四川会东老虎岩尾矿坝地震反应分析

应用有效应力有限元法研究了老虎岩尾矿坝在不同坝高时的应力水平、变形和孔隙水压力分布,以及遭到Ⅶ度地震作用时的反应.分析结果表明:在当前坝高情况下,无地震作用时尾矿坝处于稳定状态.在受烈度为Ⅶ度的地震作用下,尾矿堆积坝坝外坡和沉积滩面的堆积尾矿砂土在局部已经发生液化破坏;在封库坝高情况下,无地震作用时尾矿坝处于极限状态.在受烈度为Ⅶ度的地震作用下,尾矿坝坝外坡和沉积滩面的堆积尾矿砂土已发生大面积液化破坏.在地震作用下,老虎岩尾矿坝堆积尾矿产生液化破坏的主要原因是堆积坝体内浸润线的埋深较浅.对老虎岩尾矿坝必须加强排渗措施,使坝体内浸润线下移.     

尾矿砂的动力特性研究

目前国内许多尾矿坝的初始坝本身不透水且无排渗设施,因而整个尾矿坝体浸润线很高,坝内大部分尾矿砂处于饱和状态。在动荷载的作用下,这些尾矿砂的动力特性对尾矿坝的安全稳定具有重要的意义。本文利用液压式振动三轴仪,研究了某尾矿坝内尾矿砂的动力特性,讨论了影响尾矿砂液化的因素。     

精细地形下的尾矿坝稳定性及溃坝模拟分析

目前在尾矿坝稳定性和溃坝模拟分析方面,对溃口位置及水砂的流动状态难以做出准确判断。将尾矿坝稳定性和溃坝模拟有机结合,采用FLAC3D计算正常水位、洪水位、漫顶水位三种工况下尾矿坝稳定性,并利用Rhino与Fluent建立尾矿库及下游精细地形,开展尾矿库溃坝水砂在不同时刻及不同地形下的流动状态研究分析。结果表明:（1）浸润线的埋深随尾矿库水位的升高而变小,由正常水位升高至洪水位时浸润线埋深下降5～8 m,漫顶水位时坝顶浸润线沿坡面向下运移约8 m;（2）库水位对剪切带及尾矿坝稳定性有显著影响,从正常水位到洪水位时,剪切带纵向上不断向坝体内部延伸,横向上不断向坝脚延伸,剪切应变率增大为5.78×10?5,尾矿坝稳定系数由1.80下降至1.32;（3）达到坝顶时剪切带急剧缩短,而剪切应变率进一步增大为3.32×10?4,尾矿坝稳定系数由1.32下降到1.18。溃坝水砂的流动状态受地形影响明显,在山谷中表现为范围减小、流速增大的汇聚流动,在平坦农田处表现为范围增大、流速减小的发散流动特点。     

金堆城尾矿坝加高方案数值模拟及稳定性分析

金堆城尾矿坝为了进行加高设计而对尾矿库区进行了地质钻孔勘探。基于实际钻孔勘探成果,最佳反演分析了各分区-尾矿砂和初期坝堆石体模型的渗透系数、物理力学指标和加高方案下的浸润面分布。结合加高设计方案,采用基于有效应力法的EFES-3D计算程序对该尾矿坝加高后的应力应变场进行了数值模拟和坝坡稳定性分析,得出应力应变场分布图和边坡安全系数。可以看出,在上游法加高方案下,尾矿坝坝坡有涌起抬高现象,安全系数有所降低,不利于尾矿坝的稳定安全和运行管理。为此提出了在加高方案设计中加强排渗设施建议。     

龙都尾矿库地下渗流场的数值模拟分析

利用2D-FLOW计算软件,对龙都尾矿库在不同条件下的渗流进行了模拟计算。其中,初期坝按透水和堵塞两种情况,干滩面长度分100,200,300 m三种情况考虑;同时,首次考虑了大气降雨对尾矿坝渗流场的影响,分别计算了50,100,200 mm/d三种雨型。通过计算,获得了龙都尾矿库在不同条件下地下渗流的变化规律。从计算结果中发现,如果初期坝被堵塞,则坝体浸润线会抬高,与尾矿堆积坝坝面相交,并从坝面溢出,对坝体的稳定性产生不利影响;干滩面距离的长短对坝体浸润线有影响,但均不会与堆积坝坝面相交,不会从坝面溢出;大气降雨对坝体的渗流影响较大,从模拟计算中可以看出,大气降雨越大,浸润线抬升越高,对坝体的稳定越不利。     

基于MIDAS的尾矿边坡三维流固耦合稳定性分析

针对尾矿坝边坡稳定性问题,使用三维有限元软件计算,对吉林省集安石墨尾矿坝进行渗流-应力-边坡耦合分析。渗流分析基于三维介质达西定律,通过不断改进工况条件来降低浸润线溢出部位,保证坝体不会发生渗透破坏。同时,尽量降低溢出部位的应力坡降,保证坝体不会发生流砂、管涌等形式渗透破坏。在渗流计算的基础上,进行渗流-应力-边坡耦合,不断改进尾矿边坡的坡角和高度等要素,得到强度折减法下的尾矿边坡稳定性系数。通过理论计算和验证,提出了一种便于施工的排渗体布置方式,并验证了排渗体的可靠性,为尾矿坝具体施工提供了技术支持。     

普洱大平掌尾矿坝变形分析与处理方案

大平掌尾矿坝坡中间出现变形、坡面及支护向外凸出且坡脚下沉,是由于地表排水系统堵塞和支护结构不适,导致地表水和尾矿液富集,造成浸润线位置升高从而引起堆积坝材料抗剪强度降低,尾矿坝发生变形.采取排水降低侵润线、提高堆积坝材料抗剪强度等措施,变形得到控制.     

滑坡堰塞坝越顶溢流破坏的物理模型实验

滑坡堰塞坝作为结构松散的堆积物,随着上游水位的不断上涨,其稳定性不断降低,并存在突然溃坝的风险。以唐家山滑坡堰塞坝为研究对象,基于相似原理,开展符合坝体颗粒级配的室内水槽物理模型实验,模拟了不同坝后蓄水量、不同水位和不同颗粒物质组成条件下坝体渗流、漫顶破坏的整个过程。监测结果显示：堰塞坝漫顶溃坝主要分为渗流、漫顶、冲刷和溃决4个过程;坝体堆积颗粒级配越差,坝体允许渗流坡降越小;相同材料配比的坝体,上游水位相同时,坝体底部水平位移最大,且漫顶溃坝时溃口尺寸与蓄水量正相关。该研究结果揭示了堰塞坝漫顶破坏规律,可为堰塞坝溃坝防治提供理论参考。     

基于浸润线矩阵的尾矿坝稳定性分析

由于尾矿坝的渗流边界条件极为复杂,采用的二维简化理论分析法的计算结果有可能与实测浸润线的结果相差较大,急需一种能较为准确预测尾矿坝浸润线位置的简易算法。在深入剖析尾矿坝浸润线影响因素的基础上,建立了浸润线叠加影响函数,归纳出与尾矿坝坝体特征相关的阶段影响因子,提出反映阶段影响因子的浸润线矩阵。运用多项式回归分析浸润线观测数据,拟合得出浸润线观测孔水位与库水位的函数曲线,求得尾矿坝浸润线矩阵。     

正反粒序结构条件下滑坡堰塞坝破坏模式研究

滑坡堰塞坝是大型滑坡堆积体堵塞河道形成的土石坝。正、反粒序结构作为大型远程滑坡所特有的2种具有显著差异的地质结构特征,2种情况下坝体的破坏模式差异及稳定性影响因素亟需试验研究。文章通过室内水槽物理模型实验,对比不同粒径、不同结构的滑坡堰塞坝坝体的破坏过程差异,探究了正、反粒序结构条件下堰塞坝的稳定性差异、破坏模式及影响因素。研究结果表明：（1）堰塞坝破坏模式的变化取决于浸润线在下游坡面的出露位置,相比上游水位有一定的延迟性;（2）正、反粒序堰塞坝的破坏模式取决于坡体渗流与下游坡面临界起动坡降的关系;（3）细砂层的位置分布,不同埋深细砂层的起动临界坡降差异和细砂与中粗砂的孔隙率差异是造成正、反粒序坝体破坏差异的主要原因。该研究成果可为大型滑坡堰塞坝的防灾减灾提供理论指导。     

Time evolution and spatial accumulation of progressive failure for Xinhua slope in the Dagangshan reservoir,Southwest China

This paper presents a preliminary study of time evolution and spatial accumulation of progressive failure for ancient landslide deposits in Xinhua slope. According to the geological response after impoundment, the Xinhua slope has shown the spatial accumulation of deformation, such as ground cracks in the rear edge, toe collapse, local shallow slides in intense rainfall, and progressive creep displacement. Approximately 2 years of monitoring was performed for the Xinhua slope with the assistance of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and field investigations. The deformation process of a reservoir landslide is considered to be a comprehensive and complicated combination of geological influence from various adverse factors. Field investigations and monitoring indicate that the major serious influence after completion of dam construction comes from the initial large-scale impoundment, the fluctuation of water level, and the existence of a flood season. The creep/slip deformation of slope deposits is a result of integration with adverse hydraulic conditions, e.g., strong rainfall, intense currents and transient seepage flow inside the slope deposits, and activation by water level fluctuation, which can be verified from the twofold evident deformation in the flood season. For the reservoir with daily regulation ability, the occurrence of evident deformations in July highlights that the regulation plan for water level in the flood season is important for controlling the deformation of slope deposits, where the fluctuation of the water level is no more than 10 m in the operation period.     

基于流固耦合理论某尾矿坝失稳特性及稳定性分析

选用典型的尾矿库工程实例,采用流固耦合和强度折减法相结合对其尾矿坝进行稳定性分析,确定尾矿库渗流场分布及浸润线的位置,该浸润线位置与实测浸润线位置吻合较好。建议强度折减过程中尾矿坝的失稳准则,计算安全系数,确定潜在滑裂面的位置,并与极限平衡法计算出的安全系数及临界滑裂面位置进行比较,表明强度折减法得出的结果与Bishop法结果接近,流固耦合-强度折减法在尾矿库稳定性分析的可行性。在该基础上研究尾矿坝潜在的失稳模式,将尾矿坝潜在的失稳模式分为局部失稳和整体性失稳两种,局部失稳为尾矿坝的部分坝面发生滑移,整体失稳为整个尾矿坝坝体发生失稳,并分析导致该尾矿坝两种失稳模式的主要因素,认为浸润线埋深过浅是导致局部失稳的主要原因。     

Formation,failure, and consequences of the Xiaolin landslide dam,triggered by extreme rainfall from Typhoon Morakot,Taiwan

An extreme rainfall event on August 9, 2009, which was close to setting a world record for 48-h accumulated rainfall, induced the Xiaolin deep-seated landslide, which was located in southwestern Taiwan and had volume of 27.6?×?10⁶?m³, and caused the formation of a landslide dam. The landslide dam burst in a very short time, and little information remained afterward. We reconstructed the process of formation and failure of the Xiaolin landslide dam and also inferred the area of the impoundment and topographic changes. A 5?×?5-m digital elevation model, the recorded water stage of the Qishan River, and data from field investigation were used for analysis. The spectral magnitude of the seismic signals induced by the Xiaolin landslide and flooding due to failure of the landslide dam were analyzed to estimate the timing of the dam breach and the peak discharge of the subsequent flood. The Xiaolin landslide dam failure resulted from overtopping. We verified the longevity of the Xiaolin landslide dam at about 2 h relying on seismic signals and water level records. In addition, the inundated area, volume of the impoundment behind the Xiaolin landslide dam, and peak discharge of the flood were estimated at 92.3 ha, 19.5?×?10⁶?m³, and 17?×?10³?m³/s, respectively. The mean velocity of the flood-recession wave front due to the dam blockage was estimated at 28 km/h, and the peak flooding velocity after failure of the dam was estimated at 23 km/h. The Xiaolin landslide provides an invaluable opportunity for understanding the mechanism of deep-seated landslides and flooding processes following a landslide dam failure.     

Dynamic characteristics of tailings reservoir under seismic load

Earthquake is one of the most important factors that leads to the liquefaction of tailings and to the instability of the tailings reservoir. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the instability mechanism of the tailings reservoir under seismic load. In this study, the dynamic characteristics of the tailings reservoir under seismic load were investigated by carrying out a model test on the dynamic characteristics of the tailings dam. A model test of tailings dam failure and the dynamic characteristics model of the tailings reservoir under seismic load were established. Additionally, the dynamic characteristics under a seismic load were investigated. Additionally, the correctness of the dynamic characteristics model of the tailings reservoir was verified by numerical calculation. Researches show that with the increase in input peak acceleration, pore water pressure, earth pressure, and the horizontal and vertical displacements of the dam monitoring points are gradually increased. However, the acceleration amplification factor shows a declining trend. In the process of increasing the input peak acceleration, the saturation line and the lifting speed increases gradually. There is no obvious slip surface in the failure of the tailings dam, and the overall sliding is shown by the failure mode. The tailings reach each of the downstream sections. The mud height increases to the peak value, and then decreases gradually until stagnation. The results of this study can provide the theoretical basis and reference values for the stability analysis of a tailings reservoir under a seismic load, and the results are of great significance for controlling the risk factors in the operation of tailings reservoir, reducing the risk of tailings production safety, preventing the occurrence of tailing pond accidents, protecting the property safety of the downstream residents and enterprises, maintaining social stability around the reservoir area and creating a good ecological environment.     

Study on collapse settlement and cracks of core wall rockfill dams under wetting deformation

The safety and stability of core wall rockfill dams during impoundment are threatened by the wetting deformation of up-stream shell materials. The serious wetting deformation not only aggravates the collapse settlement of upstream rockfill but also intensifies differential settlement of the dam crest during impoundment, and then causes cracks on the dam crest. On the basis of the proposed wetting deformation model and its simulation method of wetting deformation, this paper simulated the impoundment process of Guanyinyan core wall rockfill dam and studied the deformation characteristic of the dam during impoundment. In addition, the smeared cracking model was used to simulate the crack propagation on the dam crest, and the crack develop and spread mechanism was analysed. The results show that the simulated deformation can fit the in-situ data well, and the simulated crack propagation is in good agreement with the actual situation. Once watered, the upstream rockfill and core wall have significant settlement, and the whole dam crest has obvious horizontal displacement towards the upstream. It is on the same order of magnitude that the increment of horizontal displacement and settlement at the top of the dam during impoundment. In the process of impoundment, the upper part of the dam tends to deform towards the reservoir area, which will lead to tensile cracks appearing in the rockfill areas on both upstream and downstream sides of the core wall of the dam crest, and the propagation direction of the cracks is basically parallel to the adjacent core wall surface. With the water level rising, the cracks on the downstream side of the dam crest mainly extend vertically, and the cracks on the upstream side of the dam crest not only extend vertically, but also extend horizontally.     

基于流固耦合作用的某尾矿坝渗流稳定性分析

尾矿坝是矿山重要设施之一,其内部含有大量的水和尾矿,一旦失稳造成的损失不可估量。尾矿坝失稳有众多因素影响,但是坝内浸润线是最活跃的影响因素。本文基于流固耦合理论,建立某尾矿坝有限元计算模型,考虑坝内排水井的存在。模拟坝内不同工况下浸润线分布,对其静力稳定性及流固耦合作用下尾矿坝应力应变场进行分析,并将浸润线模拟位置与实际监测结果进行对比。揭示库内不同工况下浸润线变化规律以及与坝体稳定性之间的关系,并分析评价不同工况下尾矿坝的稳定性。最后,将渗流场与应力场进行流固耦合,模拟出365 d坝内应力位移分布,为尾矿坝施工及安全运行提供可靠的依据及技术支持。     

高浓缩分级尾矿上游法堆坝及模型试验研究

针对传统上游法尾矿库堆坝方法的缺陷与不足,提出了改进的上游法堆坝方法,即高浓缩分级尾矿上游法堆坝方法。基于尾矿库堆坝模型试验,以高浓缩尾矿堆存技术为指导,分别进行传统上游法和改进上游法的高浓缩尾矿堆坝模型试验,演绎尾矿库堆坝过程,测试并得出了堆坝过程中滩面尾矿沉积情况、尾矿颗粒分布规律及浸润线变化规律,并采用极限平衡法计算不同堆坝方式下坝体的最小安全系数。结果显示：高浓缩尾矿堆坝使沉积滩颗粒分布均匀,颗粒分级不明显,减少了互层和细泥夹层的出现,改善了坝体内部结构;改进上游法堆坝可以形成有利于排渗防洪的良好沉积滩滩型;稳定性分析结果表明,改进上游法堆坝方法可以使尾矿坝的稳定性提高19%～33%,研究成果可为新建尾矿库工程提供试验技术支撑。     

不同洪水重现期下橡胶坝调控对洪水风险的影响

现有针对河湖水系连通伴生风险分析的方法或不具备物理过程模拟,或缺乏对风险随机性的探讨。以沂沭河水系连通工程为例,在水力学模型的基础上,考虑连通河网不同河流洪峰相关性,创建随机水情条件下河湖水系连通伴生风险分析模型。通过1 200组水情条件,对沂沭河水系上游进行洪水过程模拟,针对橡胶坝可能造成的洪峰叠加问题,提出不同洪水重现期下橡胶坝运行调度风险管控建议。结果表明:① 50年一遇与100年一遇洪水重现期条件下,均呈现出橡胶坝坝址处水位风险极高（概率P>0.8）,流速风险较低（P < 0.3）的规律,且每当橡胶坝高度升高25%的设计坝高时,沂河与沭河坝前水位风险皆提高约70%,沭河坝址处流速风险降低约50%。②若在汛前塌坝下泄蓄水,人为洪峰的叠加会使沭河中下游河段产生极高风险。③通过划分水位、流速综合洪水风险安全域,洪水重现期50年一遇时,建议沂沭河橡胶坝在汛前调节至低于50%设计坝高,且控制沭河水深和流速分别在12 m和2.23 m/s以内,可以降低水位和流速风险至低风险（P < 0.4）;洪水重现期100年一遇时,需将橡胶坝调至25%设计坝高以下,或者汛前尽早缓慢塌坝下泄蓄水,才能有效降低沂沭河水系防洪压力。