Sediment transport to the Laptev Sea–hydrology and geochemistry of the Lena River

This study focuses on the fluvial sediment input to the Laptev Sea and concentrates on the hydrology of the Lena basin and the geochemistry of the suspended particulate material. The paper presents data on annual water discharge, sediment transport and seasonal variations of sediment transport. The data are based on daily measurements of hydrometeorological stations and additional analyses of the SPM concentrations carried out during expeditions from 1975 to 1981. Samples of the SPM collected during an expedition in 1994 were analysed for major, trace, and rare earth elements by ICP-OES and ICP-MS. Approximately 700 km³ freshwater and 27 times 10⁶ tons of sediment per year are supplied to the Laptev Sea by Siberian rivers, mainly by the Lena River. Due to the climatic situation of the drainage area, almost the entire material is transported between June and September. However, only a minor part of the sediments transported by the Lena River enters the Laptev Sea shelf through the main channels of the delta, while the rest is dispersed within the network of the Lena Delta. Because the Lena River drains a large basin of 2.5 times 10⁶ km², the chemical composition of the SPM shows a very uniform composition. In contrast, smaller rivers with more restricted catchment areas exhibit significant differences.     

Erosion and sediment transport in High Arctic rivers, Svalbard

This paper discusses sediment yield, sediment delivery and processes of erosion in rivers subject to High Arctic conditions in Svalbard. Long-term measurements reveal large variations between rivers and from year to year in each individual river. In the unglacierized catchment of Londonelva, annual sediment transport varied between 28 and 93 t/yr, with a mean sediment yield of 82.5 t/km²/yr. In the glacier-fed rivers Bayelva and Endalselva, the suspended sediment transport varied in the range of 5126 t/yr to 22797 t/yr during a 12-year period. A mean of 11 104 t/yr gave rise to a mean sediment yield of 359 t/km²/yr for the whole Bayelva catchment area. The sediment yield of the glacier and the moraine area was estimated at 586 t/km²/yr. A conceptual model used to interpret the long- and short-term patterns of sediment concentration in the meltwater from the glacier and erosion of the neoglacial moraines is proposed. Evidence is found that a proportion of the sediments are delivered by a network of englacial and subglacial channels that exist even in cold ice. Regression analyses of water discharge versus suspended sediment concentration gave significant correlations found to be associated with the stability of ice tunnels in cold ice. Large floods have been found to flush the waterways and exhaust the sediment sources. A long-term change in the exponent of regression lines is attributed to changes in sediment availability caused by flushing and expansion of tunnels and waterways by large floods and a subsequent slow deformation of them caused by the ice overburden and the glacier movement. A comparison of sediment yields from a number of polythermal and temperate glaciers in various areas showed large differences that were attributed primarily to bedrock susceptibility to erosion and, secondarily, to glaciological parameters.     

Stability of output fluxes of large rivers in South and East Asia during the last 2 million years: implications on floodplain processes

We compare the present-day sediment discharge (solid phase) of some of the largest rivers in Asia to the average discharge deduced from the mass accumulated in several sedimentary basins during the Quaternary. There is a very good correlation, especially for the largest rivers: the Ganges–Brahmaputra, the Changjiang, the Huanghe and, to a lesser extent, the Indus and the Zhujiang. This suggests that present-day average discharge at the outlet has remained constant throughout the Quaternary at least for very large rivers (drainage area of the order of 10⁵–10⁶ km²). This, in turn, suggests either that continental denudation of large Asian catchments has remained on average constant, implying a strong tectonic control on erosion during the Quaternary, or that the river network has the ability to buffer changes in hillslope erosion or in sea-level in order to conserve the total discharge at the outlet. We show how this buffering capacity relies on the characteristic reaction time-scale of Asian alluvial plains (of the order of 10^5–6 years), that is, much higher than the time-scales of the Quaternary climate oscillations (of the order of 10⁴ years). A short-term perturbation originating in hillslopes will be diluted by the floodplain. At the outlet the signal should have a longer time span and a smaller amplitude. In the same manner, an alluvial plain should not instantaneously react to a 10⁴-year sea-level drop because of its inertia. Along with long-term tectonic control we infer this buffering to be the main cause for the average constancy of sediment yield of large Asian rivers during the Quaternary.     

Glaciers in Svalbard: mass balance, runoff and freshwater flux

Gain or loss of the freshwater stored in Svalbard glaciers has both global implications for sea level and, on a more local scale, impacts upon the hydrology of rivers and the freshwater flux to fjords. This paper gives an overview of the potential runoff from the Svalbard glaciers. The freshwater flux from basins of different scales is quantified. In small basins (A < 10 km²), the extra runoff due to the negative mass balance of the glaciers is related to the proportion of glacier cover and can at present yield more than 20% higher runoff than if the glaciers were in equilibrium with the present climate. This does not apply generally to the ice masses of Svalbard, which are mostly much closer to being in balance. The total surface runoff from Svalbard glaciers due to melting of snow and ice is roughly 25 ± 5 km³ a⁻¹, which corresponds to a specific runoff of 680 ± 140 mm a⁻¹, only slightly more than the annual snow accumulation. Calving of icebergs from Svalbard glaciers currently contributes significantly to the freshwater flux and is estimated to be 4 ± 1 km³ a⁻¹ or about 110 mm a⁻¹.     

Unstable Asia: active deformation of Siberia revealed by drainage shifts

Regional incision and lateral shifts of rivers in the West Siberian Basin and surrounding areas show the action of long wavelength surface tilting, directed away from the Urals and Central Asian mountains and towards the Siberian Craton. In the north of the basin, surface uplift of individual folds is recorded by local lateral drainage migration. Lateral slopes of river valleys vary in gradient from 0.001 to 0.0001, generally decreasing with increasing river discharge. As a result of this surface deformation significant drainage shifts are taking place in three of the longest and highest discharge river systems on Earth: the Yenisei, Ob' and Irtysh. The deformation is most plausibly caused by subtle faulting at depth, below the thick basin fill of Mesozoic and Lower Cenozoic sediments. Active deformation of western Siberia appears to represent a previously unrecognised, far-field effect of the India–Eurasia collision, up to ∼1500 km north of the limit of major seismicity and mountain building. It adds ∼2.5 × 10⁶ km² to the region deformed by the collision, which is an area greater than the Himalayas and Tibet combined. It is also an analogue for the formation of low-angle unconformities in terrestrial sedimentary basins on the periphery of other orogenic belts.     

The kinematics and pattern of escarpment retreat across the rifted continental margin of SE Australia

Rifted continental margins generally display an interior, low-relief, highly weathered upland area and a deeply incised, high-relief coastal area. The boundary between the two zones is commonly demarcated by an abrupt, seaward-facing escarpment. We investigate the rate and pattern of escarpment erosion and landscape evolution along the passive margin of south-east Australia, in the region of the New England Tableland. The process of rifting is shown to initiate an escarpment across which rivers flow, resulting in an escarpment that takes the form of dramatic, elongated gorges. Using a mass balance approach, we estimate the volume/unit length of continental material eroded seaward of the escarpment to be between 41 and 68 km², approximately an order of magnitude less than the 339 km² of terrigenous sediments calculated to have been deposited offshore, but consistent with earlier denudation estimates based on apatite fission track data. On the bedrock rivers draining the New England Tableland region, the escarpment is manifested as a series of sharp knickpoints punctuating the river longitudinal profiles. The knickpoints are situated the same distance upstream along the different channels and uniform escarpment retreat rates on the order of 2 km Myr⁻¹ are estimated, despite some differences in bedrock lithologies. Gorge head migration appears to be very important as a bedrock incision mechanism. Field observations indicate a coupling between escarpment retreat and knickpoint propagation, bedrock channel incision, and hillslope development.     

龙滩水库溶解无机碳来源及变化特征

河流在碳的运输过程中扮演着重要角色。为探究河流筑坝拦截后龙滩水库溶解无机碳(DIC)的来源和变化特征,于2016年7月和2017年1月采集水样,然后分析了河水DIC及其碳稳定同位素(δ13C)值。研究结果表明:(1)δ13CDIC值具有显著的时空差异,表明两个季节影响DIC的主要因素和DIC的来源并不相同。雨季,DIC及其δ13C主要分布在2.04~4.12 mmol·L^-1和-5.52‰^-2.87‰的范围内;旱季,水体DIC为3.33~4.61 mmol·L^-1,而δ13CDIC显著低于雨季为-15.90‰^-9.12‰。雨季,稀释效应显著降低了DIC浓度,由于水体热分层使得DIC在水柱剖面上差异显著,而旱季由于混合作用的影响,在剖面上差异较低。(2)在雨季,河流δ13CDIC较旱季明显偏正,碳酸盐岩的强烈风化输入大量HCO3-是DIC的主要来源。在旱季,DIC和δ13CDIC成反比关系,δ13CDIC在旱季变得更低,其大部分的DIC来自于土壤CO2输入和原位有机呼吸作用。旱季水体热分层消失,混合作用使得底部具有较低δ13C值的含碳水体上涌,并与表水层混合导致其δ13CDIC值低于雨季。这种季节性模式与自然河流不同,而是与湖泊的季节变化特征更为类似,说明河流拦截蓄水后逐渐湖沼化,并显著影响了DIC的循环。     

西伯利亚北极河流有机碳输出特征及影响要素

河流有机碳输出是北极碳循环的重要组分,对气候变化十分敏感。本文利用ArcticGRO的径流及有机碳数据,通过数理统计分析等方法,对2004—2017年间俄罗斯西伯利亚地区的鄂毕河、叶尼塞河和勒拿河有机碳输出进行研究。结果显示：西伯利亚3大河流的年均有机碳输出总量约23 Tg,其中溶解有机碳（DOC）输出约18.55 Tg,占北极地区50%以上,接近颗粒有机碳（POC）输出的4倍。2009—2017年间的年均DOC输出量较1999—2008年存在较大差异,鄂毕河增加18%,叶尼塞河下降13%,而勒拿河增加了近70%。春、夏两季有机碳输出总量占全年85%以上,春季为有机碳输出高峰期,而在鄂毕河流域春、夏季贡献率相当。各流域河流有机碳输出特征不同且具有季节性变化,主要受径流、冻土及人类活动等的影响。其中,DOC输出总量在年际与季节性变化特征上均与径流变化呈显著正相关,随径流增加DOC浓度也相应增大;而多年冻土也因类型及分布差异对河流DOC与POC具有不同程度的影响。研究气候变化下的北极河流有机碳输出特征及影响要素,有助于深入理解北极河流有机碳输出对气候及环境变化的综合响应,为揭示气候变化下的北极碳循环过程奠定基础。     

中国河流入海颗粒态碳通量及其变化特征

河流是连接海洋和陆地两大碳库的纽带,其碳通量是全球碳循环的重要环节。本文以《中国河流泥沙公报》的数据为基础,就中国河流入海颗粒态碳通量及其变化特征进行分析。结果表明：1965-2005年,中国河流入海颗粒态碳通量平均为29.57 TgC.yr-1,占河流入海碳通量的42%,其中有机碳占36.02%,无机碳占63.98%,长江、黄河和珠江的颗粒态碳通量占全国河流入海颗粒态碳通量的96.25%。从2003年开始,河流入海颗粒态碳通量呈逐年递减的趋势,但颗粒态有机碳通量在河流入海颗粒态碳通量中所占的比重有所提高。2009年,全国通过河流泥沙输送到海洋中的碳仅为6.59 TgC,为1965-2005年平均输碳量的22.3%。由此可见,颗粒态碳通量在河流碳通量中占有不可忽视的地位,为了准确评估中国河流及陆地生态系统的碳收支,应对颗粒态碳通量进行细致研究。     

Contemporary and Post-glacial Rates of Aeolian Deposition in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada

Contemporary and post-glacial rates of aeolian deposition are determined for three small catchments that straddle the alpine-subalpine ecotone in the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains of British Columbia. From process measurement over a single year, the mean annual regional (allochthonous) rate of aeolian deposition for the catchments is estimated to be approximately 11 g m⁻². The average rate of annual deposition over the post-glacial period is calculated from the soil profiles to be c . 6 g m⁻², although fallout rates are likely to have varied significantly over the Holocene epoch due to changes in climate and catchment conditions. It would appear that the vegetated ground strata in these catchments are net receivers of aeolian dust fallout. Consequently, many of the soils are cumulic in nature and protect the bedrock in these catchments from subaerial weathering. These results have implications for sediment transfers in alpine and sub-alpine environments in southwestern British Columbia.     

The karstlands of Antigua, their land use and conservation

The northeastern 110 km², or nearly 40%, of Antigua is underlain by impure limestones of the Oligocene-aged Antigua Formation, on which has developed a subdued karst landscape consisting essentially of shallow enclosed depressions (dolines), intermittently active stream valleys and widely scattered residual hills. The dispersed dolines are broad, shallow and clustered, especially in the central and southeastern sections of the limestone belt, where they attain densities of 7/km². The widely spaced residual hills attain heights of up to 40 m and localized densities of over 4/km². Five main valley systems up to 6 km in length traverse the limestone in a broadly northeast direction, carrying both autogenic drainage from within the karst area and allogenic drainage from the non-carbonate Central Plain. Karst and cave development has been constrained by the low purity of the limestones. Of the four types of carbonate islands identified within the Carbonate Island Karst Model, Antigua most closely resembles the Composite Island type. The karst has been much influenced by human activities, particularly agriculture and quarrying, and is now a focus of the burgeoning tourism industry. Virtually none of the karst is designated as protected areas, but several sites warrant protection, and several conservation strategies have been suggested.     

全球主要河流流域碳酸盐岩风化碳汇评估

碳酸盐岩风化吸收的大气CO₂主要以HCO₃ ^-形式连续地经由河流从大陆输送到海洋,成为陆地生态系统的重要碳汇。目前主要河流流域的碳酸盐岩风化碳汇估算存在不确定性,分布格局尚不清晰。基于GEMS-GLORI全球河流数据库提供的全球10万km ²以上主要河流流域多年平均监测数据,利用水化学径流法估算出全球主要河流流域碳酸盐岩对CO₂的吸收速率为0.43±0.15 Pg CO₂ yr ^-1,平均CO₂吸收通量为7.93±2.8 t km ^-2 yr ^-1。CO₂吸收通量在不同气候带下差异显著,热带和暖温带CO₂年吸收速率占全球主要河流流域年吸收速率的62.95%。冷温带CO₂年吸收速率占全球主要河流流域的33.05%,仅次于热带地区。本文划分出全球CO₂吸收通量的9个关键带,关键带的交汇处CO₂吸收通量较高。喀斯特出露流域碳酸盐岩对CO₂吸收通量的均值为8.50 t km ^-2 yr ^-1,约为非喀斯特流域的3倍。全球喀斯特出露流域碳酸盐岩风化碳汇在全球碳循环、水循环及碳收支平衡估算研究方面占据重要地位。     

A comparison of annual and seasonal carbon dioxide effluxes between sub-Arctic Sweden and High-Arctic Svalbard

Recent climate change predictions suggest altered patterns of winter precipitation across the Arctic. It has been suggested that the presence, timing and quantity of snow all affect microbial activity, thus influencing CO₂ production in soil. In this study annual and seasonal emissions of CO₂ were estimated in High-Arctic Adventdalen, Svalbard, and sub-Arctic Latnjajaure, Sweden, using a new trace gas-based method to track real-time diffusion rates through the snow. Summer measurements from snow-free soils were made using a chamber-based method. Measurements were obtained from different snow regimes in order to evaluate the effect of snow depth on winter CO₂ effluxes. Total annual emissions of CO₂ from the sub-Arctic site (0.662–1.487 kg CO₂ m^–2 yr^–1) were found to be more than double the emissions from the High-Arctic site (0.369–0.591 kg CO₂ m^–2 yr^–1). There were no significant differences in winter effluxes between snow regimes or vegetation types, indicating that spatial variability in winter soil CO₂ effluxes are not directly linked to snow cover thickness or soil temperatures. Total winter emissions (0.004–0.248 kg CO₂ m^–2) were found to be in the lower range of those previously described in the literature. Winter emissions varied in their contribution to total annual production between 1 and 18%. Artificial snow drifts shortened the snow-free period by 2 weeks and decreased the annual CO₂ emission by up to 20%. This study suggests that future shifts in vegetation zones may increase soil respiration from Arctic tundra regions.     

20世纪30年代珠江三角洲平原河网结构重建及最大槽蓄容量

基于1954年美国陆军制图局编制的中国地形图、1930―1934年日军参谋本部所绘中国地形图、广东省水文志和研究区各县县志等历史文图资料,重建研究区20世纪30年代的河网模型,对传统农业末期平原河网水系进行高精度复原,计算其最大槽蓄容量并分析其区域特点。结果表明：1）20世纪30年代珠三角河网（除干流河道）的最大槽蓄容量为6.78亿~20.75亿m³,其极值为20.75亿m³,平均值为13.38万m³/km²。其中1级河道最大槽蓄容量占总量的33.5%~49.1%,对于整个河网的容蓄洪水能力及水资源调度能力影响更大。与现阶段不同,传统农业时代末期（20世纪30年代）珠三角河网的槽蓄容量与河网密度呈正相关,槽蓄容量的大小受河网密度的影响较为明显。2）20世纪30年代珠三角河网的形成与传统时期的农业开发有着密切的关系,当时的河网水系是自然发育与该时期围田业对其开发、围垦的共同结果,围田开发的兴修堤围、挑挖河道等活动对于河网的扩展及其最大槽蓄容量的增加具有客观上的促进作用。     

Palaeointensity results from Ethiopian basalts: implications for the Oligocene geomagnetic field strength

From a large collection of Ethiopian flood basalts (~30  Myr old) sampled for magnetostratigraphy, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology and geochemical investigations, 47 samples were selected in order to test their suitability for Thellier palaeointensity experiments. Only 17 samples from eight individual flows yielded reliable palaeointensity estimates, with flow-mean virtual dipole moments ranging from 3.0 to 10.5 × 10²²  A  m² .
  A critical review of the Oligocene palaeointensity data set, including these new Ethiopian data, indicates an Oligocene mean virtual dipole moment of 5.1 ± 2.5 × 10²²  A  m² for the complete data set. After applying mild selection criteria, the reduced data set yields a mean value of only 4.6 ± 1.9 × 10²²  A  m² . This value is significantly lower than the present-day field strength but is higher than the Mesozoic dipole low mean field. This low Oligocene field might be in agreement with the high palaeosecular variation and rather high non-dipole field invoked around 30  Ma. However, the Oligocene data set is largely dependent on the palaeointensity determinations from Armenia, obtained mainly from baked contacts, which show amazingly low dispersion at both flow and between-flow levels. More data are needed to reduce the weight of these determinations on the mean value and avoid a possible bias.     

Application of a new river classification scheme to Australia's tropical rivers

A revised typology of Australian tropical rivers was applied to the complete channel network (named and major rivers) shown on 1:250 000 topographic maps for three large drainage basins in northern Australia (Daly River, NT; Fitzroy River, WA; Flinders River, Qld). Reach mapping and classification were conducted using the revised typology. The 12 major river types proposed were: (1) bedrock rivers; (2) bedrock‐confined and ‐constrained rivers; (3) low sinuosity (straight) rivers; (4) meandering rivers; (5) wandering rivers; (6) anabranching rivers; (7) chains of ponds; (8) gullies; (9) floodouts; (10) lakes, swamps, billabongs and wetlands; (11) non‐channelized valley floors; and (12) estuarine rivers. The 12 major river types were developed based on river reach mapping for more than 264 000 km² of tropical Australian catchments. At scales larger than 1:250 000, subdivision of each major river type is recommended. In the Daly and Fitzroy catchments, confined and constrained rivers dominate, whereas in the Flinders and Fitzroy catchments, anabranching rivers dominate. The dominant river types need benchmarking with adequate numbers of control reaches so that channel changes induced by human and natural impacts can be measured by reference to the stability of these controls. Wandering rivers, floodouts and non‐channelized valley floors were rare for the 1:250 000 channel network in northern Australia but need inclusion in national parks.     

Continuous GPS measurements across the Western Alps, 1996–1998

Global Positioning System (GPS) data are analysed from three permanent sites, two in the Western Alps (Grasse, France, and Zimmerwald, Switzerland) and the third in the Po Basin (Torino, Italy), for the 2.5-year period from 1 January 1996 to 1 July 1998. An analysis of the stochastic properties of the position time series reveals a significant amount of spatially and temporally correlated noise, which best fits a model combining white noise and flicker noise. The coloured noise is drastically reduced by spatially filtering the time series, suggesting that it is not due to site-specific effects such as monument motion, but rather to noise sources common to the three sites, such as reference frame, satellite orbit or Earth orientation errors. We find velocity uncertainties (95 per cent confidence interval) of 2.7  mm  yr⁻¹ at GRAS, 2.3  mm  yr⁻¹ at ZIMM, and 2.9  mm  yr⁻¹ at TORI. The residual velocity in the Eurasian reference frame is statistically greater than zero at ZIMM only, with 2.4 ± 2.3  mm  yr⁻¹ of motion in a NW direction. These uncertainties place an upper bound on the expected deformation in the Western Alps. Velocities relative to stable Eurasia do not exceed 3  mm  yr⁻¹, corresponding to a maximum strain rate of 0.03  μstrain  yr⁻¹ over the GRAS–TORI–ZIMM triangle.     

SEDIMENT RATING CURVES DEVELOPED ON STAGE AND SEASONAL MEANS IN DISCHARGE CLASSES FOR THE MELLAH WADI, ALGERIA

The focus of the present study was to estimate suspended sediment load from the Mellah catchment (550 km²) during storms. Suspended sediment rating curves were developed on data from a 23-year period. The regression technique of this paper involves a division of data into discharge-based classes, the mean concentrations and discharges of which are used to develop power regressions through log-transformation. Sediment rating curves were also developed on means of data grouped into seasons and stages. Sediment loads estimated by rating curves uncorrected for bias involved underestimations of down to 9% compared with loads from measured concentrations. Correction for bias reduced underestimations to a range from 0.79 to 3%. Rating curves divided into rising and falling stages had the lowest underestimation and were used to estimate load during periods without concentration measurements. During the 23-year study period, the mean annual suspended sediment yield was 373 TI km².
Sediment transport is dominated by winter storms accounting for 61% of the annual load. A high exponent 'b' of the power regression equations during the winter season confirms the intense geomorphic work by winter season storms caused by high intensity rainfall, low vegetation cover, and heavy machine activity in the fields.     

黄河流域沙漠化空间格局与成因

黄河流域地势西高东低,自西向东有青藏高原、内蒙古高原、黄土高原和黄淮海平原4个地貌单元,总面积为79.6万km²。黄河流域是中国重要的生态屏障和重要经济带,黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展已上升为国家战略。沙漠化是中国北方干旱、半干旱以及部分半湿润地区主要的土地退化形式,沙漠化对黄河流域,尤其是流域中、上游地区的影响较大。为了全面掌握黄河流域的沙漠化土地空间分布特征,本研究以Landsat遥感影像为数据源,通过地理信息系统（GIS）技术,获得了黄河流域2010年的沙漠化土地分布数据。结果表明：黄河流域内沙漠化土地面积为128 667 km²,占流域总面积的16.2%;黄河上游的沙漠化土地面积最大,然后依次是黄河中游、黄河源区、黄河下游,沙漠化土地面积分别为89 341、21 426、17 894、7 km²,分别占全流域沙漠化土地总面积的69.4%、16.7%、13.9%、0.01%。黄河流域的沙漠化土地绝大部分分布于内蒙古,其沙漠化土地面积为91 398 km²,占全流域沙漠化土地面积的71.0%;其次是青海,沙漠化土地面积为17 432 km²,占全流域沙漠化土地面积的13.5%;陕西和宁夏的沙漠化土地面积分别占全流域沙漠化土地面积的8.3%和6.5%。黄河流域的沙漠化空间格局主要是降水量与沙源空间耦合的结果,流域92.6%（119 114 km²）的沙漠化土地分布于干旱、半干旱地区。从20世纪70年代以来,黄河流域的沙漠化总体上经历了快速发展—发展放缓—明显逆转的过程,沙漠化大幅度的变化主要受人类活动影响所致,在过去几十年间风速持续减小对沙漠化逆转的积极作用也应引起重视。     

干旱区不同土壤和作物灌溉量的无机碳淋溶特征实验研究

为探讨干旱区作物灌溉对盐碱土无机碳传输的影响,通过选择不同含盐量的土壤,即耕地土（F）、混合土（C）和原生荒漠土（D）,分别种植水稻（R）和棉花（C）,进行了一个生长季的淋溶实验,并定期收取且分析土壤淋溶液中的可溶性无机碳（DIC）含量。结果表明：（1）水稻处理无机碳的淋溶主要集中在秧苗分蘖期和幼穗发育期,而棉花处理则集中在花铃期和吐絮期;（2）不同含盐量土壤在同一灌溉量下,土壤含盐量越高,其淋溶过程得到的无机碳总量越大,最高约为8.4 g·m^-2·a^-1,最低仅约0.7 g·m^-2·a^-1;（3）同种土壤不同灌溉量,其水稻高于棉花,高出值范围为2.9～4.1 g·m^-2·a^-1;种植作物处理得到的无机碳总量均大于其相应对照处理的量（p＜0.05）。研究结果表明,土壤的盐含量及作物灌溉量对土壤无机碳淋溶有重要影响。