华南雷暴大风天气的环境条件分布特征

利用中国气象局提供的观测资料研究了2010—2014年华南雷暴大风和普通雷暴的空间分布特征,并将华南春夏两季雷暴大风和普通雷暴的大尺度环境条件进行对比。结果表明:研究的华南区域08—20时(北京时)夏季雷暴大风略多于春季,而普通雷暴夏季样本数约为春季的3.6倍,雷暴大风主要发生在粤西到珠江三角洲地区。相比于普通雷暴,雷暴大风天气发生的环境条件具有更强的条件性不稳定,斜压性和动力强迫更强。春季雷暴大风发生时环境中的大气可降水量和中高层湿度均比普通雷暴更大,而夏季反之。华南春季雷暴动力条件明显优于夏季,而夏季热力强迫的作用大于春季。     

贵阳机场雾的气候统计分析

本文普查了1997～2005年贵阳机场逐时的风、温、压、湿、能见度和降水资料以及自动观测系统的连续自动记录资料。对贵阳机场雾的时间分布特征及主要两类雾发生前后的部分气象要素进行统计分析。分析发现贵阳机场雾具有明显的年、季、日变化特征;主要以辐射雾和锋面雾为主,两类雾多发生在静风和弱的偏北风以及湿饱和空气条件下,高温利于辐射雾的产生,而锋面雾发生在适宜的低温条件下,辐射雾的降水常出现在雾发生前12或24小时之前,而锋面雾常伴随降水的出现。     

南充雷暴大风天气学概念模型和环境物理量分析

利用1981～2016年气象常规观测和自动站资料对南充大风的基本气候特征进行统计分析,重点探讨不同类型区域雷暴大风的天气系统配置和环境物理量基本特征。结果表明:(1)南充雷暴大风按照形成原因主要分为高空冷平流强迫类和斜压锋生类,按落区出现情况分为全市型、东部型和西部型,东部型雷暴大风主要由高空冷平流强迫所致,全市型和西部型雷暴大风过程则多为斜压锋生所造成。(2)斜压锋生类雷暴大风主要发生在显著冷暖平流导致的斜压锋生与锋面动力强迫共同作用的形势下,高空冷平流强迫类则主要是高空强干冷平流的作用。(3)雷暴大风过程发生前大气环境呈上干下湿、湿层浅薄或为“喇叭口”形态,对于不同类型雷暴大风过程发生前的环境物理结构不同,斜压锋生类雷暴大风产生时大气环境多为明显斜压特征,高空常伴有强锋区,低层不稳定能量大,因此热力因子比较重要。高空冷平流强迫类主要发生在川陕槽后强烈冷平流形势下,水平风垂直切变大、要求低层增温快,故热力和动力因子都重要。      

广西雷暴大风环流特征和物理量诊断分析

利用观测资料和ECMWF分析资料,对广西2006-2008年发生的雷暴大风强天气45次个例进行统计分析,并应用天气学方法进行影响模型分析,从雷暴大风发生的条件入手,探讨了一些稳定度指数和动力参数的物理意义,及雷暴大风发生区域的环境场特征,统计归纳出了:(1)造成广西雷暴大风强天气过程可分为高原深槽型,台风低槽型、副高西部型和华北低槽型等四种天气模型;(2)雷暴大风多发生在午后,峰值出现在16时左右;7月和8月出现的最多;(3)局地雷暴大风的出现与地形作用有密切关系;(4)雷暴大风产生前,四种天气影响型广西大部地区大气层结均有不稳定能量聚集,低层有强的水汽辐合,相对湿度大;高原深槽、华北低槽和副高西部影响型强的垂直上升运动和正涡度中心位于广西北部,台风低槽影响型则位于广西东南部;(5)出现雷暴大风的区域大气层结不稳定性更显著,低层水汽辐合和中低层气旋性辐合也偏强.     

抚州市近59a雷暴气候特征及影响系统分析

利用1960─2018年抚州市11个气象站雷暴资料和NCEP再分析资料,采用线性趋势、Mann-Kendall检验、小波分析等方法,分析了抚州市雷暴的时空分布特征及变化趋势,并分析了雷暴天气与气象要素的关系及其主要影响系统。结果表明:抚州市雷暴空间分布不均,东多西少,南多北少;年均雷暴日数有70.5 d,总体呈下降趋势,平均以-4.46 d·(10 a)-1速度减少。雷暴主要发生在春、夏季,两季雷暴日数占全年雷暴总日数的86.6%,雷暴发生频次春季以4月最多,夏季以8月最多;雷暴发生时间存在明显的日变化,主要发生在13─20时。雷暴日数在1987年发生突变,存在3～6 a的短周期、13～15 a的年代际周期变化和21 a左右的低频振荡。抚州市雷暴的天气形势主要有锋面型、高空槽(切变线)型、副热带高压边缘型、东风波与台风倒槽型。     

湖南省雷暴时空特征及变化趋势

利用1971-2010年湖南地面气象观测站观测资料,采用气候倾斜率、EOF和小波分析等方法,研究湖南雷暴日的气候特征。结果表明:湖南年雷暴日数较多,年际变化大,总体上呈线性下降趋势;雷暴季节性变化明显,春夏季水汽输送加强和不稳定能量增加,有利于雷暴天气的发生;雷暴存在明显的日变化差异,春季主要出现在上午,夏季午后对流发展旺盛,多出现在午后到傍晚;湖南雷暴日空间分布可分为全省一致型、南北差异型和"T"字型三种,其中全省一致型是雷暴分布的主要特点,与受到同一天气系统和共同的因子影响有关;在周期分布上,湖南省雷暴的发生存在2~4 a、5~6 a的振荡周期,10~12 a的振荡周期具有全域性。     

沈阳桃仙机场春季冷锋型雷暴与冷锋型大风合成对比分析

以1996～2005年逐年沈阳桃仙国际机场春季雷暴的天气演变过程相似资料为依据,采用合成方法,选取4个典型冷锋雷暴个例进行分析。结果表明:蒙古气旋前部的暖平流、大范围正涡度区和正涡度平流导致了我国沈阳地区不稳定层结的建立和加强;高空辐散和低空辐合为雷暴天气的发生和加强创造了动力抬升条件;高空具有高湿位势涡度值的干冷空气叠加在低层扰动上,有利于不稳定层结的加强和降水发生。与相似形势下只产生春季大风而未产生雷暴的4次大风个例天气过程的合成对比分析,结果显示:冷锋的伸展方向及沈阳上空深厚的辐散层和低空湿位势涡度的不同分布可能是产生雷暴和大风不同天气现象的主要成因。     

宁夏雷暴天气过程划分及环流分型和环境场特征

利用1961—2005年宁夏25个气象站雷暴观测资料,根据雷暴发生特点对雷暴天气过程进行划分,得到全区(大部)性、区域性Ⅰ、区域性Ⅱ、持续性、局部性、分散性6类雷暴天气过程;并利用1996—2005年NCEP/NCAR逐日全球再分析资料,对10年来5—9月263例区域性雷暴天气过程进行分析,总结得到有利于宁夏雷暴天气发生的主要环流分型有4类:蒙古冷涡(槽)型、东北冷涡后部横槽型、河套低涡型、西风槽型。其中,前3种类型下易出现持续性雷暴天气过程。易于发生雷暴的环境场特征为宁夏处于500 hPa"西高东低"环流形势下的(弱)西北气流中,地面一般为气旋或热倒槽所控制,蒙古国至我国新疆一带或河西一带有冷锋、切变东移南下,中低层有一定的水汽和辐合抬升条件。     

西南地区低空风切变事件分析

利用2008年3月²011年9月西南地区航空器空中报告,NCEP再分析资料及机场雷达和自动观测资料,对西南地区低空风切变事件进行统计分析,并讨论成都、昆明、贵阳、拉萨和丽江机场低空风切变事件的影响天气系统:西南地区低空风切变事件发生的时间主要集中在春季和夏季,昆明机场风切变事件最多,并且强的低空风切变报告最多,热低压和低空急流是昆明机场低空风切变的主要影响系统,68%的风切变与之有关;拉萨的低空风切变主要受到高空槽过境影响,云贵准静止锋是贵阳机场的主要影响系统;成都机场的低空风切变事件主要是由于对流单体或者雷暴触发的阵风锋引起;利用多普勒雷达能有效检测和预警由阵风锋产生的低空风切变。     

哈尔滨雷暴大风天气分型和特征参数分析

使用MICAPS天气资料和探空资料,对哈尔滨市2016-2020年5-9月产生的雷暴大风天气以500 hPa天气系统为主进行分型,并统计低层影响系统和地面天气系统出现的比率。然后利用NCEP资料计算各个雷暴大风天气发生前的环境参量,并采用百分位数法统计各型发生时的物理量,以25%分位数为阈值给出临界值。结果表明:(1)哈尔滨市雷暴大风天气分为冷涡型、槽前型和西北气流型。(2)850 hPa与500 hPa温度差≥24℃,CAPE值≥310 J/kg,0-6 km垂直风切变≥10 m/s,地面露点温度≥12℃对于哈尔滨市雷暴大风天气有良好的指示意义。(3)槽前型雷暴大风天气的850 hPa与500 hPa温度差最小,西北气流型个例中高CAPE值并不多;水汽条件并不是制约冷涡型雷暴大风天气发生的重要因素。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.