麻痹性贝毒毒素的应用研究进展

由于有害赤潮的发生日趋频繁 ,对养殖业、自然生态系统和人类健康的危害越来越大 ,造成的经济损失也逐渐增加 ,因而有害赤潮问题成为人们关注的焦点。藻毒素是有害赤潮致害的重要因子之一 ,而麻痹性贝毒 (ParalyticShellfishPoisoning ,PSP)毒素又是藻毒素中分布最广、危害最大的一类毒素。随着科学家们对PSP毒素的来源 (Steidinger,1 993 )、结构和作用方式 (Penzottietal.,1 998)的深入研究 ,PSP毒素在赤潮研究、分子生物学和神经生物学基础研究、医药、军事防化等的应用也逐渐受到重视。本文作者针对这些问题进行了综合评述 ,以期…     

有毒赤潮藻及其毒素的危害与检测

海洋中可引发赤潮的藻类约有300种,其中有毒赤潮藻为80种左右。现已知道的赤潮藻主要毒素有麻痹性贝毒、腹泻性贝毒、记忆缺失性贝毒、神经性贝毒、西加鱼度和溶血性毒素,前5种毒素的结构已经基本得到证实。有毒赤潮藻的毒素可以在海洋生物体内积累,人类误食含有藻毒素的食品时可能中毒,严重者还可能死亡。海洋有毒赤潮藻及其毒素的检测已经成为当今全球赤潮研究和监测的重要内容之一,可以通过形态学分类方法、分子生物学技术(遗传探针)和免疫学检测技术对有毒赤潮藻进行检测;可以通过生物学、物理化学检测方法和神经受体结合、免疫学检测技术对赤潮藻毒素进行检测。     

麻痹性贝毒毒素的应用研究进展

由于有害赤潮的发生日趋频繁，对养殖业、自然生态系统和人类健康的危害越来越大，造成的经济损失也逐渐增加，因而有害赤潮问题成为人们关注的焦点。藻毒素是有害赤潮致害的重要因子之一，而麻痹性贝毒(Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning，PSP)毒素又是藻毒素中分布最广、危害最大的一类毒素。随着科学家们对PSP毒素的来源(Steidinger，1993)、结构和作用方式(Penzotti et al.,1998)的深入研究，PSP毒素在赤潮研究、分子生物学和神经生物学基础研究、医药、军事防化等的应用也逐渐受到重视。本文作者针对这些问题进行了综合评述，以期为深入开展PSP毒素应用研究提供参考依据。     

1998年春季珠江口海域大规模赤潮原因生物的形态分类和生物学特征Ⅱ

对 １９９８年 ４月 １５日采集于广东珠江口万山群岛桂山岛网箱养殖区的赤潮新鲜水样和福尔马林固定样品进行赤潮原因生物的形态分类和生物学特征的研究。结果发现,此次赤潮共有 ７种原因生物,全部属于裸甲藻类,其中最占优种三宅裸甲藻（Ｇｙｍｎｏｄｉｎｉｕｍ　 ｍｉｋｉｍｏｔｏｉ）和优势种斯氏多沟藻（Ｐｏｌｙｋｒｉｋｏｓ ｓｃｈｗａｒｔｚｉｉ）、螺旋螺沟藻（Ｇｙｒｏｄｉｎｉｕｍ ｓｐｉｒａｌｅ）的形态分类及生物学特征研究结果已在本系列论文的第一篇报道。本文报道其余 ４种红色裸甲藻（Ｇｙｍ．ｓａｎｇｕｉｎｅｕｍ）、灰白下沟藻（Ｋａｔｏｄｉｎｉｕｍ ｇｌａｕｃｕｍ）、螺沟藻９８型（Ｇｙｒｏｄｉｎｉｕｍ ｓｐ． ｔｙｐｅ－９８）和多环旋沟藻（Ｃｏｃｈｌｏｄｉｎｉｕｍ　 ｐｏｌｙｋｒｉｋｏｉｄｅｓ）的形态分类和生物学特征。其中,红色裸甲藻是此次赤潮的优势种之一,灰白下沟藻和多环旋沟藻在我国是新记录,螺沟藻９８型则可能是新种。     

有毒藻产毒过程中海洋细菌的作用

海洋微藻藻际中 (Ｐｈｙｃｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ)聚集着大量的细菌。由于藻菌间的相互作用及选择 ,可形成具有独特结构与功能的藻际细菌群落［１］。可见 ,海洋微藻与细菌间所具有的密切关系 ,使得海洋细菌在有害藻赤潮生消及有毒藻产毒过程中发挥着重要的作用。有关工作既是赤潮科学研究中的热点 ,也是目前藻菌关系研究中的重点。１海洋细菌的自主产毒研究据Ｇａｌｌａｃｈｅｒ，Ｓ．等１９９６年报道 ,最初认为赤潮藻毒素只能由微藻细胞本身产生。但是随着工作的深入 ,发现了一些特殊现象 ,如在麻痹性贝毒的研究过程中 ,人们发现了产毒和不产毒…     

塔玛亚历山大藻对墨西哥湾扇贝幼体发育的影响

塔玛亚历山大藻是一种能产生麻痹性贝毒的有毒甲藻,它所引发的赤潮在世界各地多有发生,对海水养殖业和人们的生命安全造成很大的威胁［３］。有毒赤潮发生时,贝类起一种媒介的作用,可将有毒藻产生的毒素累积在体内,沿食物链转移给高营养级生物和人,使之中毒［４］。已有研究表明有毒藻对贝类本身的生命活动也会产生不利影响。但这些工作多数是围绕着贝类成体展开的,对幼体发育阶段的研究报道甚少。本文以墨西哥湾扇贝（Ａｒｇｏｐｅｃｔｅｎｉｒｒａｄｉａｎｓｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒｉｃｕｓ）的Ｄ形幼虫、眼点幼虫、稚贝和仔贝为对象,研究了塔…     

海洋卡盾藻的致毒机制研究进展

海洋卡盾藻 ( Chattonella marina ) 引起的赤潮近年来在中国频繁爆发,对水产养殖业及海洋生态系统造成了严重危害.海洋卡盾藻产生的神经毒素、溶血毒素、游离脂肪酸和活性氧等次生代谢物可能是造成鱼类大范围死亡的重要原因.对此进行综述,以期为阐明海洋卡盾藻赤潮的致毒机制与危害方式提供参考,为正确认识和评价卡盾藻赤潮的危害提供依据.     

赤潮生物的毒害机理与毒素生物化学研究

对赤潮毒素的研究已成为当前国际上的一个研究热点。本文仅对赤潮生物的毒害机理与毒素生物化学的研究进展进行综述。１亚历山大藻（Ａｌｅｘａｎｄｒｉｕｍｓｐｐ．）的毒害机理亚历山大藻的毒害机理是在代谢过程中产生麻痹性贝毒。１９７５年,当第一个麻痹性贝毒石房蛤毒素(ＳＴＸ)的化学结构用Ｘ射线结晶学方法鉴定成功时,发现这个分子属于生物碱类型,其基本骨架单元是全氢化嘌呤。通过同位素分子对Ａｌｅｘａｎｄｒｉｕｍｔａｍａｒｅｎｓｅ和Ａｐｈａｎｉｚｏｍｅｎｏｆｌｏｓａｑｕａｅ的培养试验发现,该毒素是由精氨酸和乙酸通过一种…     

中国有害赤潮信息网建立

“中国有害赤潮信息网”网址ｈｔｔｐ :／／ｗｗｗ．Ｃｈｉｎａ ＨＡＢ．ａｃ．ｃｎ已于日前建立。目前该网站主要内容设立赤潮问答 ,赤潮话题 ,中国赤潮发生历史 ,主要赤潮藻种 ,中国赤潮研究状况 ,赤潮研究的全球化协作 ,赤潮发生动态及链接。既有通俗形象地提供赤潮的基础知识和研究背景 ,深入浅出地综述一些赤潮问题 ,研究进展 ,讨论一些相关话题 ,列举中国近２０ａ沿海危害较严重的赤潮事件 ,毒素分布情况 ,主要赤潮藻种 ;又有介绍主要研究机构 ,中国赤潮研究课题 ,主要研究方向与成果 ,中国赤潮专家名录及收录赤潮文献的图书馆 ,同时…     

腹泻性贝毒研究现状

赤潮已成为当今国际社会共同关注的海洋环境问题中急需解决的涉及全球变化的重要领域之一。有毒、有害赤潮的危害之一是能产生和分泌毒素。这些毒素经贝类和鱼类积累后可通过食物链进入人体，严重危害食用者的健康，甚至威胁生命。误食藻毒素污染的贝类引起人员中毒死亡的事件已不再罕见。近年来对中国沿海部分海区贝类毒素的调查显示，中国双壳贝类已经受到了贝类毒素污染的威胁。     

Etiologies, observations and reporting of estuarine finfish lesions.

Lesions in estuarine finfish are associated with a variety of organisms including parasites and bacterial, viral, and fungal infectious agents. In addition, trauma, suboptimal water quality, and other abiotic stress factors may result in the loss of homeostasis. We have observed solitary ulcerative lesions on menhaden sampled from the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, the Pimlico River, North Carolina, and the St. Johns River, Florida. Histologically, the lesions demonstrated a marked chronic inflammatory infiltrate and granulomas in response to fungal hyphae throughout large areas of exposed necrotic muscle. Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria were also observed in the lesions, a common finding in ulcers of aquatic organisms. Similar observations in menhaden and other species have been described previously in the literature as ulcerative mycosis, mycotic granulomatosis, red spot disease, and epizootic ulcerative syndrome. Despite the many different known causes of fish lesions, the popular press and the scientific literature have recently emphasized Pfiesteria piscicida and other Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates (and their bioactive compounds) as the primary causative agent for finfish lesions, particularly mycotic granulomatous ulcers in Atlantic menhaden. While some laboratory data suggest that Pfiesteria may play a role in field-observed lesions, much more cause-and-effect evidence is needed to determine the importance of other risk factors, both alone or and in combination with Pfiesteria. In order to better understand the etiology of lesion initiation and progression in estuarine finfish, accurate assessments of environmental conditions collected on appropriate temporal and spatial scales, and fish morphological indicators consistent with gross and histological pathologic terminology, should be used for reporting fish lesion observations and kills. Further, this outlook will help to avoid bias and may foster a broader perspective for examining the health of estuarine systems in general.     

我国近海有毒藻和藻毒素问题的研究现状与展望

海洋中的一部分微藻能够产生藻毒素,导致鱼、贝类等养殖动物染毒或死亡,甚至危及人类健康和海洋生态安全。近20年来,随着对有害藻华(Harmful algal bloom, HAB)问题关注程度的不断提高和研究手段的快速发展,对我国近海有毒藻和藻毒素的认识也在不断深入。本文针对常见的几类藻毒素,从贝类中藻毒素污染状况、毒素来源、有毒藻藻华状况等角度,对我国当前相关研究工作进展进行了综述。大量研究表明,麻痹性贝毒毒素(paralytic shellfish toxins, PSTs)和腹泻性贝毒毒素(diarrhetic shellfish toxins, DSTs)在我国近海最为常见,其中,麻痹性贝毒主要由有毒亚历山大藻(Alexandrium spp.)产生,产毒藻种常见于南海海湾、福建沿海、长江口邻近海域、海州湾、北黄海和秦皇岛近海等,中毒事件也时有发生。常见的大田软海绵酸、扇贝毒素等腹泻性贝毒毒素多由鳍藻(Dinophysis spp.)产生,我国近海贝类沾染藻毒素的现象也非常常见。近年来,随着高效液相色谱和质谱技术的发展,在我国近海发现了越来越多的有毒藻和藻毒素。在对文献进行综合分析的基础上,简单探讨了有毒藻与藻毒素对海产品食品安全的影响及风险,以及未来研究发展方向。     

黄海绿潮研究:回顾与展望

自2007年以来,南黄海海域连年发生大规模绿潮(green tides),至2018年已连续12年出现。大规模绿潮对南黄海西部沿海一线的景观、环境和养殖业造成了严重破坏,已经成为黄海海域一类常态化的生态灾害问题。每年夏季,苏、鲁沿海一线地方政府都要投入大量人力物力,对海滩上堆积的绿藻进行收集和处理。针对绿潮问题,我国政府组织相关学者,围绕绿潮起源、成因、危害、监测和防控进行了大量调查和研究工作。经过多年研究,在黄海绿潮原因种及其鉴定方法、黄海绿潮起源地与早期发展过程、影响黄海绿潮的关键因素等方面已经有了比较系统、深入的认识,确认了黄海绿潮的原因种为浒苔(Ulva prolifera),发现黄海绿潮主要起源于南黄海西部的苏北浅滩海域,基本阐明了浅滩区绿潮早期发展的关键过程。浒苔自身的生物学特性、苏北浅滩独特的海域环境特征,以及浅滩区的养殖活动是影响黄海绿潮形成的关键要素。但是,在绿潮原因种浒苔的最初来源、绿潮的生态效应,绿潮演变趋势以及绿潮防控对策等方面仍需进一步开展研究工作。为验证黄海绿潮成因方面的科学认识,对绿潮防控工作提供思路和技术保障,青岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室设立了鳌山科技创新计划项目"近海生态灾害发生机理与防控策略",将黄海绿潮作为一项重要生态灾害问题开展研究,旨在进一步阐明绿潮成因,为绿潮防控提供坚实的科学依据。     

Fishing gear substitution to reduce bycatch and habitat impacts: An example of social–ecological research to inform policy

This study examined the feasibility of gear substitution as a means to reduce bycatch and habitat impacts of fisheries, using a social–ecological systems approach. The U.S. west coast sablefish fishery is an excellent subject for this study, because it permits three different gear types and has a problem with bycatch of overfished species. Bycatch rates were highest in trawls and lowest in pots. Combining interview data with findings from a previous study, affirmed that habitat impacts were highest with trawls and lowest with longlines. Interviews with 44 individuals analyzed using grounded theory yielded several common themes in the opinions of gear substitution. Positive opinion themes included that it would allow better management of the fish populations by reducing bycatch and would allow more business options, flexibility, and increased profit for some trawlers. The main negative opinion theme was that gear substitution could decrease landings needed to support shoreside infrastructure. Most stakeholder groups saw some benefit in gear substitution. Notably, the trawlers voiced a unanimous preference for converting to pots rather than longlines. A scenario analysis revealed that the preferable management option would be long-term gear conversion, but incentives are likely to be an important means of encouraging gear conversion. This ecological impacts rapid assessment provided a regional evaluation of bycatch and habitat impacts that had never been conducted before for these gear types. It also provided scientific support for a regulatory change that legally allows trawlers to practice gear substitution.     

Predatory fish and their prey — an overview of trophic interactions in the fish communities of the west and south coasts of South Africa

Fish communities over continental shelves are of three types: pelagic, rocky reef and soft substrata. The pelagic community of the South African west coast is dominated by clupeiform fish, which are the principal prey of snoek, the dominant piscivorous teleost in the area, and other fish, including tuna and pelagic sharks. Keystone prey species are broadly similar on the South African south and west coasts, but predator composition differs. Studies of rocky reef fish suggest that the fauna of the South Coast is more diverse than that of the West, the West Coast having fewer species and only two reef fish species being taken in linefisheries. Feeding interactions of some of the dominant species have been established, but the status of commercially less important fish such as elasmobranchs and small species is poorly known. The community and feeding interactions of fish living over soft substrata are better known and part of this fauna is taken by demersal trawlers. The two species of Cape hake dominate the communities on both coasts, but the fauna is more diverse on the Cape south coast. Generally, much of the present ichthyological knowledge is derived from the ecologically narrow perspective of commercial fisheries. Nevertheless, the patterns of diversity appear to conform to previous work, which has indicated a lower species diversity in the Atlantic than in the Indian Ocean. Knowledge of commercially unimportant fish is fragmentary, and understanding of the ecological interactions on the South Coast generally lags that of the West.     

美国滨海核电厂温排水混合区的设置及启示

系统调研美国温排水法规标准体系、混合区政策以及滨海核电厂混合区的设置,并与我国现状进行比较。可以看出,美国清洁水法和联邦法规给出温排水和水质标准的一般要求,各个州的水质标准给出水质准则、混合区政策以及对水生生物保护的要求。水质准则给出各种类型水体温度限值(包括温升限值和/或温度上限值);混合区政策给出混合区的位置、尺寸、形状以及混合区内水质要求;具体厂址应基于"一事一议"的方式确定混合区范围,并满足混合区最小化要求,大部分美国滨海核电厂混合区范围满足州的混合区政策要求;少数核电厂混合区范围超过了州混合区政策要求,这些电厂需进行厂址特性热影响研究,以证明当前的温排水限值能够确保受纳水体中结构稳定的土著贝类、鱼类和其他野生生物种群的生长和繁育。我国当前没有地区差异的水质准则,无温排水混合区政策、设置方法或导则。美国温排水混合区设置方法和实践有助于我国滨海核电厂温排水混合区的设置和优化,以减小对水生生物的影响。     

我国马尾藻中砷的化学形态及其季节变化

于１９９６年３－８月在广东、广西及青岛沿海采集了部分代表性马尾藻,采用银盐分光光度法对新鲜样品中砷的化学形态,季节变化进行了研究。结果表明,广东,广西沿海马尾藻的总砷和无机砷含量较高,其中羊栖菜的无机砷含量占其总砷的５６．７３％,说明马尾藻富集无机砷的能力较强。青岛沿海鼠尾藻和海黍子的总砷含量在生长初期最低,成熟增至最高,无机砷占总砷的比例也表现出类似的季节变化,说明藻体砷含量与其生长周期有密切联     

Longevity,growth, reproduction and a description of the fishery for silver sweep Scorpis lineolatus off New South Wales,Australia

Size at age, growth rates, seasonality of spawning, and size at maturity were described for the silver sweep Scorpis lineolatus off the coast of New South Wales, Australia. Estimates of age were made by counting annual zones in sections of otoliths. The ageing technique was validated using young‐of‐the‐year fish, staining fish with tetracy‐cline, and by marginal increment analysis. Silver sweep exhibited extreme longevity with an observed maximum age of 54 years and more than 50% of the fishery being greater than 15 years old. Growth was rapid during the first few years before reaching sexual maturity at 2–3 years and at a length of c. 17 cm fork length, after which growth slowed dramatically. Silver sweep displayed a winter spawning period. The fishery is unusual in that despite heavy fishing pressure and rapidly declining catches the age structure of the catch suggests a population that has been subjected to minimal fishing mortality. It is proposed that the large declines in commercial landings may be the result of serial depletion on local reefs and that current landings are being taken from schools of fish that have" receiveddate="little fishing pressure historically.     

High resolution vertical distribution of the copepod Calanus chilensis in relation to the shallow oxygen minimum zone off northern Peru using LOKI,a new plankton imaging system

The vertical distribution of copepodite stage V and adult Calanus chilensis was studied on two transects across the Humboldt Current System off northern Peru using the LOKI system. LOKI is an optical plankton recorder, which simultaneously collects images of zooplankton and environmental data such as temperature, salinity, oxygen, and fluorescence. Image quality allowed determination of CV, females and males and identification of C. chilensis from 3 co-occurring Calanid copepods. C. chilensis was inhabiting the upper 250 m. Highest abundances with a maximum of ca. 44.000 Ind. m⁻² were observed in a narrow band within Cold Coastal Water at stations closest to the coast, coinciding with the Poleward Undercurrent. This raises questions for the life cycle closure within the Humboldt Current system. In contrast to observations in the southern part of the Humboldt Current System, the three stages studied were most abundant in hypoxic waters at oxygen concentrations between 5 and 50 µM. Thus C. chilensis seems to be the only species of the family Calanidae where not only a resting stage can tolerate hypoxia, but also both adult stages. This impacts availability to predators, as despite a locally high biomass only part of the population is available to anchovy and other important fish species which are restricted to waters with higher oxygen concentrations.