乌鲁木齐河流域参考作物蒸散量时空变化特征

根据乌鲁木齐河流域5个气象站近30a的地面气象观测资料.应用1998年FAO最新推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算了各月参考作物蒸散量ETo,在此基础上,分析了ETo的月际和年际变化特征,并探讨了各气候要素和海拔高度与ETo的相关关系。结果表明,乌鲁木齐河流域ETo空间变化较大。从山前冲洪积平原的人工绿洲区到高寒地带的乌鲁木齐河源头ETo多年平均值呈明显递减趋势,平均垂直递减率为17.3mm.（100m）-1;30a来,流域各站的年参考作物蒸散量ETo均呈递减趋势,递减速率为-0.05mm.a-1～-5.21mm.a-1;ETo与平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温、空气相对湿度、风速、日照时数、降水量和小型蒸发皿蒸发量均具有较好的相关性;造成近30a乌鲁木齐河流域参考作物蒸散量呈递减趋势的气候原因是：气温、空气相对湿度升高和降水增多以及风速、日照时数减小等气候变化综合作用的结果。     

近30年安徽省地表干湿时空变化及对农业影响

采用FAO Penman-Monteith模型, 并利用安徽省辐射观测资料对其净辐射项进行修正, 计算近30年安徽省的参考作物蒸散量。用此计算值和相应时段的降水量计算干燥度 (I_a), 并进行了基于干燥度指标不同时间尺度的区域地表干湿状况变化分析。分析表明:1971—2000年安徽省年干燥度平均值I_a=1的等值线为湿润区和半湿润区的分界线, 该分界线与1000 mm的年雨量线有很好的一致性, 同时也具有清晰的农业意义。20世纪70—90年代I_a=1的等值线南北波动, 其波动区域正是安徽省江淮分水岭易旱区。在此基础上分析了半湿润区、波动区域和湿润区降水量、参考作物蒸散量和干燥度年代际、年际和半年际的变化趋势及变异率以及逐月干旱频率及其对农业的影响。     

参考作物蒸散模型对比分析及评价

利用山东省6个气象台站45 a(1960-2004年)的逐日气象资料并选用7种参考作物蒸散模型,分别计算了上述各地的参考作物蒸散,对模型结果进行时空分布对比分析;进而以FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith模型为对照,利用最小一乘法对其余6种模型进行优化并对优化前后的模型进行时空比较.结果表明:Makkink模型在6个台站的时空分布模拟效果均最好,Mass-transfer模型在7-8月明显偏低,Net Radiation模型各站全年基本都偏高;根据不同月份的相对偏差情况,采用最小一乘法进行分月优化,优化后的模型预测月参考作物蒸散标准误差小于5 mm,平均相对误差小于8.5%,台站的年参考作物蒸散相对误差也基本小于10%,说明这些含参数较少的模型经优化后基本上可用,当资料缺损时不失为Penman-Monteith模型的替代模型.     

玛纳斯河流域气候变化对参考蒸散量的影响

蒸散量是内陆水循环的重要环节,探索西北干旱半干旱区气候因素对蒸散量的影响,有助于深入研究内陆水循环对气候变化的响应。本文利用玛纳斯河流域1964—2010年6个气象台站的日气温、风速、相对湿度等气候资料,通过Penman-Monteith公式估算玛纳斯河流域的参考作物蒸散量(RET),利用回归分析、Mann-Kendall等方法分析研究参考作物蒸散量的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)玛纳斯河流域参考作物蒸散量空间差异明显,除石河子外南部绿洲区参考作物蒸散量均大于北部绿洲边缘区,季节变化趋势也较北部明显。从季节上来看,玛纳斯河流域参考作物蒸散量季节变化差异显著,夏季是参考作物蒸散量变化的主要贡献者,其次是秋季大于春季,冬季的变化最小。(2)南部绿洲区平均风速的减小是参考作物蒸散量减少的主要原因,北部绿洲边缘区相对湿度的增加是参考作物蒸散量减少的主要原因。     

参考作物蒸散量的多种计算方法及其结果的比较

分别用 FAO Penman- Monteith公式 (模型 1 )、FAO Penman 修正式 (模型 2 )和国内Penman修正式 (模型 3)计算了泰安和西峰两地的参考作物蒸散量 ,对 3种方法的计算结果进行了比较 .模型 1得到的参考作物蒸散量大于后 2种模型 ,导致不同模型计算偏差的原因是 3种模型各自选用了不同的辐射项和动力项计算式 ,且计算偏差随季节和地理条件而变 .建议计算区域参考作物蒸散量用模型 1 ,计算单站逐日参考作物蒸散量 3种模型都可用 .     

北疆地区参考作物蒸散量时空变化特征

为明确北疆地区在全球气候变暖背景下合理的灌溉制度,利用北疆地区22个气象站49 a(1962~2010年)的逐日气象资料,运用Penman-Monteith公式计算北疆地区1962~2010年的参考作物蒸散量ET0(reference crop evapotranspiration),并用Mann-Kendall方法对其进行突变检验,基于Arc GIS9.3空间分析功能模块对北疆参考作物蒸散量进行了空间变化分析。结果表明:研究区域的ET0在1983年发生向下突变,ET0在时间分布上整体呈下降趋势,主要受该地区相对湿度和风速的影响;ET0从北疆的东北部和西南部向中间逐渐升高,东南部和西部表现略高,具有明显的区域差异;4~10月ET0对全年ET0的分布具有显著影响。     

黄河源区陆面蒸散量的时空分布特征研究

基于修正的Penman-Monteith（P-M）模型,利用1980~2020年黄河源区的气象台站观测数据和陆-气间水热交换观测试验数据,计算出该区域的陆面参考蒸散量,分析了黄河源区蒸散量的时空演变特征,探讨了影响黄河源区蒸散量变化的原因。结果表明:（1）修正的P-M模型能较准确地估算黄河源区的参考蒸散量,与实际观测的相关系数在0.85以上。（2）黄河源区的蒸散量总体呈上升趋势,但在20世纪80年代中期和90年代中期均呈显著减少趋势;近年来,中部和西部地区的蒸散量呈减少趋势,而东部地区的蒸散量呈增加趋势。（3）黄河源区年蒸散量呈自东向西减小的分布特征,东、中、西部地区分别为473.5~516.0mm、437.6~473.5mm和386.3~437.6mm;四季蒸散量差异明显,夏季最大,春季和秋季次之,冬季最小。（4）黄河源区蒸散量随温度、风速和日照时数的增加而增大,随相对湿度和降水量的增大而减小。      

基于Penman-Monteith模型的蒸散模拟评估分析

根据南京地区粳稻、籼稻两个品种水稻分别在干旱、水层条件下的逐时、逐日蒸散量观测资料,采用Penman-Monteith模型(以下简称PM模型)对水稻蒸散量进行模拟,并对比模拟蒸散值与观测蒸散值。通过计算,对PM模型的可靠性进行验证。结果表明:(1)水层条件下PM模型的精度比干旱条件下高。(2)模拟值乘以作物系数后,与蒸散实际测量值更加接近。(3)通过敏感性分析可知,使用PM模型进行蒸散量模拟时,方程中各个因子取值的准确性对模拟结果的精确度有较大影响,计算时要合理确定各个因子值。(4)水层条件下稻田的蒸散量明显大于干旱条件下的蒸散量。     

几种蒸散计算方法在怀来地区的适用性研究

作物蒸散量即为植株蒸腾与棵间蒸发之和,准确地测定作物实际蒸散量,对研究农作物节水种植技术、加强水资源管理和制定合理的灌溉计划具有十分重要的意义。文章应用2013年生长季(5-10月)自动称重式蒸渗仪实测河北怀来地区夏玉米的蒸散量,从月、日两个时间尺度评价Penman-Monteith(FAO P-M)、Hargreaves、Priestley-Taylor三种基于参考作物蒸散量计算实际蒸散的方法在怀来地区的适用性,结果表明:(1)三种方法计算的夏玉米月、日实际蒸散相对于蒸渗仪实测结果均存在一定偏差,FAO P-M方法与Hargreaves方法表现较好,准确度相差不大,Priestley-Taylor方法准确性最差;(2)影响实际蒸散计算结果的主要气象因子为太阳净辐射和温度,Hargreaves方法计算结果在怀来地区可信度较高;(3)Hargreaves方法所需参数较少,在计算量方面占有很大的优势,在怀来地区适用性最好。     

基于温度的参考作物蒸散量计算方法的适用性评价

参考作物蒸散量是表征气候干湿程度、植被耗水量、生产潜力及水资源供需平衡的重要指标之一。以海口和敦煌两个气候相差较大的站点为例,利用Irmark-Allen、Hargreaves、Jensen-Haise 3种基于温度的ET 0计算方法,计算了 2013 2015 年两个站点的参考作物蒸散量,以FAO98 Penman-Monteith方法计算所得结果为标准,依据相关系数(R)及其显著性(P)、均方根误差(RMSE)和平均偏差(MBE)等量化指标,分别对3种方法计算结果在两个站点月和日序列的适用性进行评价,并对这3种方法进行本地化修正优化和检验。结果表明:本地化前,Irmark-Allen方法在海口的计算与Penman-Monteith的偏差最小且相关性好( R =0.97, P <0.01,RMSE=0.38 mm/d,MBE=-0.01 mm/d),其他两种方法均高估。3种基于温度的ET 0方法在敦煌都有很大的误差,其中Irmark-Allen方法在夏季偏低,在冬季偏高;Hargreaves方法整体偏高;Jensen-Haise方法在冬季不适用,出现无效负值,而在其他时段偏高。本地化后,3种基于温度的ET 0方法在两个地区都得到明显改善,其中Jensen-Haise方法在海口效果最好( R =0.96, P< 0.01,RMSE=0.61 mm/d,MBE=0.003 mm/d),在敦煌效果也是最好的( R =0.96, P <0.01,RMSE=0.69 mm/d, MBE=-0.02 mm/d)。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.