节的流核结构最为明显;在130~170 m深度上,东海黑潮主轴温度锋具有明显的季节变化特征,并且可以明显看到黑潮大弯曲的存在;温度锋在150 m上下的深度对黑潮路径的表征较为合理。     

横穿黑潮锋断面的流场结构

基于一组简化了的运动方程组，在充分考虑底Ekman层作用的情况下，提出一种横穿锋面的断面上流场结构的计算方法。应用该方法对东海横穿黑潮锋的不同断面上的流场（1989－1990年资料）进行计算。结果表明，黑潮锋左侧（向岸侧）存在较强的上升流，而锋区右侧（离岸侧）表现为海水的下降运动。垂直流速为（1－20）×10－3cm／s的量级，而横穿锋面方向的水平流速为1－3cm／s，其中以夏、秋季跃层附近最强。在陆架坡折处，上升流转向陆架。同时，还分析了正压场和斜压场对这种流场的不同贡献，认为在黑潮区，正压场起主要作用;而在内陆架区，斜压场则变得重要。将计算的流场与硝酸盐的分布比较表明，两者有较好的对应关系。     

春季东海黑潮锋影响强对流的个例分析

利用卫星观测和再分析资料,研究了2018年4月30日东海黑潮海面温度锋(黑潮锋)影响低云突破边界层发展为对流云团,并导致强降水的过程。结果表明：(1)29日12时东海500 hPa上受短波槽控制,低空处于高低压之间的偏南气流中;黑潮锋大气边界层稳定,有利于低云发展。(2)黑潮锋的暖水侧向大气不断输送热量和水汽,稳定性减弱;而冷水侧对大气的冷却作用显著,大气稳定性增加。(3)经过约12 h的调整,黑潮锋通过垂直混合机制强迫表层风速发生变化,在黑潮锋上空形成风速辐合,叠加背景辐合场,导致辐合明显增强。(4)受平流效应影响,黑潮锋上空大气增湿增温,抬升凝结高度降低。(5)潜热释放与低空辐合之间形成正反馈,最终导致对流云团发展,降水强度显著增强。     

东海海洋锋分类的初步探讨

基于笔者近年来对海洋锋的研究，本文初次探讨了东海海洋锋的分类问题。同时，对各类海洋锋的海洋学特征及其形成机理做了分析比较。并给出了各种海洋锋的垂结构模式图。     

初论东海黑潮锋的区域性差异

本文基于历史资料(1934～1988)和近期中、日黑潮合作调查结果分析指出,东海黑潮锋在其三维结构和季节变化等方面皆存在较明显的区域性差异.初步研究表明,地形效应是导致上述差异的主导因素.同时,季风和海面冷却在产生东海黑潮锋的区域性差异中亦起着重要的作用.     

典型东海黑潮锋环境下的声场分布异常分析

东海黑潮锋作为中国近海的一类特殊海洋学现象,对水声传播产生的复杂影响已受到关注,但对其影响机制的认识还较为欠缺.应用BELLHOP水声学数值模型分析了典型东海黑潮锋环境下的声场特性,结果表明:穿过锋面时声线干涉伴随的声能强弱空间分布出现明显偏移,同时波导中泄漏的声能对锋面非均匀环境引起的传播损失进行了补偿,使波导区域之外的声能变化小于5dB(声波频率为1 kHz).相比之下,从外海暖水混合层向近海传播时表面声道的瓦解可使传播损失突然增大10 ～ 15 dB(声波频率为1 kHz).东海黑潮锋环境下的声场能量异常分布体现了海底地形和水文环境的共同影响,地形条件对声场样式起支配性作用,而锋面引起的非均匀水文环境则是使声能空间分布出现异常变化的关键调制性因素.     

Meander of the Kuroshio front and current variability in the East China Sea

To investigate the fluctuation of the Kuroshio front, moored current meters were deployed near the shelf break and on the continental slope in the East China Sea, northwest of Okinawa Island, during a period from 25 June to 22 July 1984. Two mooring arrays were deployed on the slope of about 800 m water depth (under the Kuroshio), about 30 km apart along the path of the Kuroshio. Another two arrays were set near the shelf break of about 300 m water depth. The fluctuation of current on the slope is found to have a predominant period of 11–14 days and a were length of 300–350 km, propagating toward the downstream direction of the Kuroshio with a phase velocity of about 30 cm sec^?1. When the Kuroshio front approaches the shelf break and the crest of the meander covers the mooring site, the current direction moves toward the downstream direction of the Kuroshio and the water temperature increases. On the other hand, when the trough of the meander covers the mooring site, the current direction changes off-shoreward across the Kuroshio or in the upstream direction of the Kuroshio, and the water temperature decreases. Three-dimensional distributions of water temperature and salinity around the mooring site were observed with a CTD twice at 5.5 days intervals, which indicate the meanders of the front is about 180° out of phase. This coincides with a period of 11–14 days obtained with the moored current meters. Wave lengths of the dominant meander of the front in the satellite thermal images were about 350 km and 100–200 km, which also coincides with results obtained with the moored current meters.     

The dependence of precipitation on wind direction over the Kuroshio front in the winter East China Sea

This study investigates atmospheric responses to the directions of surface wind over the Kuroshio front in the East China Sea, using wintertime satellite-derived data sets. Composite maps of sea surface temperature, wind speed, precipitation, turbulent heat flux, surface wind divergence, and the curl of wind vectors above the atmospheric boundary layer are depicted based on the classification of intense northeasterly (along the front) and northwesterly (across the front) winds over the East China Sea. When northeasterly winds prevail, considerable precipitation occurs on the offshore side of the Kuroshio front, in contrast to periods when northwesterly winds prevail. First, the northeasterly winds strengthen above the front because of the downward transfer of momentum from the fast-moving air at higher levels and/or an adjustment of sea level pressure over the oceanic front, although the process by which the influence of the Kuroshio penetrates beyond the marine atmospheric boundary layer remains unclear. Second, a cyclonic vortex forms above the marine atmospheric boundary layer (at 850-hPa height) on the offshore side of the front, and thereafter, surface wind convergence via Ekman suction (hence, enhanced precipitation) occurs over the East China Sea shelf breaks. The northeasterly winds blow over the East China Sea when the Aleutian Low retreats to the east and when high sea level pressure covers the northern Sea of Japan.     

Three-dimensional structure of tidal current in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea

A three-dimensional tidal current model is developed and applied to the East China Sea (ECS), the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea. The model well reproduces the major four tides, namely M₂, S₂, K₁ and O₁ tides, and their currents. The horizontal distributions of the major four tidal currents are the same as those calculated by the horizontal two-dimensional models. With its high resolutions in the horizontal (12.5 km) and the vertical (20 layers), the model is used to investigate the vertical distributions of tidal current. Four vertical eddy viscosity models are used in the numerical experiments. As the tidal current becomes strong, its vertical shear becomes large and its vertical profile becomes sensitive to the vertical eddy viscosity. As a conclusion, the HU (a) model (Davieset al., 1997), which relates the vertical eddy viscosity to the water depth and depth mean velocity, gives the closest results to the observed data. The reproduction of the amphidromic point of M₂ tide in Liaodong Bay is discussed and it is concluded that it depends on the bottom friction stress. The model reproduces a unique vertical profile of tidal current in the Yellow Sea, which is also found in the observed data. The reason for the reproduction of such a unique profile in the model is investigated.     

东海黑潮温盐与中国东部气温和降水的相互关系

采用东海黑湖主流段长时间序列的实测温盐资料,研究了东海黑潮上层温度、上层盐度的变化及其与中国东部降水和地面气温的关系。结果表明,在过去50年内,东海黑潮上层海温呈上升趋势,而上层盐度略呈下降趋势。东海黑潮上层海温和我国东部地面气温的关系在冬季十分密切,呈现出大面积显著的正相关,这与冬季南下冷空气的整体降温作用有关。夏季,长江中下游江水的增多致使大量长江冲淡水入海,导致黑潮上层水盐度下降,此时东海黑潮上层盐度与我国大陆东部降水呈负相关。     

1992年东海黑潮的变异

基于1992年4个航次的水文调查资料,运用改进逆方法计算了东海黑潮的流速、流量和热通量．计算结果表明：（1）PN断面黑潮在春季和秋季都有两个流核,冬季和夏季则只有一个流核．主核心皆位于坡折处．Vmax值春季最大,冬季和夏季次之,而秋季最小．黑潮以东及以下都存在逆流．（2）TK断面黑潮在冬季为两核,春、夏季为3核．海峡南端及海峡深处存在西向逆流．（3）通过A断面的对马暖流Vmax值在秋季最大,冬季最小．黄海暖流位于其西侧,相对较弱．（4）通过PN断面净北向流量夏季最大,秋季最小,而冬、春季介于上述二者之间,1992年四季平均值为28．0×106m3/s;TK断面的净东向流量也是在夏季最大;A断面净北向流量则在秋季最大．（5）PN断面4个航次的平均热通量为2．03×1015W．TK断面3个航次的平均热通量为2．00×1015W．（6）在计算海区,冬、春和秋季都是由海洋向大气放热;夏季则从大气吸热．冬季海面上热交换率最大,而夏季热交换率最小．关键词##4东海;;黑潮;;季节变化     

Variability of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea in 1992

INTRODUCTIONMostofpreviousstudiesshowthatthedynamicmethodswereoftenusedtocomputethevelocityandVToftheKuroshiointheEastChinaSea(Guan,1988;Nishizawaetal.,1982;SunandKaneko,1993).Duringrecentyearsdifferentkindsofinversemethodshavebeentriedby*ThisprojectwassupportedbytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChinaundercontractNo.49776287.1.Secondinstituteofoceanography,StateOceanicAdministration,Hangzhou310012,ChinaYuanetul(1988,1991,1992a,1992b,1993,1994,1995).Theircalculatedresultsshowt…     

Variability of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea in 1995

INTRODUCTIONTherearemanyresearchworksabbottheKUrOShioVTanditSSeaSOnalvacationintheEastChinaho(GUan,1988;Nishizawaetal.,1982;TangandTaShiro,1993;SunandKaneko,1993;Yuanetal.,1990;Yuanetal.,1993;Yuanetal.,1994;Yuanetal.,1995;LiuandYuan,1997a,b).~previou...