辽宁省夏季降水的日变化特征

文章利用辽宁省25个气象观测站1961—2008年夏季6—8月的逐时降水自记资料,分析了辽宁省夏季降水日变化的基本特征。发现：降水日变化特征地域性较强,沿海站与内陆站存在差异。总体来说,沿海站降水量的最大值基本出现在午前04-08时,内陆站点则呈双峰值的形式,峰值分别出现在午前和午后,午后1 4—20时为降水量最大值出现的时间;降水频次的日变化特征和降水量基本相同;持续时间长的降水多在午前达到峰值,持续时间短的降水多在午后达到峰值;沿海站点午前的降水峰值区基本是由持续时间在6 h以上的长时间降水造成,内陆站点午后最大降水峰值则为持续时间6 h以内的短时降水,这与内陆下午对流能量强相适应。研究表明,降水日变化的存在能够影响到降水预报的评分。     

基于雷达观测的华南夏季降水类型日变化的时空分布特征

新一代多普勒天气雷达(CINRAD)具有高时空分辨率的特点,可以精细观测降水强度变化过程以及降水区域的实时移动,能有效监测灾害性天气事件。利用华南地区的多普勒天气雷达组网拼图资料,系统研究分析2017—2020年间夏季降水类型时空分布特征。研究表明:华南夏季出现的降水多为层云降水,大部分地区出现频次占比超过85%,而对流降水出现频次仅占14%左右。广东的雷达反射率峰值和对流降水频次均高于广西和海南。华南的雷达反射率峰值和降水频次显示出强烈的日变化特征,并存在显著的区域性差异。雷达反射率峰值与对流降水空间分布大致相似,沿海地区降水频次高于内陆地区;而层云降水在内陆地区的发生频次高于沿海地区。华南层云降水频次多集中在夜间,并在上午达到峰值;反射率峰值和对流降水多集中在日间,高值区随着时间变化从西部沿海不断向内陆和东部沿海移动扩张,并在午后和夜间之间达到峰值。对流降水日变化在沿海和内陆地区呈现不同的双峰模式,西部沿海上午出现主峰值,次峰值出现在午后晚些时候;而内陆的粤中地区上午峰值明显低于午后峰值。     

卫星资料揭示的中尺度地形对南海夏季气候的影响

利用一组高分辨率的卫星观测资料, 研究了中尺度地形, 特别是中南半岛长山山脉对南海夏季区域气候的影响。分析表明, 当夏季暖湿、不稳定的西南季风接近长山山脉时, 由于地形的强迫抬升作用在山脉的迎风一侧形成强降水区, 而在山脉的背风一侧、南海西部则形成无降水区或降水量相对较少的区域。另外, 盛行的西南季风气流绕过长山山脉的南端, 在越南东南沿海明显形成一支边界层低空急流。这支低空急流通过其引起的蒸发冷却和沿岸上翻流在其北侧形成一片冷海水区, 该冷水区的形成反过来又对其上的热带对流活动产生影响。研究还表明, 南海中部夏季降水分布呈现东多、西少东西向分布不均匀特征, 而降水这种东西向分布不均匀形成可能与中南半岛上中尺度地形的作用有关, 严重低估中尺度地形的影响可能是造成全球大气环流模式模拟南海季风夏季降水时存在严重误差的主要原因。     

1980-2017年南海季风爆发前后华南前汛期降水统计特征对比分析

利用1980-2017年华南地区303个国家级地面气象站逐小时降水数据、ERA-Interim再分析资料,分析华南前汛期(4-6月)降水统计特征,定义站点上短时(1-6 h)、中等时长(7-12 h)和长时(>12 h)降水事件,对比降水量、频次和强度在南海季风爆发前后的变化,以及所定义的西部内陆、东部内陆、沿海地区的...     

两广地区热带气旋极端降水特征及成因初探

基于1960—2014年中国广东、广西地区（简称两广地区）184个台站的逐日降水资料、热带气旋（TC）最佳路径集以及ERA-Interim、ERA-40再分析资料,利用TC降水天气图客观识别法、TC路径相似面积指数、动态合成法,从TC过程最大日降水的角度,分析了两广地区TC极端降水的时空特征, 并针对主要特征进行成因诊断。结果表明:50年来,两广地区TC过程的最大日降水≥50、100 mm的频数分别呈-0.66和-0.44次/(10年)的下降趋势,而最大日降水≥250 mm频数则表现出0.16次/(10年)的上升趋势;TC最大日降水频数和强度的大值区主要分布在沿海,并由沿海向内陆递减;大值区相对集中于粤东沿海（东部分区）、珠江三角洲西侧沿海（中部分区）和雷州半岛至广西沿海（西部分区）三个分区,且西部分区在TC最大日降水的平均强度及各级别频次上均为三分区之最大。对比分析发现,造成西部分区极端降水的TC路径规律性较强,主要为TC西行路径,且其登陆点集中在西部分区;对TC极端降水成因分析表明,TC移动速度慢和南海夏季风强度增强均有利于极端降水产生。      

亚洲夏季风区中尺度地形降水结构及分布特征

采用高分辨率TRMM、AIRS卫星实测资料, 从气候态的降水微物理过程角度分析了亚洲夏季风期间中尺度山脉对不同性质降水垂直结构和水平分布的影响。研究表明, 中尺度山脉迎风、背风坡均以层云降水为主, 层云降水强度在迎风坡强于背风坡; 对流降水在迎风坡主要为浅对流, 背风坡主要为深对流, 对流降水强度在背风坡强于迎风坡。沿西南季风推进方向依次经过的中尺度山脉, 其两侧发生降水像素个数、 降水微物理特征等差异逐渐减小, 其中, 对流降水迎风坡向背风坡转变明显, 而层云降水背风坡向迎风坡转变明显。大气稳定度与对流降水在迎风、背风坡的分布相一致。另外, 对中尺度地形降水的研究为区域气候模式模拟高精度地形降水分布提供了实测依据。     

近46年影响福建的台风降水的气候特征分析

对1960～2005年46年间影响福建的台风降水进行时空分析,结果表明:影响福建的台风降水主要发生在5～11月,8月是台风降水最多的月份;自1960年以来台风降水整体呈下降趋势;在地域分布上台风降水由闽南沿海向闽西北内陆逐渐减小,最大台风降水出现在闽南和闽东北地区;台风暴雨是福建地区的极端强降水事件之一,台风暴雨频发区主要集中在沿海及闽西南地区;受福建山地地形作用山脉以东的台风暴雨发生的概率要大大高于山脉西侧地区.台风降水的异常与亚洲地区500 hPa大气环流和赤道东太平洋海温异常关系密切,它们可能主要通过大气环流的改变进而对影响中国台风北上路径起到调制作用,并最终引起福建地区台风降水的异常.     

大理苍山不同海拔高度湿季降水日变化特征分析

基于大理国家气候观象台苍山-洱海梯度观测系统2011—2020年湿季小时降水资料,分析山顶、山腰和坝区3个站的降水日变化特征。结果显示:降水量日变化,坝区站呈现单峰型,山腰站和山顶站则是双峰型;降水频次日变化,坝区站和山顶站为单峰型,山腰站日变化比较平缓;各时次的降水量、降水频次基本随海拔高度的增加而增多;降水强度日变化,山顶站为双峰型,坝区站和山腰站波动较大,午后为小值区,夜间为大值区,3个站在14:00—17:00的降水强度相差不大,而其他时段山腰站和坝区站的降水强度比山顶站大。夜间降水量在持续时间2～16 h是大值区,随海拔的增加降水量大值区持续时间较长;白天降水量在持续时间小于6 h是大值区,随海拔的增加,大值出现的时间向后移。降水频次在持续时间小于6 h,3个站在白天、夜间分别有一个大值区,而持续时间7～18 h的只有山顶站夜间有大值区;坝区站和山顶站夜间降水频次大于白天降水频次,山腰站白天、夜间降水频次相差不大。长历时(中历时、短历时)的累计降水量、降水频次随海拔高度的增加而增大(减小);3个站长历时降水量(长历时降水频次)对总降水量(总降水频次)的贡献最大,贡献最小的是短...     

大兴安岭和长白山地形影响东北夏季降水的数值模拟研究

利用区域数值模式WRF-ARW（V3.9）开展高分辨率数值模拟试验,研究了东北地区大兴安岭和长白山地形对该地区夏季降水的单独和共同影响。结果表明,东北地区两大山脉地形可以显著影响东北及其周边区域的大气环流和降水。大兴安岭和长白山地形的阻挡作用使得夏季偏南气流在两个山脉的迎风坡一侧堆积,引起局地水汽增加并产生上升运动,因此两个山脉的迎风坡一侧降水增加;而在两个山脉的背风坡一侧,局地水汽减少并伴随下沉运动,因此两个山脉的背风坡一侧降水减少。大兴安岭地形的存在使得其东侧到松嫩平原地区夏季降水增加1.09 mm d?1（相较参照试验增幅为30%）,而使其西侧蒙古东部地区夏季降水减少0.69 mm d?1（相较参照试验减幅为24%）;长白山地形的存在使得长白山南侧到朝鲜半岛地区夏季降水增加1.76 mm d?1（相较参照试验增幅为26%）,而使其北侧三江平原地区夏季降水减少0.81 mm d?1（相较参照试验减幅为22%）。当大兴安岭与长白山同时存在时,两者的协同作用会减弱蒙古东部、松嫩平原和朝鲜半岛地区夏季降水的响应,而增强三江平原地区夏季降水的响应。该研究结果对于理解东北地区当代气候的形成具有重要的科学意义。     

京津冀地区暖季降水日变化特征分析

使用2007—2017年京津冀地区156个气象站暖季（5—9月）逐小时降水观测数据,根据地形将研究区域分为6个分区,分析各分区降水量季节内变化和日变化特征,结果表明：1）京津冀的多雨区主要位于沿燕山南麓到太行山,存在多个降雨中心。2）各分区降水量季节内特征总体表现为单峰型,即7月降水量最大,7月第3候至8月第4候是主汛期,8月降水量次之,5月最少。3）降水呈夜间多,白天少的特点,7月初之前的前汛期降水多发生在16—21时;主汛期降水呈双峰型,峰值在17—22时,次峰值出现在00—07时;8月中旬以后的后汛期多夜间降水,峰值多出现在00—08时。4）高原山区多短历时降水,长历时累计降水对季节降水贡献率大值区位于平原地区,而持续性降水贡献率大值位于太行山区和燕山迎风坡的西部。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.