浙江八面山特大型萤石矿床的沉积成矿特征

八面山萤石矿床是近年来发现的特大型萤石矿床,通过成矿地质背景,矿体与矿石特征,容矿岩系岩石化学组成特征,岩石与矿石稀土元素特征,钐—钕同位素特征等研究,探讨了矿床的沉积成矿特点。结果充分说明,八面山萤石矿床是一个以沉积为主,后经热液改造的特大型萤石矿床。依据上述分析数据,同时结合容矿围岩和矿体的地质特征,可以推测, 八面山萤石矿床是寒武系沉积岩作为矿源层,为萤石矿床的形成提供了必要的物源。后期岩浆作用只是对部分矿体进行了不同程度的改造,局部形成了构造带中的陡倾斜脉状矿体。     

REE and fluid inclusions in zoned fluorites from Eastern Transbaikalia: Distribution and geochemical significance

Special methodology was used to study the distribution of REE and some other elements in zoned fluorites from the different deposits of Eastern Transbaikalia. Fluorites from the uranium and polymetallic ore fields sharply differ in their REE distribution pattern and the composition of fluid inclusions, which reflects the geochemical specifics and indicates the possible sources of parental solutions. A gradual change in REE distribution patterns established in the successive growth zones of fluorites clearly coincides with the gradual decrease of temperature and mineralization of fluid inclusions. It is suggested that a change in the REE distribution pattern was provoked by the crystallochemical differentiation related to the formation of nano-sized mineral admixtures of REE phosphates and/or fluorcarbonates, which possess an ability to the selective accumulation of different REE groups. It was found that the zoned fluorites from the Streltsovka and Garsonui deposits show an opposite trends in the change of REE pattern with zonation. With a general decrease in total REE contents, fluorite from the Streltsovka deposit shows a change from positive parabolic to subchondritic pattern, while that from the Garsonui deposit, varies from the negative via subchondritic to the positive patterns.     

四川牦牛坪稀土矿床萤石Sr、Nd同位素对地幔成矿流体的指示意义

萤石是四川牦牛坪稀土矿床主要的脉石矿物之一，其形成贯穿了整个稀土成矿过程，因此同位素的研究对探讨萤石和稀土成矿流体的来源具有重要的价值。矿区6件萤石样品的Sr、Nd同位素组成没有明显差异，结合围岩（碳酸岩－正长岩，花岗岩）同位素组成特征研究表明，不同颜色、来自不同矿石类型、具有不同REE类型的萤石为同源产物，稀土成矿流体来源于富集地幔，与区内碳酸岩－正长岩岩浆活动密切相关。     

Hydrothermal Sedimentary Mineralization of the Super‐large Bamianshan Fluorite Deposit in Zhejiang Province,China

The Bamianshan fluorite deposit is a super-large one recently discovered in Zhejiang Province of China. This paper presents an analysis of its geological background, orebody and ore characteristics, petrochemical characteristics of host rocks, rare earth elements (REE) of rocks and ores, fluid inclusions in fluorite and Sm-Nd isotopic features in an effort to study its sedimentary mineralization. The result shows that the super-large Bamianshan fluorite deposit is of hydrothermal sedimentation genesis, deformed by the later hydrothermal fluid. Integrated with host rocks and orebody characteristics, it is inferred that the deposit originates from the Cambrian sedimentary rocks. And the later magmatic activities deformed some orebodies in different degrees, forming steeply dipping vein orebodies in the tectonic belts regionally.     

内蒙古白云鄂博矿床的稀土矿化时代与期次

内蒙古白云鄂博REE-Fe-Nb矿床是世界罕见的超大型多金属矿床, 但矿床成因一直没有解决, 而年代学研究是解决矿床成因的基础。本文结合矿床地质特征, 系统地分析了前人的年代学研究成果, 并对白云鄂博矿床的Sm-Nd同位素体系进行了深入的分析和讨论。结果表明, 白云鄂博稀土的成矿时代约为1.3 Ga, 与碳酸岩墙的形成时间一致, 成矿物质来源于地幔。加里东期的热事件(约0.44 Ga)导致了白云鄂博矿床晚期稀土矿脉的形成和原有矿体中部分稀土矿物的重结晶, 但成矿物质主要来源于矿体内部的稀土再循环, 外源物质的贡献不明显。约1.3 Ga到约0.44 Ga间的一系列中间年龄为后期热扰动的结果, 并不代表成矿事件。简言之, 白云鄂博矿床只在中元古代发生过一次实质性的稀土矿化作用, 地幔是稀土物质的单一源区。     

四川牦牛坪轻稀土矿床地幔流体特征——铅锶钕和氦氩同位素及稀土元素证据

四川牦牛坪稀土矿床是中国第二大轻稀土矿床。笔者对该矿床进行了较系统的Pb—Sr—Nd同位素、稀有气体同位素地球化学以及稀土元素地球化学研究。稀土元素地球化学特征研究显示,矿区萤石、方解石、氟碳铈矿稀土元素分布模式与区内英碱正长岩相似,表明牦牛坪稀土矿床成矿与英碱正长岩岩浆活动有关以及石英包裹体流体REE曲线平直,Eu与Ce无明显异常,曲线规律性较强,可以认为牦牛坪轻稀土矿床成矿流体稀土元素是深源的。Pb—Sr—Nd同位素组成表明成矿物质来自富集地幔,具深源甚至幔源特征。稀有气体同位素地球化学研究也在一定程度上揭示了牦牛坪轻稀土矿化与地幔过程之间存在着成因关系。     

Direct Isotope Dating of W(−Y) Mineralization at Kyzyltau (Mongolian Altai): Preliminary Results

Absolute ages of granite magmatism, as well as of tungsten mineralization, are poorly constrained in the Mongolian Altai and adjacent areas. There are no reports focusing on special isotopic investigations of the tungsten deposits. For the deposits in the Achit nuur and the Zagaan-Shibetin tectonic zones, two concepts that are discussed in the literature assume Paleozoic or Mesozoic ages for mineralization and related granite magmatism. We report the first results of a combined Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotope investigation of rocks and vein minerals of the Ulaan uul tungsten deposit at Kyzyltau; the results suggest Paleozoic ages for vein mineralization and for albitization of the host granite. The Sm-Nd isotope system, and the structure of vein minerals used for isotopic dating, were only slightly affected by late alteration processes. Sm-Nd mineral isochrons for wolframite and fluorite from the veins define an age of 303 ± 17 Ma (MSWD = 1.8, εNd = +0.9 ± 0.2). The Rb-Sr isotope system of the vein-hosting granite was strongly influenced by alteration processes. The Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron (282.2 ± 2.4 Ma, Sr_i = 0.70667 ± 0.00032, MSWD = 0.53) is interpreted as a mixing line and the age so defined has no direct geological meaning. Nevertheless, using Rb-Sr model ages and data on the degree of alteration of the samples, an age somewhat below 316 Ma can be estimated for albitization of the vein-hosting granite. This age estimation is in good agreement with the Sm-Nd isochron age for the vein mineralization. High εNd values obtained for wolframite and fluorite from the ore veins indicate an important role for material derived from the upper mantle in the ore formation processes.     

内蒙古敖包吐萤石矿床的Sr、Nd、Pb同位素地球化学特征

敖包吐萤石矿床是内蒙古北部苏莫查干地区单一萤石矿集区中的一个代表性矿床,产于早二叠世大石寨组火山-沉积岩与早白垩世敖包吐花岗岩的接触带上。文章通过分析该矿床岩、矿石的微量元素和稀土元素,揭示出萤石的成矿作用可分为2个阶段,即交代作用和充填作用。交代作用过程中大石寨组的结晶灰岩可能为萤石的形成提供了部分Ca来源,萤石矿石的稀土元素配分模式与海水基本类似,具有Ce负异常;成矿作用后期主要表现为充填作用,形成颗粒粗大的萤石,表现为重稀土元素富集的特征,并随着萤石的沉淀析出,稀土元素总量逐渐下降,反映出成矿流体经历了较长期的演化过程。各地层单元、花岗岩体和萤石矿石的Sr、Nd、Pb同位素研究表明,萤石的放射性同位素组成具有壳、幔源混合的特点,成矿物质来源具有多源性。早白垩世敖包吐花岗岩可能是萤石中F的主要来源,而大石寨组的结晶灰岩则可能提供了Ca。另外,Pb、Nd同位素的极大不均一性,有可能是成矿流体在运移过程中对艾力格庙群放射性组分的选择性吸收的结果。萤石成矿作用与钾玄岩的时空关系暗示了萤石的成矿过程可能是中国东部岩石圈减薄和下地壳的置换地质事件的结果。在构造转型的过程中,燕山中期富碱的酸性花岗岩浆的活动分异出富含F的成矿流体,与幔源流体混合,沿区域重新活化的深大断裂和大石寨组的层间破碎带上升,交代其间的灰岩透镜体,从而形成敖包吐中型萤石矿床。     

微量萤石样品消解技术及其Sm-Nd同位素高精度热离子质谱法测试

Sm-Nd同位素被广泛地应用于萤石样品的定年和示踪。萤石样品Sm-Nd同位素测试的化学分离中,一般采用酸溶解样品,但氢氟酸和硝酸与萤石反应不完全,由于萤石(CaF_2)特殊化学结构导致氟离子会和稀土元素离子形成难溶稀土氟化物,易导致Sm-Nd亏损,因而对于Sm、Nd含量较低的萤石样品,Sm-Nd同位素测试需要较大样品用量(100~200 mg)。本研究建立了一种利用HNO_3+HClO_4+H_3BO_3溶解萤石样品的消解方法,在萤石溶解过程中加入H_3BO_3可有效提高Sm-Nd回收率。实验表明,利用5 mL浓硝酸和0.015 mL高氯酸溶解萤石样品过程中加入1 mL 0.49 mol/L H3BO3效果最佳,结合高灵敏度热电离质谱仪(Triton)可实现微量萤石样品高精度Sm-Nd同位素测试。较先前已有的溶解方法,本方法大大降低萤石样品用量。     

海南石碌铁矿的Sm-Nd法年龄及其意义

本文根据最新测定的海南岛石碌铁矿 Sm-Nd 同位素年龄(841±20Ma)与石碌群第六层所含宏观藻类化石群代表的地质时代完全吻合,进一步肯定含铁矿的石碌群应归属青白口系。同位素测定结果还表明该铁矿的原始物质形成时间与成矿作用为同一时期,结合含矿层底部存在流纹质熔结凝灰岩、稀土模式及矿体产状等特征,推测该铁矿的铁质来源于近源海底火山喷发。     

四川冕宁稀土矿床脉石矿物的微量及稀土元素地球化学特征

包裹体地球化学研究表明，四川冕宁稀土矿床中存在着岩浆成因的萤石、重晶石和方解石，它们的微量元素地球化学特征与热液成因对应矿物有明显差别：岩浆成因重晶石相对富集亲石元素，贫亲硫元素；无论是岩浆成因重晶石，还是萤石均明显富集挥发分。稀土元素地球化学研究显示，不同成因萤石、重晶石在稀土元素总量、ＬＲＥＥ／ＨＲＥＥ、（Ｌａ／Ｙｂ）Ｎ、δＥｕ及δＣｅ等一系列稀土元素地球化学参数上都存在明显的差异。该项研究还揭示了岩浆成因萤石、重晶石是在相对还原和酸性体系内结晶而成的。     

Nature and Genesis of the Xiaobeigou Fluorite Deposit,Inner Mongolia,Northeast China: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions and Stable Isotopes

The recently discovered Xiaobeigou fluorite deposit is situated in the southern part of the Southern Great Xing'an Range metallogenic belt. Fluorite‐bearing veins are rather common over the whole area. So far, 11 mineralized veins have been delineated at the Xiaobeigou deposit. Orebodies of the deposit are mainly hosted in Permian and Jurassic volcano‐sedimentary rocks. The orebodies in this mining district exhibit a well‐developed vertical zonation: from top to bottom, the orebodies can be divided into upper, central, and lower zones. The central zone is the most important part for mining operations, and it shows lateral zonation of fluorite mineralization. Rare earth element (REE) contents of the investigated samples are relatively low (less than 30.2 ppm). Furthermore, the REE contents of the fluorite grains from early to late ore stages exhibit a decreasing trend. All the fluorite samples show no or slightly positive Eu anomalies. Three types of fluid inclusions (FIs) are distinguished in the quartz and fluorite samples, including pure‐liquid single‐phase (PL‐type), liquid‐rich two‐phase (L‐Type), and vapor‐rich two‐phase (V‐type) FIs. The FIs hosted in early‐stage quartz were homogenized at 159.5–260.7°C (mainly 160–240°C); their salinities range from 0.18 to 1.22 wt.% NaCl eqv. The FIs hosted in early‐stage fluorite yield slightly lower homogenization temperatures of 144.4–266.8°C (peaking at 140–220°C), which correspond to salinities of 0.18–0.88 wt.% NaCl eqv. Homogenization temperatures and salinities for the late stage are 132.5–245.8°C (mainly 160–180°C) and 0.18–1.40 wt.% NaCl eqv., respectively. Laser Raman spectroscopy of FIs shows that both the vapor and liquid compositions of the inclusions are dominated by H₂O. The H–O isotopic compositions at Xiaobeigou suggest that the ore‐forming fluids are predominantly of meteoric water origin. The Xiaobeigou deposit can be classified as a typical low‐temperature hydrothermal vein‐type fluorite deposit. Combined with regional data, we infer that the fluorite mineralization occurred during the Late Mesozoic in an extensional setting.     

赣南隆坪萤石矿床成矿时代及成因初探：来自萤石Sm-Nd测年及黑云母电子探针的证据

隆坪萤石矿床是赣南已探明的大型单一萤石矿床，矿体产于永丰复式岩体外接触带北东向硅化破碎带中。文章首次 采用Sm-Nd等时线法对隆坪萤石矿进行测年和稀土元素分析，并对永丰复式岩体中黑云母矿物成分进行了系统的测试；获 得了隆坪萤石矿的成矿年龄为158±3 Ma，与永丰复式岩体的成岩时代基本一致，表明该矿床萤石成矿作用与晚侏罗世岩浆 活动关系密切。隆坪萤石矿中萤石轻稀土元素略富集，重稀土相对平坦，具微弱Ce正异常（δCe=1.08~1.11，平均1.09） 和 微弱Eu负异常（δEu=0.91~0.98，平均0.95），指示了萤石矿床的成矿流体经历了相对较高的温度。黑云母电子探针分析结 果证实永丰复式岩体形成于相对高温、低压和高氧逸度的环境，岩浆起源于古老地壳物质的部分熔融，岩浆结晶分异晚阶 段岩浆期后热液富含F等挥发分。隆坪萤石矿床形成于晚侏罗世，成因类型为岩浆期后热液充填型。     

赣南隆坪萤石矿床成矿时代及成因初探:来自萤石Sm-Nd测年及黑云母电子探针的证据

隆坪萤石矿床是赣南已探明的大型单一萤石矿床,矿体产于永丰复式岩体外接触带北东向硅化破碎带中。文章首次 采用Sm-Nd等时线法对隆坪萤石矿进行测年和稀土元素分析,并对永丰复式岩体中黑云母矿物成分进行了系统的测试;获 得了隆坪萤石矿的成矿年龄为158±3 Ma,与永丰复式岩体的成岩时代基本一致,表明该矿床萤石成矿作用与晚侏罗世岩浆 活动关系密切。隆坪萤石矿中萤石轻稀土元素略富集,重稀土相对平坦,具微弱Ce正异常（δCe=1.08~1.11,平均1.09） 和 微弱Eu负异常（δEu=0.91~0.98,平均0.95）,指示了萤石矿床的成矿流体经历了相对较高的温度。黑云母电子探针分析结 果证实永丰复式岩体形成于相对高温、低压和高氧逸度的环境,岩浆起源于古老地壳物质的部分熔融,岩浆结晶分异晚阶 段岩浆期后热液富含F等挥发分。隆坪萤石矿床形成于晚侏罗世,成因类型为岩浆期后热液充填型。     

The Origin of the Proterozoic Bidjovagge Gold-Copper Deposit, Finnmark, Northern Norway, as Deduced from Rare Earth Element and Nd Isotopic Evidences on Calcites

Abstract: The Bidjovagge gold-copper deposit, northern Norway occurs in the lower Proterozoic Kautokeino greenstone belt, and consists of ten ore bodies in albite felsite, graphite schist and meta-diabase sills, along with a series of syenodiorite dykes. Calcite is one of the most important gangue minerals occurring within the ore veins. The early primary calcite samples from A, C and D ore bodies (copper–rich) show almost flat chondrite-normalised REE curves, and slightly positive Eu anomalies. A Sm-Nd isotope age of 1858 ± 72 Ma (2ρ) has been given based on fifteen primary calcite samples. The Sm-Nd age of calcite is in well agreement with previously published U-Pb davidite age of 1885 ±18 Ma (2ρ) and Sm-Nd davidite age of 1886 ± 88 Ma (2ρ). All these isotopic age data indicate that the gold-copper mineralisation may occur during or slightly after the peak of the Svecokarelian orogeny. Two late primary calcite samples from C and D ore bodies have flat chondrite-normalised LREE curves, positive HREE curves, and negative Eu anomalies. In contrast, most of the early primary calcite samples from B ore body (gold–rich) show an overall negative chondrite-normalised REE slope and negative Eu anomalies. Sm-Nd data on seven primary calcite samples from the B ore body are relatively scattered, and gave an isochrone age of 1809 ± 150 Ma (2ρ), identical to the age of the calcite samples from A, C and D ore bodies. Two late primary calcite samples from the B ore body have almost flat chondrite-normalised REE slope and negative Eu anomalies. REE patterns and eNd (T) values of calcites suggest that the ore fluids for the calcites from the A, C and D ore bodies derived their metals from mafic igneous rocks (diabase sills). For the secondary calcites from the C ore body, their relative high initial Nd (T) values at 1858 Ma imply that much more radiogenic Nd-component were incorporated during calcite crystallisation when another ore fluid emplaced. Combined Nd isotope data and REE geochemical features suggest that the isotopically more evolved source such as albite felsite and syn-genetic high level syenodiorite dykes were probably metal source for these calcites in the B ore body. Three samples of secondary calcite from the B ore body, which obviously deviated from 1809 Ma isochron are easily explained as products of post-ore hydrothermal events.     

Sm-Nd systematics of a tonalitic augen gneiss and its constituent minerals from northern Michigan

The Sm-Nd isotopic system of a tonalitic augen gneiss and its constituent minerals from northern Michigan was disturbed during metamorphism. Sm-Nd zircon ages are lower than the wholerock Sm-Nd model age. However, closely associated pairs of minerals (for example, sphene and biotite or apatite and plagioclase) retain their apparent metamorphic ages. The Sm-Nd model age for the tonalitic augen gneiss of 3919 ± 30myr, appears to reflect open system behavior during metamorphism. A mineralogically different gneiss from the same location has a Sm-Nd model age of 3520 ± 70 myr. The two whole rocks differ in their Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr systematics and in their chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns. The whole-rock-normalized mineral REE patterns show the contribution of the major and trace minerals to the REE content of the whole rock. The trace minerals contain a significant amount of the total REE.     

REE Geochemistry of Fluorite from the Maoniuping REE Deposit, Sichuan Province, China： Implications for the Source of Ore-forming Fluids

Fluorite is one of the main gangue minerals in the Maoniuping REE deposit,Sichuan Province,China.Fluorite with different colors occurs not only within various orebodies,but also in wallrocks of the orefield.Based on REE geochemistry,fluorite in the orefield can be classified as the LREE-rich,LREE-flat and LREE-depleted types.The three types of fluorite formed at different stages from the same hydrothermal fluid source,with the LREE-rich fluorite forming at the relatively early stage,the LREE-flat fluorite in the middle,and the LREE-depleted fluorite at the latest stage.Various lines of evidence demonstrate that the variation of the REE contents of fluorite shows no relation to the color.The mineralization of the Maoniuping REE deposit is associated spatially and temporally with carbonatite-syenite magmatism and the ore-forming fluids are mainly derived from carbonatite and syenite melts.     

晴隆锑矿床中萤石的稀土元素特征及其指示意义

本文系统地研究了黔西南晴隆锑矿床中萤石的稀土元素地球化学,表明不同颜色、不同矿物组合的萤石的稀土元素含量变化较大,但具有固定的REE分配模式,以明显的负Ce异常、富MREE、分配曲线相对平缓为特征;这种配分模式主要是受其晶体化学因素的控制,而与溶液中REE络合物的稳定性关系不大。萤石的稀土元素组成与其矿物共生组合关系不大,但与其颜色关系较密切。萤石的Ce、Eu异常主要是受氧逸度的控制,流体源区的氧逸度较高,矿物沉淀场所的氧逸度相对较低,从而导致该矿中萤石呈明显的负Ce异常,或正或负的Eu异常。晴隆锑矿床形成于开放体系条件下,水/岩反应很可能是导致萤石发生沉淀的主要机制。萤石中的Ca部分来自茅口组灰岩,部分来自大厂层玄武岩;而矿化剂F可能主要来自外部。     

四川德昌大陆槽稀土矿床地质特征

为查明德昌大陆槽稀土矿床的成矿地质特征和稀土元素的赋存状态,通过对大量岩石、矿石光(薄)片的观察鉴定以及对矿体形态、矿石的物质组分、结构构造的研究,表明该矿床受喜马拉雅期富稀土碱性杂岩的构造控制,成矿地质特征与牦牛坪矿床极为相似。大陆槽稀土矿床为攀西稀土成矿带上最年轻的稀土矿床,矿床类型新,稀土品位高,主要稀土矿物氟碳铈矿粒度较粗,可选冶。     

黔东北大竹园萤石矿床Sm-Nd等时线年龄及其地质意义

黔东北(沿河)-渝东南(酉阳)一带广泛发育萤石、重晶石及铅锌(汞)矿化,关于其成矿时代,一直缺少直接的同位素年龄证据。黔东北大竹园萤石矿床位于上扬子地块东南缘,矿体赋存于下奥陶统桐梓组和红花园组碳酸盐岩内,受NW向断裂控制,是本区热液脉型萤石矿床的代表。本文以该矿床为研究对象,利用单矿物Sm-Nd等时线方法进行了成矿年龄测定,获得萤石Sm-Nd等时线年龄为436±15 Ma(MSWD=0. 85),萤石与共生方解石Sm-Nd等时线年龄为430±13 Ma(MSWD=1. 02),两者在误差范围内一致,表明矿床形成于加里东期,该年龄与湘西-黔东MVT铅锌矿床成矿时代(477～410 Ma)一致。本区萤石-重晶石矿床与区内产出的主要铅锌(汞)矿床关系密切,推测它们有相近的物质来源,是在同一构造运动时期形成的一个有亲缘关系的成矿系列。研究结果指示加里东期是区内重要的萤石-重晶石-铅锌(汞)中低温热液成矿期。