发头裸腹溞休眠卵发育的温度因子分析

测定了不同温度下发头裸腹溞(Moina irrasa)体眠卵的孵化时间及孵化率;取最先孵出和过半数孵出的两组数据依莱奥姆积温法则求得种群休眠卵最低临界温度为12.00℃,最低有效积温为441.61℃·h;最低亚致死高温点(即最适温度)为35.16℃,以及最低死亡高温点39.44℃。种群中过半数的临界温度为12.88℃,过半数有效积温为557.10℃·h,过半数的亚致死高温点为35.56℃以及过半数死亡高温点为39.49℃。讨论了这些参数在枝角类集约化培养中休眠卵的有效保存与启用所具有的实践意义。     

发头裸腹溞休眠卵发育的温度因子分析

测定了不同温度下发头裸腹溞(Moina irrasa)体眠卵的孵化时间及孵化率;取最先孵出和过半数孵出的两组数据依莱奥姆积温法则求得种群休眠卵最低临界温度为12.00℃,最低有效积温为441.61℃·h;最低亚致死高温点(即最适温度)为35.16℃,以及最低死亡高温点39.44℃。种群中过半数的临界温度为12.88℃,过半数有效积温为557.10℃·h,过半数的亚致死高温点为35.56℃以及过半数死亡高温点为39.49℃。讨论了这些参数在枝角类集约化培养中休眠卵的有效保存与启用所具有的实践意义。     

西藏拉果错卤虫─Ⅰ.生物学特征

西藏拉果错位于阿里高原南部,湖面海拔４４７０ｍ,水化学类型属于弱度碳酸盐亚型,湖水盐度为５．５％－６．５％。湖区属于高原亚寒带干旱区。拉果错每年１２月至翌年３月为肖水冰冰期,４月下旬－５月初卤虫科卵大量孵化,５－９月为卤虫早繁衍期,９月底－１０月大量产生休眠卤虫卵,卤虫卵主要分布于湖东北部和西北部。卤虫和卤虫卵呈紫红色;虫卵属深色卵壳。卤虫干卵径２６４．５μｍ,卤虫克卵量约１２万粒。无节幼体长６０     

培养液更换对萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)休眠卵形成的影响

在种群累积培养状态下研究了培养液更换对萼花臂尾轮虫（ Ｂｒａｃｈｉｏｎｕｓ ｃａｌｙｃｉｆｌｏｒｕｓ）休眠卵形成的影响,结果表明,在培养液不予更换的情况下,萼花臂尾轮虫休眠卵的产量和形成效率分别为 ７２４ ３３３３± ４０． ５２５７ｉｎｄ（６ｄ．２０ｍＬ）－１和 ６ ．０３６１± ０． ３３７７ｉｎｄ（５ × １０６ ｃｅｌｌｓ）－１（ａｌ－ｇａｅ ｄｉｅｔ）与之相比,当培养液每 ２天更换一次时,其休眠卵的产量和形成效率分别下降至６３７．３３３３±１６． ８０２８ｉｎｄ．（６ｄ·２０ｍＬ）－１和５ ．３１１１±０ ．１４００ｉｎｄ（５×１０６ｃｅｌｌｓ）－１（ａｌｇａｅ　ｄｉｅｔ）．随着培养液更换频率增大至每天一次时,其休眠卵的产量和形成效率下降的幅度进一步增大培养液更换对轮虫种群中的混交雌体百分率和混交雌体受精率无显著的影响,最后探讨了培养液更换对萼花臂尾轮虫休眠卵形成影响的机理．     

动力扰动下太湖梅梁湾水-沉积物界面的营养盐释放通量

通过波浪水槽试验,研究了不同水动力扰动条件下太湖梅梁湾水-沉积物界面的营养盐通量.结果发现,水动力扰动对该通量的影响很大,在中等扰动强度下(水底波切应力为0.019N·m-2,相当于梅梁湾中部夏季盛行风-东南风风速5～7 m·s-1),TN,DTN和NH4+-N的通量分别为1.92×10-3,-1.81×10-4和5.28×10-4mg·m-2·s-1(向上为正,向下为负),而TP,TDP和SRP的通量分别为5.69×10-4,1.68×10-4和-1.29×10-4mg·m-2·s-1.根据对气象资料的统计,夏季5～7 m·s-1东南风风速的最大持续时间为15h,以上述通量和风速持续时间进行计算,太湖底泥区域按水面积的47.45％,将分别有111tTN,32tNH4+-N,34tTP和10tTDP进入水体,可分别导致整个太湖水体中相应的平均浓度升高约0.025,0.007,0.007和0.002 mg·1-1.当扰动增大时(水底波切应力为0.217 N·m-2,相当于梅梁湾中部东南风速10～11 m·s-1),营养盐通量显著增加,其中TN,DTN和NH4+-N分别达1.16×10-2,6.76×10-3和1.14×10-2 mg·m-2·s-1,而TP通量亦大幅度上升,达到2.14×10-3 mg·m-2·s-1,上述通量的增加幅度均达到一个量级以上.但是,TDP的通量有所减小,其值为9.54×10-5 mg·m-2·s-1,而SRP虽然存在增加趋势,但其通量值却很小(5.42×10-5 mg·m-2·s-1).统计结果显示,太湖地区该风速的持续时间不超过5h.若以5h计,在上述强扰动情况下,营养盐释放量分别为232t TN,134.9t TDN,228t NH4+-N,42.7 t TP,2.0t TDP和1.1tSRP,水体中相应的平均浓度的升高量为0.050,0.029,0.049,0.009,0.0004和0.0002 mg·1-1.由此可见,在浅水湖泊中,动力扰动能造成水体中营养盐浓度的急骤升高,虽然在微扰动情况下,有些指标的释放通量出现负值(如DTN和SRP),水底沉积物表现为上述营养盐成分的汇集场所,但沉积物中大多数营养盐成分会随着底泥悬浮和水体-沉积物界面环境条件的改变而进入水体,给水体生态系统带来严重影响,这也是浅水湖泊所具有的显著特征之一.     

西藏拉果错卤虫──2.营养成分

卤虫包括成体、无节幼体和卤虫卵,蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪酸等营养成分的含量是评价卤虫质量的主要标准,因为摄食动物饵料效果取决于氨基酸、脂肪酸的组成与含量.西藏拉果错卤虫的营养成分含量较高,1996、1997年盐湖研究中心连续取样测定,其蛋白质含量成体接近20%,无节幼体约 55%,脱壳卵近 50%;粗脂肪成体 3%,无节幼体和脱壳卵均为 15%左右;氨基酸总量成体 18%,无节幼体近 50%,脱壳卵 44%左右在对 1997年样品进行脂肪酸测定后发现,成体不饱和脂肪酸达83%,无节幼体91%以上,脱壳卵超过87%;三种高级不饱和脂肪酸(20∶2,20∶4,20∶5)HUFA含量:成体近8%,幼体和脱壳卵均超过20%;三种必需脂肪酸(18∶2,18∶3,20∶5)EFA含量:成体为16%,幼体21%,脱壳卵26%;无节幼体和脱壳卵的二十碳五烯酸(20∶5)EPA含量均在 18%以上,较我国新疆、青海、内蒙古、 山西、河北地区的盐湖卤虫和天津、海南盐田卤虫的(20:5)EPA含量高,脱壳卵的不饱和脂肪酸总量比已知的国内外其它盐湖卤虫的相应指数高     

大水面日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponensis)资源人工增殖

挑选受精卵颜色呈褐色或接近褐色的抱卵虾,放入网箱多点布局孵化,直接放流孵出幼体是大水面日本沼虾资源增殖的有效方法.2001年,采用此法对湖北省阳新县网湖日水沼虾进行增殖,其产量从增殖前(2000年)的10000kg上升至35000kg,取得显著增殖效果,进箱孵化的抱卵数量(N,kg)可用计划生产量(Y,kg),总回捕率(R)及个体平均体重(W,g/ind)计算:N≥Y·(1000·R·W)-1.     

两种提取枝角类休眠卵基因组DNA方法的比较

休眠卵是枝角类在环境胁迫条件下通过有性生殖形成的,休眠卵的孵化对种群补充与恢复有着重要作用.沉积于底泥中的休眠卵保存了不同阶段的种群遗传信息,有效地提取枝角类休眠卵基因组DNA是进一步研究水体枝角类遗传多样性的关键环节.采用目前国际上使用的氯仿异戊醇提取法和玻璃乳提取法分别对流溪河水库底泥中表层和底层的盔型溞(Daphnia galeata)休眠卵进行基因组DNA提取的比较分析.结果显示,氯仿异戊醇提取法成功率为27.5%,平均浓度为14.25±1.84 ng/μl;玻璃乳提取法成功率为65.0%,平均浓度为28.37±2.56 ng/μl.无论是提取成功率还是提取浓度玻璃乳提取法都显著高于氯仿异戊醇提取法,且玻璃乳提取法所用试剂少,不涉及有毒试剂,操作步骤简单,整个提取过程所用时间短,玻璃乳提取法提取枝角类休眠卵基因组DNA是一种快捷实用的方法.     

气温对太湖蓝藻复苏和休眠进程的影响

利用2005 2014年每日的卫星数据、气象站和浮标站观测资料研究复苏期和休眠期的平均气温、稳定通过界限温度初终日、周有效积温与太湖蓝藻休眠和复苏时间的关系,探讨气温是否是影响蓝藻休眠和复苏时间进程的关键因子.分析结果显示:太湖蓝藻复苏早晚与春季(3 5月)气温密切相关,春季气温越高,蓝藻复苏时间越早;太湖蓝藻休眠时间与秋、冬季(11次年1月)气温密切相关,秋、冬季气温越高,蓝藻休眠时间越晚.此外根据分析结果发现,太湖首次出现蓝藻水华的时间一般是气温稳定通过9℃初日之后的1个月左右,但上一周期的休眠与下一周期的复苏之间气温异常偏高会导致蓝藻水华首次出现时间早于稳定通过9℃初日;最后一次蓝藻水华出现时间与气温稳定通过4℃的终日相近;在复苏期,湖水中的叶绿素a浓度随周有效积温变化而变化,二者相关系数为0.9.     

蓖齿眼子菜的光合速率及影响因素

本文研究了蓖齿眼子菜(Potamogeon pectinatus L)在滇池的光合速率、体内叶绿素季节变化及光和水温对其光合速率影响,并根据实验,计算出了蓖齿眼子菜生长的光补偿点,研究结果表明,蓖齿眼子菜1～3月份的净光合产氧量最大,为1.82～1.83mg/(g·h),6月份最低,为0.63 mg/(g·h);植物体内Chl.a和Chl.b平均含量分别为0.25～1.15mg/(g·h)和0.28～0.85mg/(g·h),蓖齿眼子菜可以通过调节体内Chl.a/Chl.b值来适应不同季节生长;蓖齿眼子菜有较宽的水温适应范围,10℃时的净光合产氧量可达0.88mg/(g·h),最高值出现在水温25℃,为1.16mg/(g·h),而30℃以上的水温已表现出对其生长的不利影响;蓖齿跟子菜生长的光补偿点为358～1256Lx,并随温度上升而逐渐增加.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.