沙子口湾及其邻近水域定置网渔业生物多样性的研究

根据2006年5月～2007年5月逐月采集青岛沙子口近海作业的定置网具渔获物的分析与测定,记述了该海区出现的98种渔业生物,并进行了定置网渔获物组成的分析,分析了种类组成特点及生物多样性的季节变化情况.结果表明,本调查区域渔获物以小型低值鱼类、经济无脊椎动物和经济幼鱼为主,渔获个体偏小.据此提出了保护近海生物多样性与合理利用近海渔业资源的一些建议.     

胶州湾及其邻近水域渔业生物多样性的调查研究

根据2003年10月-2004年5月逐月采集胶州湾及其邻近水域作业的定置网和底拖网具渔获物的分析与测定，记述了该海区出现的106种渔业生物，并进行了定置网和底拖网的渔获物组成的比较，分析了种类组成特点及生物多样性的季节变化情况。结果表明，本调查区域渔获物以小型低值鱼类、经济无脊椎动物和经济幼鱼为主，渔获个体偏小。据此提出了保护近海生物多样性与合理利用近海渔业资源的一些建议。本次调查还首次记录了我国黄海沿岸罕见的蛇鳗科鱼类一长吻沙蛇鳗Ophisurusmacrorhynchus，为青岛近海的渔业生物多样性的研究增添了新的资料。     

中西太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔获组成及其多样性分析

根据2009年6～11月金枪鱼延绳钓观察员海上采集的数据,对中西太平洋S2°05′～S7°51′,W159°48′～W168°10′海域的延绳钓渔获物组成进行了分析.126个站点(钩次)的种类组成分析表明,该作业区域的渔获物有鱼类35种,隶属于9目22科30属;鲸类2种,隶属于1目2科2属;龟鳖类1种.反映种类组成多样...     

基于刺网和地笼渔获物的人工鱼礁区资源丰度比较研究

2013—2015年在山东小石岛和俚岛人工鱼礁区用刺网和地笼进行了6次渔业资源调查,并利用丰度和丰富度2个指标比较分析了2种网具的渔获物组成。研究表明,2个鱼礁区共捕获65种生物,其中,地笼和刺网分别捕获52种和48种,2种网具捕获的生物种类相似性均较高,索伦森指数S分别为0.66和0.58;相似性分析检验(ANOSIM)和t检验结果均表明,地笼捕获的生物种类与生物数量均高于刺网,但无显著差异;基于距离的置换多元方差分析(PER-MANOVA)得到鱼礁区生物资源丰度与地理位置以及年份显著相关,而与网具类型和季节无显著关系;累积种类数量图表明地笼相较刺网可以捕获更多生物种类;大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)和许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegeli)的体长分布曲线表明,地笼捕获样品的体长范围大于刺网,但刺网捕获样品的规格显著大于地笼。综合分析认为,地笼和刺网2种调查网具的混合采样,可弥补单一调查网具的不足,以更加全面了解人工鱼礁区的生物群落结构。     

夏季黄海南部沿海表层流刺网渔获物组成分析

结合银鲳和小黄鱼流刺网网目选择性试验,对夏季黄海南部沿海三层表层流刺网渔获物组成进行了调查分析.总共鉴定出渔获品种25种,其中优势种为梭子蟹(Portunus triuberbuculatus)、灰鲳(Stomateoidesnozawae Ishikawa)和银鲳(Stromatecoides argenteus),分别占总渔获量的59.2%,21.5%和11%,灰鲳体长分布范围为17～30 cm,优势体长范围为21～24 cm,占71.6%;银鲳体长分布范围为13～23 cm,优势体长范围为15～21 cm,占95.8%.数据分析表明,三重流刺网作业网具选择性较差,渔具兼捕种类多,捕获量大,占总渔获量的66.5%;渔获的灰鲳和银鲳处于生长型捕捞期,不利于资源的可持续利用,建议适当改良渔具,避免对其资源造成过度破坏.     

广西钦州湾海域游泳动物群落种类组成及多样性研究

根据2015—2016年连续两年对钦州湾进行的拖网调查资料,对钦州湾游泳动物群落的多样性现状进行了初步分析。结果表明,2015、2016年游泳动物调查渔获物种类均为55种;两年共同渔获物优势种(IRI≥200)有5种,分别是钝齿蟳(Charybdis hellerii)、近缘新对虾(Metapenaeus affinis)、周氏新对虾(Metapenaeus joyneri)、亨氏仿对虾(Parapenaeopsis hungerfordi)和口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria),优势种类个体呈现小型化和低龄化趋势,渔获物种类和现存资源较历史数据有衰减的趋势;Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)、丰富度指数(D)和均匀度指数(J′)变化不显著,但站位间差异明显;2016年较2015年调查游泳生物的生物量和资源密度有所回升,但多样性水平均低于北部湾及南海北部大陆架浅海海域的多样性水平。     

官井洋大黄鱼标志放流技术与放流标志鱼早期生态习性性的初步研究

用人工培育的大黄鱼幼鱼，经丁香酚溶液浸溶麻醉、体背系挂塑料牌，经网箱暂养后于１９８７年１月２０日在官井洋中放流６２１６尾。２个月内回捕４８３尾。通过对回捕鱼及其捕捞实况调查，并结合定置网渔获物中天然大黄鱼及海区温盐断面调查，对放流标志鱼早期的生态习性进行了初步研究。     

官井洋大黄鱼标志放流技术与放流标志鱼早期生态习性的初步研究

用人工培育的大黄鱼幼鱼，经丁香酚溶液浸浴麻醉，体背系挂塑料牌，经 网箱暂养后于１９８７年１月２０日在官井洋中放流６ １２６尾。２个月内回捕４８３尾。 通过对回捕鱼及其捕捞实况调查，并结合定置网渔获物中天然大黄鱼及海区温盐 断面调查，对放流标志鱼早期的生态习性进行了初步研究。     

厦门东海域鱼类的群落结构及种类多样性研究

2003年7月至2006年6月对厦门东部海域用定置网和流刺网渔获鱼类进行周年逐月采样分析.结果表明,该海域鱼类至少有287种,录属于21目87科164属,以鲈形目最多,有151种,占总种数的52.6%.渔获物组成以近岸小型鱼类为主,底层鱼类和中下层鱼类合计有235种,占81.88%;中上层鱼类仅52种,占18.12%.鱼类的亚热带动物区系特征明显,暖水性种类达221种,占77%,暖温性种类66种,占23%,未出现冷温性种类及冷水性种类.鱼类种类存在明显的季节更替现象,月更替率大多在30%以上,最高达72.1%.定置网渔获鱼类年平均数量为277尾·网-1,年平均产量为1.93kg·网-1,平均数量和平均产量均以夏季大于秋季大于春季大于冬季;月平均数量和月平均产量均以8月最高,分别为700尾·网-1和5.0kg·网-1,2月最低,分别仅为55尾·网-1和0.38kg·网-1.种类丰度及数量变化与海域水温变化总体呈正相关关系.Shannon-Wiener种类多样性指数的月变化在1.555-4.337之间,多数月份的指数值在3以上,多样性水平较高.渔获鱼类中经济种类占比例较大,但绝大多数个体都比较小,年平均尾重仅6.97g.根据营养动态法估算潜在资源量为1 133.30t年-1,目前厦门东海域鱼类总渔获量已超过最大可捕量一倍以上,应加强资源的管理和保护.     

威海小石岛人工鱼礁海域渔获物群落结构特征及其与环境因子相关性

为探究人工鱼礁投放对威海小石岛附近海域渔获物种类组成、渔获量变化、渔获物结构特征的影响,作者于2012~2013年对威海小石岛人工鱼礁区及对照区的渔获物和环境因子进行了调查,并采用聚类分析、单因子相似性分析及相似性百分比分析对渔获物结构特征进行分析,采用典范对应分析(CCA)对礁区主要物种与环境因子的相关性进行分析。结果显示,南、北礁区地笼网调查到渔获物种类数量高于对照区,分别为24、31和18种。南、北礁区鱼类和甲壳类生物资源量高于对照区。南、北礁区全年资源量占优势的种类为日本蟳(Charybdis japonica)和大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii),对照区为海刺猬(Glyptocidaris crenularis)和大泷六线鱼。聚类分析和单因子相似性分析表明,渔获物组成结构在季节间差异显著(P0.05),在春季和夏季,人工鱼礁区渔获物组成结构和对照区差异显著(P0.05)。典范对应分析表明,水温、叶绿素a和溶解氧是影响礁区主要渔获物种类分布的主要环境因子。投放人工鱼礁改善了威海小石岛礁区水域的渔获物群落结构,并增加主要鱼类、甲壳类经济物种的渔获量。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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