应力腐蚀和压力溶解作用下双重孔隙岩体中 THMM耦合过程的有限元分析

在使用Yasuhara等建立的裂隙开度的应力腐蚀和压力溶解模型的基础上,将溶质浓度场引入笔者已开发的双重孔隙-裂隙介质热-水-应力耦合的二维有限元分析程序中,针对一个假设的位于非饱和岩体中且有核素泄漏的高放废物地质处置库,拟定2种计算工况：（1）裂隙开度随应力腐蚀和压力溶解而变化（基岩的孔隙率亦是应力的函数）;（2）裂隙开度和基岩的孔隙率均为常数,进行热-水-应力-迁移耦合的数值模拟,考察了岩体中的温度、裂隙开度的闭合速率、闭合量、孔（裂）隙水压力、地下水流速、核素浓度和应力的变化、分布等情况。结果主要显示：应力腐蚀引起的闭合速率要高于压力溶解引起的闭合速率6个数量级,且两种因素产生的闭合速率随时间先增加后减小,并趋于稳定;当考虑应力腐蚀和压力溶解时,近场的负裂隙水压力上升很高;工况1中裂隙开度和孔隙率减小,使得相应的渗透系数降低,故该工况的裂隙和孔隙中核素浓度较工况2为高;由于不计入负的孔（裂）隙水压力对应力平衡的影响,2种工况的岩体中的应力量值及分布基本相同。     

裂隙贯通率对双重孔隙介质热-水-应力耦合现象影响的有限元分析

为探讨裂隙的贯通率对于耦合的温度场、渗流场和应力场的作用,应用所建立的遍有节理岩体双重孔隙-裂隙介质热-水-应力耦合模型,以一个假定的位于非饱和地层中的高放废物地质处置库为算例,针对裂隙和孔隙的贯通率不同的4种工况进行了二维有限元数值分析,考察了围岩中的温度、负的孔隙和裂隙水压力、地下水流速、孔隙及裂隙的渗透系数修正因子和应力的变化、分布情况。结果显示,由于裂隙贯通率的差异使得双重介质的刚度不同,引起岩体中应力状态及水平的改变,从而影响到孔隙、裂隙的孔隙率及渗透系数的量值,并导致孔隙水和裂隙水的压力大小、分布以及水流速度的变化     

考虑饱和度修正的应力腐蚀和压力溶解作用热-水-应力耦合过程有限元分析

针对笔者开发的双重孔隙-裂隙介质热-水-应力（T-H-M）耦合二维有限元分析程序中使用的应力腐蚀和压力溶解模型,引入水饱和度修正因子。以一个假设的位于含水地层中的高放废物地质处置模型,拟定3种初始裂隙水饱和度的计算工况（Sw20=1.0、0.8、0.2）进行热-水-应力耦合的数值模拟,考察岩体中的温度、裂隙开度的闭合速率、闭合量、孔(裂)隙水压力、地下水流速和应力的变化、分布等情况。结果显示,随着初始裂隙水饱和度的由高值到低值,应力腐蚀和压力溶解产生的闭合速率从大变小,裂隙开度由初始值趋于残余值,粗糙面接触率由初始值趋于其名义接触率的时间也增加,裂纹应力强度因子的下降亦变慢;近场的裂（孔）隙水压力的变化、分布及其流速矢量场的形态有明显的不同;3种工况的岩体中的应力量值及分布的差别不大。     

裂隙刚度随应力变化对双重孔隙介质热-水-应力耦合影响的有限元分析

引入并修正了变刚度的连续屈服节理模型,同时考虑应力拉压和压力（化学）溶解对裂隙开度的综合影响,对所建立的双重孔隙-裂隙介质热-水-应力耦合有限元计算程序作了改进。通过一个假定的高放废物地质处置库的数值模拟,就岩体裂隙刚度变化的2种工况,分析了岩体中的温度、裂隙刚度、正应力、孔（裂）隙水压力和地下水流速的变化、分布情况。结果显示：与裂隙刚度是常数时相比,裂隙刚度是法向应力的函数时计算域中温度较低;岩体应力的大小也有一定不同,其分布与裂隙刚度“场”有明显的相似性;并且负孔（裂）隙水压力的绝对值要略小一点,约是常数时的98%。     

热-水-应力耦合影响的有限元分析

为了考虑应力拉压和压力（化学）溶解对裂隙开度的综合影响,对所建立的双重孔隙-裂隙介质热-水-应力耦合模型中裂隙开度的计算模型作了改进。通过一个假定的高放废物地质处置库算例,就岩体裂隙开度变化的3种工况,分析了岩体中的温度、孔（裂）隙水压力、地下水流速和主应力的变化、分布情况。结果显示：3种工况的计算域中温度场基本相同;孔（裂）隙水渗流场形态相似,但其量值有一定差别;工况1的裂隙开度在应力和压力（化学）溶解的共同作用下闭合量最大,负孔（裂）隙水压力增值最高;核废物的释热效应明显地改变了岩体自重应力场的水平分量,但对其垂直分量影响较小。     

应力腐蚀和压力溶解引起的裂隙开度-刚度变化对THMM耦合过程影响的数值模拟

在使用Yasuhara等建立的裂隙开度的应力腐蚀和压力溶解模型的基础上,考虑裂隙闭合量对裂隙刚度的影响,针对一个假设的位于非饱和双重孔隙-裂隙岩体中且有核素泄漏的高放废物地质处置模型,拟定两种计算工况：（1）裂隙的刚度系数是裂隙闭合量的线性函数;（2）裂隙刚度为常数,进行热-水-应力-迁移耦合的二维有限元数值模拟,考察了岩体中的温度、裂隙开度的闭合速率、闭合量、孔（裂）隙水压力、地下水流速、核素浓度、裂隙刚度和正应力的变化、分布等情况。结果表明,两种工况岩体中的温度场、孔（裂）隙水压力、地下水流速、核素浓度无明显差别;裂隙闭合基本由应力腐蚀产生;在相同计算时间内两种工况的裂隙闭合量较为接近,工况1略大;工况1中离玻璃固化体越近,裂隙刚度值越高,并且在玻璃固化体附近的应力值较大,且集中程度较高。     

米尺度裂隙岩体模型水流-传热试验的数值模拟分析

为了研究高放射性核废物地下处置库近场的水流-传热耦合问题,采用国内高放废物地下处置库预选场址--甘肃北山地区的花岗岩石块体,加工组合成米尺度的规则裂隙岩体模型,设置边界热源和裂隙水流,试验模拟裂隙水水流与传热之间的相互作用。作为该室内模型试验的前期理论研究,采用等效孔隙介质数值模型,着重分析了裂隙开度、裂隙流量和热源功率对流场和温度场的影响。在设定条件下,计算分析表明：热传导和裂隙水水流由热源作用初期的不耦合很快转化为耦合;不流动的裂隙水主要表现为热存储和热传导,而流动的裂隙水还引起流动传热和水与岩石之间的对流换热,使岩体温度场明显不同于单纯热传导的情况;如果保持裂隙水流量不变,则裂隙开度的变化对水流-传热影响不大;如果保持裂隙水流速不变,则裂隙开度的变化对水流-传热影响显著;热源功率越大,通过裂隙水的热流量越大,裂隙水压强越大,而当温度超过100 ℃时,裂隙水会因汽化而压强显著增大;加热7 d时,热量的输入和输出几乎相等,裂隙水流带走的热量接近热源供给的热量,模型系统基本达到了热平衡。     

压力溶解对颗粒聚集岩体中热-水-应力耦合影响的数值模拟

在自主研制的孔隙介质热-水-应力耦合有限元程序中引入Taron等提出的颗粒聚集体的压力溶解模型,针对一个假设的实验室尺度且位于非饱和石英颗粒聚集岩体中的高放废物地质处置模型,拟定两种计算工况：（1）孔隙率和渗透系数是压力溶解的函数;（2）孔隙率和渗透系数均为常数,进行4 a处置时段的数值模拟,考察了岩体中的温度、颗粒界面水膜及孔隙中的溶质浓度、迁移和沉淀质量、孔隙率及渗透系数、孔隙水压力、地下水流速和应力的变化、分布情况。研究结果表明：工况1计算终了时,压力溶解使得孔隙率和渗透系数分别下降到初始值的43%～54%、4.4%～9.1%。在核废料释热温度场的作用下,工况1、2中的负孔隙水压力分别为初始值的1.00～1.25倍、1.00～1.10倍,前者表现了压力溶解的明显影响;两种工况的岩体中的应力量值及分布基本相同。     

核废料贮存围岩介质THM耦合过程的力学分析

针对核废料贮库围岩介质中的THM耦合作用下的岩体力学响应的特点,分析了THM耦合过程,利用O'C onnell的裂隙岩体等效弹性模量关系式中的裂隙密度概念意义,建立了温度作用下的裂隙密度与O da提出的裂隙张量之间的关系式;以裂隙结构面的开度、岩体裂隙数(包括受温度影响开通裂隙数)、裂隙连通率、附加应力、剪切膨胀等为研究对象,给出了具有THM耦合的渗流系数张量;在理论分析的基础上,建立了应力、应变、温度和热力学压力的关系方程式,给出了核废料贮库裂隙岩体介质热-液-力耦合的定解方程。为探讨核废料贮存裂隙岩体水热耦合迁移以及应力响应特征,提供了力学模型。     

采动裂隙岩体压剪渗透规律试验研究

根据采动过程中裂隙岩体的应力变化,用法向载荷、剪切载荷和渗透水压分别模拟开采过程中采场的水平应力、垂向应力和水头压力,应用JAM-600型剪切-渗流耦合试验系统对裂隙岩体进行压剪-渗流藕合试验,探讨在恒定法向荷载(CNL)和法向刚度(CNS)条件下,裂隙岩体的法向载荷、裂隙粗糙度与渗透水压对试样的位移、应力和渗流性的影响规律,分析剪切位移大小和岩体裂隙的剪胀特性对裂隙岩体的剪切应力、法向位移、节理水力开度及渗透率影响规律。研究表明:剪切应力和水头压力对裂隙水力开度起促进作用,水平地应力对水力开度变化起抑制作用。随着剪切位移变化,水力开度可分为变小或持平、增大、稳定3个阶段。裂隙表面粗糙度越大,裂隙岩体的刚度越小,则水力开度最终稳定值越大。由于裂隙岩体的剪胀作用渗透率先变小后增大,剪切位移增大,渗透率增大;法向荷载增大,试件的渗透率越小;裂隙表面越粗糙,其渗透率越大,其研究结果可为岩体透水通道形成时的孕育、萌生和爆发的导渗灾变演化过程提供理论基础。     

Investigating the role of hydromechanical coupling on flow and transport in shallow fractured-rock aquifers

Fractured-rock aquifers display spatially and temporally variable hydraulic conductivity generally attributed to variable fracture intensity and connectivity. Empirical evidence suggests fracture aperture and hydraulic conductivity are sensitive to in situ stress. This study investigates the sensitivity of fractured-rock hydraulic conductivity, groundwater flow paths, and advection-dominated transport to variable shear and normal fracture stiffness magnitudes for a range of deviatoric stress states. Fracture aperture and hydraulic conductivity are solved for analytically using empirical hydromechanical coupling equations; groundwater flow paths and ages are then solved for numerically using groundwater flow and advection-dispersion equations in a traditional Toth basin. Results suggest hydraulic conductivity alteration is dominated by fracture normal closure, resulting in decreasing hydraulic conductivity and increasing groundwater age with depth, and decreased depth of long flow paths with decreasing normal stiffness. Shear dilation has minimal effect on hydraulic conductivity alteration for stress states investigated here. Results are interpreted to suggest that fracture normal stiffness influences hydraulic conductivity of hydraulically active fractures and, thus, affects flow and transport in shallow (<1 km) fractured-rock aquifers. It is suggested that observed depth-dependent hydraulic conductivity trends in fractured-rock aquifers throughout the world may be partly a manifestation of hydromechanical phenomena.     

Modeling of subsidence and stress-dependent hydraulic conductivity for intact and fractured porous media

Summary This study investigates the changes in deformation and stress dependent hydraulic conductivities that occur as a result of underground mining in intact and fractured porous media. The intact porous medium is assumed to be comprised of regularly packed spherical grains of uniform size. The variation in grain size or pore space due to the effect of changing intergranular stresses results in a change in rock hydraulic conductivity. A model is developed to describe the sensitivity of hydraulic conductivity to effective stresses through Hertzian contact of spherical grains. The fractured porous medium is approximated as an equivalent fracture network in which a single fracture is idealized as a planar opening having a constant equivalent thickness or aperture. Changes in fracture aperture as a result of changes in elastic deformation control the variation of hydraulic conductivity. A model is presented to illustrate the coupling between strain and hydraulic conductivity. Subsidence induced deformations that result from mining induced changes in hydraulic conductivity in both intact and fractured media. These changes are examined and compared with results from a mining case study.     

Analysis of a deformable fracture in permeable material

The response of deformable fractures to changes in fluid pressure controls phenomena ranging from the flow of fluids near wells to the propagation of hydraulic fractures. We developed an analysis designed to simulate fluid flows in the vicinity of asperity‐supported fractures at rest, or fully open fractures that might be propagating. Transitions between at‐rest and propagating fractures can also be simulated. This is accomplished by defining contact aperture as the aperture when asperities on a closing fracture first make contact. Locations on a fracture where the aperture is less than the contact aperture are loaded by both fluid pressure and effective stress, whereas locations where the aperture exceeds the contact aperture are loaded only by fluid pressure. Fluid pressure and effective stress on the fracture are determined as functions of time by solving equations of continuity in the fracture and matrix, and by matching the global displacements of the fracture walls to the local deformation of asperities. The resulting analysis is implemented in a numerical code that can simulate well tests or hydraulic fracturing operations. Aperture changes during hydraulic well tests can be measured in the field, and the results predicted using this analysis are similar to field observations. The hydraulic fracturing process can be simulated from the inflation of a pre‐existing crack, to the propagation of a fracture, and the closure of the fracture to rest on asperities or proppant. Two‐dimensional, multi‐phase fluid flow in the matrix is included to provide details that are obscured by simplifications of the leakoff process (Carter‐type assumptions) used in many hydraulic fracture models. Execution times are relatively short, so it is practical to implement this code with parameter estimation algorithms to facilitate interpretation of field data. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Permeability tensor and representative elementary volume of fractured rock masses

Based on a simulation of three-dimensional fracture networks and a superposition principle of liquid dissipation energy for fractured rock masses, a model of the fracture permeability tensor is proposed. An elastic constitutive model of rock fractures, considering fracture closure and dilation during shearing, is also proposed, based on the dilation angle of the fracture. Algorithms of flow-path searching and calculation of the effective flow coefficients for fracture networks are presented, together with a discussion on the influence of geometric parameters of the fractures (trace length, spacing, aperture, orientation and the number of fracture sets) on magnitude, anisotropy of hydraulic permeability and the size of a representative elementary volume (REV). The anisotropy of hydraulic permeability of fractured rock masses is mainly affected by orientation and the number of fracture sets, and the REV size is mainly influenced by trace length, spacing and the number of fracture sets. The results of studies on REV size and the influence of in-situ stress on hydraulic conductivity of the rock mass on the slope of Jinping-I hydropower station, China, are presented using the developed models and methods. The simulation results agreed well with the results obtained from field water-pressure measurements, with an error of less than 10 %.     

渗透水压对节理应力-渗流耦合特性的影响试验研究

为研究渗透水压对节理应力-渗流耦合特性的影响,通过对6组人造节理试件恒定法向载荷和恒定法向刚度的压剪渗流试验,分析了应力和位移、节理水力开度以及透过率随剪切位移的变化趋势,获得了渗透水压对节理岩石应力-渗流耦合特性的影响规律。结果表明：节理试件的剪切应力和位移、水力开度以及透过率都与渗透水压密切相关。剪切应力随渗透水压的增大而减小,法向变形、水力开度和透过率却随渗透水压的增大而增大。在压剪渗流试验过程中,不同渗透压力的节理试件都发生了剪胀效应。研究可为深部岩体工程围岩遇水作用稳定性及渗流灾害控制技术提供科学的理论依据。     

The role of in situ stress in determining hydraulic connectivity in a fractured rock aquifer (Australia)

Fracture network connectivity is a spatially variable property that is difficult to quantify from standard hydrogeological datasets. This critical property is related to the distributions of fracture density, orientation, dimensions, intersections, apertures and roughness. These features that determine the inherent connectivity of a fracture network can be modified by secondary processes including weathering, uplift and unloading and other mechanisms that lead to fracture deformation in response to in situ stress. This study focussed on a fractured rock aquifer in the Clare Valley, South Australia, and found that fracture network connectivity could be discriminated from several geological, geophysical and hydrogeological field datasets at various scales including single well and local- to regional-scale data. Representative hydromechanical models of the field site were not only consistent with field observations but also highlighted the strong influence of in situ stress in determining the distribution of fracture hydraulic apertures and the formation of hydraulic chokes that impede fluid flow. The results of this multi-disciplinary investigation support the notion that the hydraulic conductivity of a fracture network is limited to the least hydraulically conductive interconnected fractures, which imposes a physical limit on the bulk hydraulic conductivity of a fractured rock aquifer.     

Finite element modeling of hydraulic fracturing in 3D

A procedure based on the finite element method is suggested for modeling of 3D hydraulic fracturing in the subsurface. The proposed formulation partitions the stress field into the initial stress state and an additional stress state caused by pressure buildup. The additional stress is obtained as a solution of the Biot equations for coupled fluid flow and deformations in the rock. The fluid flow in the fracture is represented on a regular finite element grid by means of “fracture” porosity, which is the volume fraction of the fracture. The use of the fracture porosity allows for a uniform finite element formulation for the fracture and the rock, both with respect to fluid pressure and displacement. It is demonstrated how the fracture aperture is obtained from the displacement field. The model has a fracture criterion by means of a strain limit in each element. It is shown how this criterion scales with the element size. Fracturing becomes an intermittent process, and each event is followed by a pressure drop. A procedure is suggested for the computation of the pressure drop. Two examples of hydraulic fracturing are given, when the pressure buildup is from fluid injection by a well. One case is of a homogeneous rock, and the other case is an inhomogeneous rock. The fracture geometry, well pressure, new fracture area, and elastic energy released in each event are computed. The fracture geometry is three orthogonal fracture planes in the homogeneous case, and it is a branched fracture in the inhomogeneous case.     

随机单裂隙饱和/非饱和渗透系数研究

裂隙易在降雨作用下诱发滑坡等灾害,裂隙的饱和/非饱和渗透特性是研究此类问题的关键。利用精密数控机床制作随机粗糙裂隙面,并研制了一套仪器进行此随机粗糙裂隙的渗流试验,得到了裂隙的饱和渗透系数,然后通过间接方法预测此裂隙的非饱和渗透系数。研究发现,当裂隙平均开度为0.4 mm时,其饱和渗透系数为0.1 m/s。通过立方定律得到的水力等效隙宽为0.35 mm,小于其平均隙宽。同时裂隙的渗透系数与平均隙宽的平方成正比,这与立方定律的趋势相一致。研究得到了不同隙宽裂隙的非饱和渗透系数函数,当基质吸力小于进气值时,渗透系数为一常数,即为饱和渗透系数;当基质吸力大于进气值时,裂隙板的渗透系数急剧减小。当裂隙板的基质吸力达到其残余含水率对应的吸力值时,裂隙板的渗透系数基本稳定。在此情况下,基质吸力的继续增加对渗透系数的影响非常小,很难使渗透系数减小。     

Permeability and stress in crystalline rocks

Groundwater from crystalline rocks is a significant resource in many areas of the world. It is also an important medium for contaminant transport from, for example, deep nuclear waste repositories. Stress distributions in fractured rocks are important in controlling groundwater flow in several ways: (i) palaeostress fields are responsible for the evolution of fracture systems which transmit groundwater; (ii) current in situ stress fields will influence the shape and aperture of fractures; (iii) humans can influence the natural stress field in a rock mass to enhance fracture flows. The significance of stresses for groundwater flow can be investigated by field techniques (hydraulic fracturing), laboratory techniques (stress cells) or by numerical modelling.     

岩石节理面形态与水力特性研究

通过节理面粗糙度测量、张开度模拟、节理渗流试验及有限元数值分析,探讨了岩石节理复杂的水力特性。研究表明,节理渗流具有明显的不均匀性、各向异性及与变形耦合等性质,节理的渗透系数与法向应力之间呈负指数关系。