西藏盐湖矿产资源遥感定量预测方法研究

西藏自治区地域广大,湖泊众多,盐湖矿产资源十分丰富,但调查研究程度较低,资源潜力不明,家底不清。以遥感信息为基础,采用多因素综合评判模型法进行盐湖矿产定量预测,初步摸清现阶段西藏盐湖矿产资源家底,为地方政府和有关部门进行盐湖矿产资源勘查开发提供了重要参考依据。该预测方法具有较强探索性,和已知查明资源量进行比较,预测结果基本可靠,是西部高海拔地区盐湖矿产资源快速评价的有效方法。     

Quantitative Analysis of Mineral Resources for Strategic Planning: Implications for Australian Geological Surveys

A quantitative valuation study has been made of Australian state surveys with the specific goals of (1) establishing the 'worth' of current programs upgrading state government geoscientific information infrastructure, and (2) considering the results of the valuation in terms of strategic planning. The study has been done from the perspective of the community as a whole and has been undertaken in two phases reflecting the different objectives of Australian state surveys in terms of the exploration industry and government policy-making. This paper reports on the second part of this valuation process, measuring the impact of upgraded survey data on government mineral policy decision processes. The valuation methodology developed is a comparative approach used to determine net benefit foregone by not upgrading information infrastructure. The underlying premise for the geological survey study is that existing and upgraded data sets will have a different probability that a deposit will be detected. The approach used in the valuation of geoscientific data introduces a significant technical component with the requirement to model both favorability of mineral occurrence and probability of deposit occurrence for two different generations of government data. The estimation of mineral potential uses modern quantitative methods, including the U.S. Geological Survey three-part resource-assessment process and computer-based prospectivity modeling. To test the methodology mineral potential was assessed for porphyry copper type deposits in part of the Yarrol Province, central Queensland. Results of the Yarrol case study supports the strategy of the state surveys to facilitate effective exploration by improving accuracy and acquiring new data, as part of resource management. It was determined in the Yarrol Province case study that in going from existing to upgraded data sets the area that would be considered permissible for the occurrence of porphyry type deposits almost doubled. The implication of this result is that large tracts of potentially mineralized land would not be identified using existing data. Results of the prospectivity modeling showed a marked increase in the number of exploration targets and in target rankings using the upgraded data set. A significant reduction in discovery risk also is associated with the upgraded data set, a conclusion supported by the fact that known mines with surface exposure are not identified in prospectivity modeling using the existing data sets. These results highlight the absence in the existing data sets of information critical for the identification of prospective ground.Quantitative resource assessment and computer-based prospectivity modeling are seen as complementary processes that provide the support for the increasingly sophisticated needs of Australian survey clients. Significant additional gains to the current value of geoscientific data can be achieved through the in-house analysis and characterization of individual data sets, the integration and interpretation of data sets, and the incorporation of information on geological uncertainty.     

矿产资源开发的战略环境评价研究

分析中国矿产资源开发战略环境评价(SEA)的必要性及不同类型矿产资源开发SEA的作用,提出矿产资源开发SEA的工作原则,在公共参与的基础上,建立包括社会、经济、资源、环境和人口5 部分内容的评价指标体系,确定适用于矿产资源开发SEA的评价方法与程序。中国矿产资源开发SEA,目前只能适用于规划范畴,并以矿产资源开发预测性SEA为主。     

Spatial Modeling for Base-Metal Mineral Exploration Through Integration of Geological Data Sets

This study involves the integration of information interpreted from data sets such as LandsatTM, Airborne magnetic, geochemical, geological, and ground-based data of Rajpura—Dariba,Rajasthan, India through GIS with the help of (1) Bayesian statistics based on the weights ofevidence method and (2) a fuzzy logic algorithm to derive spatial models to target potentialbase-metal mineralized areas for future exploration. Of the 24 layers considered, five layers(graphite mica schist (GMS), calc-silicate marble (CALC), NE-SW lineament 0–2000 mcorridor (L4-NESW), Cu 200–250 ppm, and Pb 200–250 ppm) have been identified from theBayesian approach on the basis of contrast. Thus, unique conditions were formed based onthe presence and absence of these five map patterns, which are converted to estimate posteriorprobabilities. The final map, based on the same data used to determine the relationships, showsfour classes of potential zones of sulfide mineralization on the basis of posterior probability.In the fuzzy set approach, membership functions of the layers such as CALC, GMS, NE-SWlineament corridor maps, Pb, and Cu geochemical maps have been integrated to obtain thefinal potential map showing four classes of favorability index.     

河南省非金属矿产资源开发利用初探

通过分析河南省非金属矿产资源及矿产品加工利用现状、存在的问题,提出了今后河南省非金属矿产资源开发利用的对策。     

Application of the Geo-Anomaly Unit Concept in Quantitative Delineation and Assessment of Gold Ore Targets in Western Shandong Uplift Terrain,Eastern China

A number of large and giant ore deposits have been discovered within the relatively small areas of lithospheric structure anomalies, including various boundary zones of tectonic plates. The regions have become the well-known intercontinental ore-forming belts, such as the circum-Pacific gold–copper, copper–molybdenum, and tungsten–tin metallogenic belts. These belts are typical geological anomalous areas. An investigation into the hydrothermal ore deposits in different regions in the former Soviet Union illustrated that the geologic structures of ore fields of almost all major commercial deposits have distinct features compared with the neighboring areas. These areas with distinct features are defined as geo-anomalies. A geo-anomaly refers to such a geologic body or a combination of bodies that their composition, texture–structure, and genesis are significantly different from those of their surroundings. A geo-anomaly unit (GU) is an area containing distinct features that can be delineated with integrated ore-forming information using computer techniques on the basis of the geo-anomaly concept. Herein, the GU concept is illustrated by a case study of delineating the gold ore targets in the western Shandong uplift terrain, eastern China. It includes: (1) analyses of gold ore-forming factors; (2) compilation of normalized regional geochemical map and extraction of geochemical anomalies; (3) compilation of gravitational and aeromagnetic tectonic skeleton map and extraction of gravitational and aeromagnetic anomalies; (4) extraction of circular and linear anomalies from remote-sensing Landsat TM images; (5) establishment of a geo-anomaly conceptual model associated with known gold mineralization; (6) establishment of gold ore-forming favorability by computing techniques; and (7) delineation and assessment of ore-forming units. The units with high favorability are suggested as ore targets.     

河北省矿产资源开发利用研究

该文分析河北省矿产资源的现状和开发利用过程中存在的问题 ,讨论相关对策 ,提出全省矿业战略调整的新思路     

青藏高原矿产资源的分布、形成及开发

通过分析青藏高原矿产资源的分布及储量,探讨青藏高原的成矿作用,指出青藏高原矿产资源极为丰富,能够作为我国"东部经济带"的战略资源接替基地,这对于保证我国矿产资源的可持续供应具有举足轻重的地位.但青藏高原生态环境脆弱、开发成本高、难度大,应坚持科学发展观,加速青藏高原优势矿产资源的勘查和开发,处理好资源开发与环境保护的关系.     

Spatial Analysis Techniques as Successful Mineral-Potential Mapping Tools for Orogenic Gold Deposits in the Northern Fennoscandian Shield,Finland

Geoscientific Information Systems (GIS) provide tools to quantitatively analyze and integrate spatially referenced information from geological, geophysical, and geochemical surveys for decision-making processes. Excellent coverage of well-documented, precise and good quality data enables testing of variable exploration models in an efficient and cost effective way with GIS tools. Digital geoscientific data from the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) are being used widely as spatial evidence in exploration targeting, that is ranking areas based on their exploration importance. In the last few years, spatial analysis techniques including weights-of-evidence, logistic regression, and fuzzy logic, have been increasingly used in GTK’s mineral exploration and geological mapping projects. Special emphasis has been put into the exploration for gold because of the excellent data coverage within the prospective volcanic belts and because of the increased activity in gold exploration in Finland during recent years. In this paper, we describe some successful case histories of using the weights-of-evidence method for the Au-potential mapping. These projects have shown that, by using spatial modeling techniques, exploration targets can be generated by quantitatively analyzing extensive amounts of data from various sources and to rank these target areas based on their exploration potential.     

Quantitative Prediction and Evaluation of Mineral Resources Based on GIS: A Case Study in Sanjiang Region,Southwestern China

Quantitative prediction and evaluation of mineral resources are one of the important topics of mathematical geology. On the basis of GIS technologies and weights of evidence modeling, MapGIS is integrated with GIS and mineral-resource prediction and evaluation. The final product is a predictor map of posterior probabilities of occurrence of the discrete event within a small unit cell. Predictor layers were created on a digital database that includes 1:200,000 scale geological, and geochemical, and geophysical maps, and remote-sensing images in study area. According to metallogenetic factors extractiont and weights of evidence modeling, there are four main metal ore belts in the study area: (1) the Batang belt; (2) the Lei Wuqi belt; (3) the Basu-Chayu belt; and (4) the Ganzi-Litang belt. The predictor map of posterior probabilities show that 29% of study area as zones with potential for porphyry copper, and 81% known mineral occurrences success rate is circled in the metallogenetic posterior probabilities map. The results demonstrate plausibility of weights-of-evidence modeling of mineral potential in large areas with small number of mineral prospects.     

罗布泊地区凝结水对潜卤水资源量评价的影响分析

新疆罗布泊地区属于极端干旱气候地区,大气降水对地下水的补给极其有限,长期以来,众多学者认为凝结水量是罗布泊干盐湖潜卤水的重要补给来源之一。本次通过在罗北凹地地区开展的凝结水试验,较准确地计算了其补给资源量,指出尽管研究区凝结水总生成量较大,但真正能入渗补给到潜卤水饱水带的量却极少,绝大多数凝结水都以难以开发利用的土壤水形式短暂保存,被蒸发散失到大气中,对潜卤水资源量评价影响较小。     

潜江凹陷潜江组深层卤水矿产特征与资源评价

利用潜江凹陷大量井筒及试水资料,研究古盐湖深层卤水赋存方式及成矿规律,开展卤水资源评价,为深层卤水开发利用提供建议。研究表明潜江凹陷潜江组卤水赋存于砂岩孔隙中,纵向上划分为5个卤水组,平面上受砂岩物源影响由北向南矿体厚度逐渐变薄直至尖灭;卤水总矿化度垂向分带平面分异明显,垂向上随着深度增加而增加,平面上凹陷中心矿化度高,向四周逐渐降低;卤水中的钾、锂、硼、溴、碘、铷、铯等元素含量与总矿化度呈正比,平面上与总矿化度规律一致,均呈环带状分布。通过对该区资源量进行测算和评价,得出潜江凹陷潜江组砂岩卤水为中孔、中渗、中产能、中深层、氯化钠型,含锂、溴、硼、钾大型工业卤水矿床;由此提出利用油田钻井和油田伴生卤水采卤并进行综合利用,提取食盐、碘、溴、氨水、氯化钾、硼砂、碳酸锂、氯化铷、氯化铯等产品,具有良好的开发前景。     

蒙古国矿产资源分布与中蒙两国合作开发前景论证

习近平副主席于2008年6月访问蒙古国,并签署了《中蒙经贸合作中期发展纲要》,标志着两国经贸合作特别是矿产资源合作开发进入了新阶段。蒙古国是中国实施睦邻、富邻、安邻政策的主要对象,矿产资源合作开发又是两国经贸合作的重要领域,为此,有必要对其矿产资源分布情况、开发态势及两国合作开发利弊因素进行分析研究,有针对性地提出加大合作开发力度的对策创意。作者认定,中蒙两国合作开发矿产资源前景光明,必将为双方经贸合作的持久发展注入强劲动力。     

贵州旅游资源开发浅析

旅游资源是发展旅游业的基础,因此,对其进行分类和评价显得尤其重要文章先将贵州旅游资源分为三大类和若干小类,在此基础上对其资源价值和开发条件进行分析和评价。最后,指出开发中存在的问题并提出开发建议,旨在对贵州旅游业的发展有所裨益。     

Application of GIS Processing Techniques for Producing Mineral Prospectivity Maps—A Case Study: Mesothermal Au in the Swayze Greenstone Belt,Ontario, Canada

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is used to prepare and process digital geoscience data in a variety of ways for producing gold prospectivity maps of the Swayze greenstone belt, Ontario, Canada. Data used to produce these maps include geologic, geochemical, geophysical, and remotely sensed (Landsat). A number of modeling methods are used and are grouped into data-driven (weights of evidence, logistic regression) and knowledge-driven (index and Boolean overlay) methods. The weights of evidence (WofE) technique compares the spatial association of known gold prospects with various indicators (evidence maps) of gold mineralization, to derive a set of weights used to produce the final gold prospectivity map. Logistic regression derives statistical information from evidence maps over each known gold prospect and the coefficients derived from regression analysis are used to weight each evidence map. The gold prospectivity map produced from the index overlay process uses a weighting scheme that is derived from input by the geologist, whereas the Boolean method uses equally weighted binary evidence maps.The resultant gold prospectivity maps are somewhat different in this study as the data comprising the evidence maps were processed purposely differently for each modeling method. Several areas of high gold potential, some of which are coincident with known gold prospects, are evident on the gold prospectivity maps produced using all modeling methods. The majority of these occur in mafic rocks within high strain zones, which is typical of many Archean greenstone belts.     

宁夏农业生态气候资源系统分析

运用农业生态气候模型,依据宁夏23个气象台站多年平均的气候资料,首先对宁夏农业生态气候的资源潜力、匹配状况和利用程度进行了定量分析和对比研究,在总体上得出了农业生态气候资源南高北低的地域分异特征;然后通过对多年逐月平均效能指数的模糊聚类,划分出农业生态气候资源的3个类型及6个亚型并进行了相应评价,从而为开发利用农业生态气候资源提供了科学基础。     

Use of Noise to Augment Training Data: A Neural Network Method of Mineral–Potential Mapping in Regions of Limited Known Deposit Examples

One of the main factors that affects the performance of MLP neural networks trained using the backpropagation algorithm in mineral-potential mapping isthe paucity of deposit relative to barren training patterns. To overcome this problem, random noise is added to the original training patterns in order to create additional synthetic deposit training data. Experiments on the effect of the number of deposits available for training in the Kalgoorlie Terrane orogenic gold province show that both the classification performance of a trained network and the quality of the resultant prospectivity map increasesignificantly with increased numbers of deposit patterns. Experiments are conducted to determine the optimum amount of noise using both uniform and normally distributed random noise. Through the addition of noise to the original deposit training data, the number of deposit training patterns is increased from approximately 50 to 1000. The percentage of correct classifications significantly improves for the independent test set as well as for deposit patterns in the test set. For example, using ±40% uniform random noise, the test-set classification performance increases from 67.9% and 68.0% to 72.8% and 77.1% (for test-set overall and test-set deposit patterns, respectively). Indices for the quality of the resultant prospectivity map, (i.e. D/A, D × (D/A), where D is the percentage of deposits and A is the percentage of the total area for the highest prospectivity map-class, and area under an ROC curve) also increase from 8.2, 105, 0.79 to 17.9, 226, 0.87, respectively. Increasing the size of the training-stop data set results in a further increase in classification performance to 73.5%, 77.4%, 14.7, 296, 0.87 for test-set overall and test-set deposit patterns, D/A, D × (D/A), and area under the ROC curve, respectively.     

Fractal Approach,Analysis of Images and Diagenesis in Pore Space Evaluation

Simple net model constructed by authors, facies analysis and compaction models, were applied to evaluate reservoir properties of sandstone facies of the Carpathian Flysch (the Istebna sandstones). The applied net model was built on the base of fractal approach proposed by Don Turcotte in 1977 and computer analysis of images. Laboratory measurements include porosity, density, permeability to nitrogen, mercury injection capillary pressure tests, and microscopic analysis of thin sections. D.W. Houseknecht's theory, proposed in 1987, was applied for compaction and cementation modeling. The residual saturation data were used to validate obtained results. Net model allows an evaluation of filtration properties of analyzed sandstones and to distinguish the classes of similarity of pore space. The extracted parameters of classes of similarity were correlated with facies scheme of the investigated geological structure. Influence of compaction and cementation on pore space parameters was discussed.     

典型年洞庭湖系统健康综合评价

以洞庭湖各典型年的遥感影像、相关图件、社会经济数据及水沙、水质监测等实测资料为依据,基于湖泊健康 “PSR”响应模型,构建了综合评价指标体系,确定了具体的评价指标、评价标准、指标权重和评价等级,采用主成分分析法评价洞庭湖系统健康状况的空间差异,以模糊综合评判法评价其典型年动态变化特征。结果表明：① 从各典型年来看,1986年和1998年洞庭湖处于不健康状态,1991年为临界健康;而三峡工程蓄水运行之后洞庭湖均处于临界健康状态。② 从空间分布上看,南洞庭湖系统健康状况相对较好,其次是东洞庭湖,最差的是西洞庭湖。③ 从压力-状态-响应健康指数来看,各典型年压力隶属度均为不健康,尤其是三峡工程蓄水运行后;其状态、响应隶属度一直保持在临界健康水平。这说明洞庭湖虽保持了较为完整的自然形态、结构基本合理、生态服务价值稳定,但已出现“病症”。作为国家级自然保护区,洞庭湖健康整体水平仍需进一步提升。