解决污水快速渗滤土地处理系统占地突出的新方法

根据污水快速渗滤土地处理系统的主要特点和局限 ,针对该系统占地突出这一问题 ,提出了通过采用人工填料 ,提高水力负荷 ,加快污水在系统中的渗透速度 ,从而减小系统占地面积的新方法。对随水力负荷的提高使系统可能产生的出水水质变差、介质堵塞以及投资费用增高等问题进行了分析 ,并且对在涿州进行的现场小型工程的试验进行了验证。得出结论认为改进的人工构建快速渗滤系统切实可行。     

人工快速渗滤复合系统处理洗浴污水的试验研究

针对传统污水快速渗滤土地处理系统水力负荷低，占地面积大的弱点，提出了采用人工砂和天然砂作为渗滤介质建立复合系统的试验方案，并以洗浴污水为研究对象进行了5个月的室内试验研究。结果表明，复合系统具有较高的水力负荷和较好的去污效果，其COD，BOD5，SS和阴离子洗涤剂（以MBAS代表）的平均去除率分别为86.25%,86.75%,98.95%和90.86%。处理出水中COD，BOD5，SS和阴离子洗涤剂的平均浓度分别为17.30,5.84,0.3和0.18mg/l。     

城镇小区污水处理的新技术——人工快速渗滤污水处理系统的研究和应用

与常规生化法处理生活污水相比,人工快速渗滤工艺(CRI)具有能耗低、投资少、流程短的优点,适宜在土地允许的地区推广.     

501矿床铀矿石室内浸铀试验地质工艺研究

501矿床矿石铀品位0．052％,U^＋6／U^＋4比值1．7～4．6,对浸铀地质工艺有害的碳酸盐、硫化物和有机质含量很少,矿层水中铀和溶解氧含量较高,[HCO3]^-量低。通过静态浸出试验确定的技术参数为：用7．91g／LH2SO4,对0．007％～0．216％品位铀矿石浸泡48h,铀的浸出率为64．69％～99．17％,浸出液中铀浓度为9．51—427．6mg／L。通过渗滤浸出试验筛选出较好的溶浸剂配方为：6～8g／LH2SO4,铀的浸出率为95．71％～96．33％,浸出液中铀浓度为88．33～111．32mg/L,浸出液固比为4．46～5．66,吨矿硫酸耗量为27．58～29．83kg/t,提取1kg铀的硫酸耗量为55．17～60．06kg。说明该矿床矿石宜用酸法浸出,浸出铀的地质工艺条件较好。     

河流渗滤系统对地表污水的净化作用综述

河流渗滤系统可充分利用水环境的净化功能,提高污水处理效率,避免地下水遭受污染.河流渗滤对地表污水的净化是一种自然过程,它作为天然的过滤器及生物地球化学反应器,可以除去河水中多种污染物,包括天然有机物、合成有机物、无机物、颗粒物、细菌及病原体等.文章分析了影响河流渗滤系统自净作用的影响因素,包括河流沉积物的组成、河流渗滤系统的结构、季节等.最后提出了今后研究河流渗滤系统的方向.     

山东农村生活排水现状分析及污染治理技术探讨

随着农村经济的发展和新农村建设,农村生活污水排放已成为农村水环境污染的重要组成部分,通过分析山东省农村生活污水的特点、排放特征以及典型农村生活排水方式,发现农村人口具有规模相对较小,污水水量、水质具有时间的非均匀性和水质的不稳定性等特点,农村供水规模不断扩大,污水产生量迅速,提出农村污水处理技术不能完全照搬适用于大、中城市的传统处理技术,应因地制宜的提出农村排水氧化塘处理技术和小型低能耗生活污水处理设备两种方式,形成集中供水条件下农村生活排水收集、处理与资源化的工程技术模式。具有较高的实用性以及推广价值。     

生物膜过滤深度净化水技术研究

以古交镇城底煤矿生活污水处理厂二级出水为研究对象,采用F/BF净化工艺,进行了污水深度处理的生产性试验。研究表明,该工艺对二级处理后的生活污水具有稳定、高效的净化能力,出水水质基本达到地面水Ⅳ类标准,可用于工业冷却水和低压水暖锅炉补充水,具有显著的经济效益和环境效益。试验还对不同滤料进行了分析,认为作为工业废料的炉渣是一种廉价、高效的新型生物膜过滤材料。     

陕北地区水污染物排放量预测研究

水是陕北能源化工基地建设的关键性资源,防治水环境污染是确保能源基地可持续发展重要保障。本文依据陕北能源化工基地建设相关规划,分污染物达标排放、推行清洁生产、部分行业生产污水零排放＋清洁生产等三种情景,对未来陕北地区工业废水和生活污水排放量做了预测。分析结果表明：2020年,陕北地区在污染物达标排放的情景下,COD、NH3-N排放总量分别为53 417 t和9 111 t;在推行清洁生产情景下,COD、NH3-N排放总量分别为35 237 t和5 583 t;在部分行业生产污水零排放＋清洁生产的情景下,COD、NH3-N排放总量分别为25407 t和4 377 t。与2007年水污染物排放量相比,在三种设计情景下,延安COD与NH3-N基本实现减排,而榆林地区COD与NH3-N排放量均超过现状排放量。比较来看,陕北地区在部分行业生产污水零排放＋清洁生产的情景下污染物排放量最小,但COD、NH3-N仍较2007年现状排放量增加12%和56%,即陕北地区未来发展中水环境压力很大,应该采取切实可行的措施大幅度降低污染物排放量。     

利用氮同位素技术识别石家庄市地下水硝酸盐污染源

地下水NO－ 3污染是石家庄市地下水管理面临的一个主要问题。本次研究通过地下水及其潜在补给源的氮同位素和水化学调查，确定和识别石家庄市地下水NO－ 3污染程度和污染源。地下水中的无机氮化合物主要以NO－ 3形式存在，浓度变化在 2．65～152．1 m g／L之间，均值为（54．88± 31）m g／L（ n＝44），48％的样品浓度超过国际饮水标准（50 m g／L）。地下水样品的NO－ 3－ 15 N值域＋4．53‰～＋25．36‰，均值＋9．94‰±4．40‰（ n＝34）。34个样品中，22个样品（65％）的氮同位素值大于＋8‰；与1991年相比，氮同位素组成指示地下水NO－ 3的主要来源已由当时矿化的土壤有机氮变为现在的动物粪便或污水；结合Cl－分析，南部地下水NO－3还受到东明渠污水的影响。其余12个样品（35％）的氮同位素值变化在＋4‰～＋8‰之间，其中 15 N值较大的（＋6‰～＋8‰）指示来自土壤有机氮，较小的（＋4‰～＋6‰）指示来自氨挥发较弱、快速入渗的化肥厂污水。根据上述研究结果，提出了改善石家庄市地下水管理的措施。     

矿山开发对矿区水环境影响评价——以四川省拉拉铜矿为例

利用拉拉铜矿矿区水环境调查和水质监测资料,依据国家《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002),采用模糊数学方法对矿区水环境质量进行了综合评价,认为除尾矿水、生活污水极严重污染(Ⅴ类)外,其他水属清洁(Ⅰ类);同时筛选出主要污染因子为来自尾矿水中的Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd和生活污水中的总氮、总磷,进一步探讨了污染物可能造成的环境危害.提出对泄漏的尾矿水可通过吸附、沉淀,除去金属毒物;对生活污水可通过离子交换法和吸附法除氮、除磷,同时还应对矿山水环境加强监管的措施.     

沸石强化过滤的中试及生产性试验研究

对新型水处理材料沸石强化常规给水处理工艺进行了中试和生产性试验,并与石英砂滤料做了对比.中试结果表明粒径为0.80-1.20mm沸石对浊度、氨氮、有机物都表现出良好的去除效果,过滤时的水头损失、反冲洗强度明显小于石英砂,不仅能满足反冲洗要求,还可节省反冲洗水量,降低运行成本.在生产性试验条件下,沸石对浊度、氨氮、耗氧量的去除率分别为95%、83%和39%.因此,在当前水源水遭到污染的情况下,用沸石替代石英砂滤料可明显改善水质,在不增加处理构筑物的情况下,对给水处理工艺可起到强化作用     

硅藻土开发应用及其进展

利用硅藻土的微米级形体、天然纳米孔和主要成分为非晶质硅藻壳等特殊构造与性质,开发多用途的纳米材料、微孔材料、改性剂及合成白炭黑等,应用于污水处理、环保建材、无机分离膜、杀虫剂、橡胶补强等领域,取得了良好的效果,其应用前景十分可观。     

Reliability assessment of granular filters in embankment dams

Empirical criteria have been used successfully to design filters of most embankment large dam projects throughout the world. However, these empirical rules are only applicable to a particular range of soils tested in laboratory and do not take into account the variability of the base material and filter particle sizes. In addition, it is widely accepted that the safety of fill dams is mainly dependent on the reliability of their filter performance. The work herein presented consists in a new general method for assessing the probability of fulfilling any empirical filter design criteria accounting for base and filter heterogeneity by means of first‐order reliability methods (FORM), so that reliability indexes and probabilities of fulfilling any particular criteria are obtained. This method will allow engineers to estimate the safety of existing filters in terms of probability of fulfilling their design criteria and might also be used as a decision tool on sampling needs and material size tolerances during construction. In addition, sensitivity analysis makes possible to analyse how reliabilities are influenced by different sources of input data. Finally, in case of a portfolio risk assessment, this method will allow engineers to compare the safety of several existing dams in order to prioritize safety investments and it is expected to be a very useful tool to evaluate probabilities of failure due to internal erosion. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of the constriction size distribution of granular filters by filtration tests

This paper presents the calibration of an experiment based on filtration tests, able to provide the cumulative constriction size distribution of granular materials. Here, simulations of these tests are performed using a discrete element method. Filters of same density but different thicknesses are created with a poly‐sized spherical material. Lateral periodic boundaries for the samples are used, and their size is calibrated so that a representative elementary volume is obtained. Fine particles are released on the created samples, and the particle size distribution of the collected material that successfully crossed the filters is computed. These particle size distributions are related to the underlying cumulative constriction size distribution (CSD) of the granular material involved in the samples. The CSD is derived using a probabilistic approach for the path length of individual particles through a granular material. We settle all the requisites related to the technique and to the fine particles that are released to allow reaching a correct CSD for the filter. The reference CSD used for the calibration of the experiment is obtained after a radical partition of the void space into Delaunay tetrahedra and a geometrical characterisation of constrictions on each tetrahedron face. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Micro-properties of coal aggregates: Implications on hyperbaric filtration performance for coal dewatering

The recovery of ultrafine coal can be enhanced significantly by flocculating the particles prior to dewatering. It is thus crucial to be able to quantify the effects of aggregated particles on the separation efficiency, of which they are still not fully understood. This study focused on the relationship between the micro-properties (size, structure, and strength) of flocculated coal particles and the characteristics of filter cakes obtained through hyperbaric filtration. Tools such as small angle light scattering and confocal scanning laser microscopy were used to determine the aggregate structure. The comparative bond strength of aggregates generated under different flocculation conditions was measured through a non-dimensional approach. The effects of these properties on specific cake resistance, saturation, and moisture content, as indicative of the filtration performance, were observed. It was found that flocs generated using a moderate amount of flocculant dosage (60–100 g of polymer/tonne of coal) for this ultrafine coal (97% < 35 μm) optimised the properties of dewatered filter cakes. Although cakes composed of larger and stronger aggregates with more flocculant were found to have higher porosity, the effects on specific cake resistance and cake saturation were detrimental, possibly due to the increasing proportion of intra-aggregate pores that were harder to dewater. The trend was less noticeable at low filtration pressures where most of the dewatering occurred within the larger capillaries of the inter-aggregate zones. In addition, the presence of polymer molecules was responsible in absorbing residual moisture that could not be removed through mechanical means. Through a series of tests using pre-formed filter cakes, the amount of moisture retained by the flocculant was quantified to be approximately 10.2 mg of water for every addition of 1 g of polymer/tonne of coal, calculated per 100 g of filter cake produced from hyperbaric filtration in this case.     

城市污水处理设施空间格局优化研究——以江苏省淮安市为例

城镇污水处理设施的建设和维护,对现代城市的可持续发展、确保水环境不受污染具有重要意义。以江苏省淮安市为例,以乡镇为评价单元,分析污染源的空间格局、变化趋势及其环境影响、污水处理设施需求,研究城镇污水处理能力与废污水排放的空间匹配格局。综合考虑废污水排放特征、污水处理厂的实际能力与设计能力,利用ArcGIS空间分析工具,将研究区划分为治污潜力释放类型区、治污增强类型区和维持现状类型区,对比分析废污水排放与治理能力缺口,提出污水处理设施建设与运营导向,为城镇污水处理厂建设选址与布局优化提供科学依据。     

极限保土状态下的反滤机制试验研究

提出了反滤系统极限保土状态的概念,分别采用4种不同孔径的钢丝编织网进行粉土反滤试验,研究反滤系统的极限保土状态。试验表明,当滤网孔径O和粉土特征粒径d85的比值等于12时,反滤系统才达到极限保土状态。极限保土状态下的反滤系统,在淹没式出流条件下,经往复水流作用26 h后改为单向水流,水力梯度从3.8逐渐增加到9.1,并在9.1的水力梯度下持续渗透453.25 h,反滤系统仍保持稳定,未发生失稳破坏;在非淹没式出流条件下,水力梯度从5.3逐渐增加到12.7期间,反滤系统保持稳定,但在维持12.7的水力梯度下持续渗透261.83 h后,反滤系统发生失稳破坏。对极限保土状态的研究有助于工程设计中更加合理地确定织物滤层孔径上限,减少淤堵。     

天然河床渗滤取水工艺的原理与特点研究——以浠水南城水厂为例

渗滤取水净水机理主要是利用砂砾石层表面的泥膜及砂砾石层本身过滤作用、吸附作用,微生物的降解作用达到去除水中的悬浮物质、降低水的浊度、除菌的效果。以湖北浠水南城水厂渗滤取水工程为例,通过对渗滤工程特点和水质监测数据的研究,分析天然河床渗滤水水质及水源水水质的差异,以及渗滤水水质的可靠度。