吉林省松嫩平原土壤盐渍化过程中的地下水作用

吉林省松嫩平原从补给区到排泄区，地下水盐度逐渐增高，土壤盐渍化程度逐渐加重。作者采用3个模型(区域地下水流系统模型、风化—溶滤模型和蒸发—沉积模型)来模拟盐渍化的发生发展过程，这些模型与区内的地下水运移、土壤岩石的风化和沉积地质过程相一致，其中地下水是盐的迁移、聚积和排泄的主要地质载体。     

四川盆地红层浅层风化带裂隙水及其合理开发利用

四川盆地红层地下水为基岩浅层裂隙水,赋存于红层丘陵区的宽谷风化带中。宽谷为红层地下水的含水单元。红层地下水富集部位在宽谷的排泄区,其地貌标志是宽谷下游较窄峡口的上部,该处有不同程度的沼泽化、盐渍化。红层风化带含水介质的形成经历了中、新生代水盆的沉积作用、成岩作用和表生地质作用等漫长复杂的物理化学过程。红层干旱地区的地下水开发应采用抽水和屯水相结合的方案。     

银川平原土壤盐渍化与植被发育和地下水埋深关系

土壤盐渍化是制约银川平原内部植被生长最主要的生态环境地质问题,也是影响区域农业生产的第一障碍性问题。基于遥感数据,结合表层土壤含盐量及地下水位观测资料,对银川平原土壤盐渍化与植被和地下水的关系进行了定量研究。结果表明：随着表层土壤含盐量的增大,NDVI(归一化植被指数)逐渐减小,植被发育较好的区域土壤含盐量均小于3 g/kg;植被主要生长在没有盐渍化或轻微盐渍化的地区,在中度和重度盐渍化地区几乎没有植被发育;在枯水季节,研究区土壤盐渍化最严重的地下水位埋深为1.5 m,而土壤盐渍化较为严重的地下水位埋深范围为1~3 m。     

关中盆地地下水环境地质问题研究

陕西关中盆地做为西部大开发的一个核心支撑区,而水资源紧缺成为经济进一步发展的制约因素。根据盆地内主要城市地下水的开采利用现状及供水结构变化,系统地分析盆地内的地下水不合理开采所导致地下水降落漏斗、地裂缝、地面沉降、渍水及土壤盐渍化等环境地质问题,最后提出可行的防治措施,以恢复生态环境良性循环。     

遥感技术在地下水研究中的应用

遥感图像可以用来提供水文地质制图单元的定性特征和一些特殊的地质特征。在结晶岩区,石灰岩区以及第四系火山贫地都有许多应用。近来,常采用热影像和多波段影像研究地下水径流系统在排泄区出露情形和为地下水管理服务。在后一种应用中,遥感图像主要用来地下水空间被给和地下水污染模型提供植被状况参数,用来编制研究区地理特征图,监测地下水水质有关的地质特征变化状况。     

冻土冻融对地下水的影响:以祁连山多年冻土区大通河谷融区为例

冻土区地下水的形成、补给、径流、排泄方式以及地球化学特征受到冻土分布及其季节性冻融过程的强烈影响。以地处祁连山多年冻土区的大通河谷融区为典型研究区,基于钻探、坑探和地球物理工作查明了区内冻土特征和分布情况;结合水文地质观测及抽水试验,分析了研究区河流融区内地下水的赋存条件,深入研究了区内冻土冻融过程影响下地下水的水文地质和水化学特征,认为冻土冻融过程决定了研究区的地质和水文地质条件,控制着地下水的补给、径流、排泄方式,特别是对地下水质有优化作用——冻土区地下水质明显优于非冻土区。冻土区地下水成因和赋存条件研究对于其开发利用有重要意义。     

御道口汉诺坝玄武岩偏硅酸矿泉水形成机制及其地质建造制约

冀北坝上一带玄武岩地区广布富偏硅酸地下水,研究其形成机制及其水岩作用过程对矿泉水的合理开发利用与京津冀水源涵养功能具有重要意义.结合玄武岩地质建造地下水赋存特征,综合利用水化学分析,玄武岩岩石风化机制,水岩相互作用矿物平衡体系,δD、δ18O和δ13C同位素、14C放射性同位素测年等方法,剖析了汉诺坝玄武岩偏硅酸矿泉水形成的岩石地球化学风化和水文地球化学过程及地质建造制约因素.结果表明,研究区矿泉水为低矿化度的HCO₃-Ca·Mg型与HCO₃-Na·Ca型水,矿泉水形成类型有构造断裂深循环淋溶型和层状补给富集埋藏型2类.上层古风化壳地下水14C校正年龄约为4 050 a,地下水可溶性无机碳来源于土壤CO₂与幔源CO₂的混合作用.偏硅酸矿泉水的形成与分布受玄武岩地质建造制约,受岩石地球化学特征、岩石风化地表过程和水文地球化学响应过程控制.地下水中偏硅酸主要来源于玄武岩中斜长石、单斜辉石、镁橄榄石等硅酸盐矿物的风化水解;岩石矿物风化的水化学响应过程受溶滤作用控制,受阳离子交换作用影响.      

关于海河平原土壤水盐动态调控指标的探讨

半干旱地区土壤水盐动态的特征是：盐渍与旱涝相联系；旱季蒸发和盐与雨季淋溶脱盐两种过程交替发生；土壤与地下水水盐运动相互作有。防治土壤盐渍化，不仅要调控土壤根层盐渍度不超过作物耐盐国界值，而且要调控地下水埋深在临界动态；即旱季在防治盐渍化的临界深度（2－3m）；雨季前在防涝蓄雨深度（4－6m），雨季在作物抗湿深度（0．5－1．0m）。最大限度地把天然降雨转化为可利用的水资源，使旱涝盐渍得到综合治理。目前海河平原已有大面积盐渍土得到改良，但还存在潜在盐渍化土壤。土壤根层盐渍度已低于作物耐盐度，但有的心底土盐分重，或地下水矿化度高，一旦地下水位升高仍会发生盐渍化。这个地区又是引黄或引江灌区所在，调控地下水埋深在临界动态，是预防灌溉次生盐渍化发生地关键。     

天津城市发展中的若干环境地质问题

随着天津城市经济建设活动的加快和海岸带的开发利用，城市环境地质问题日益突出。地下水开采等因素引起的地面沉降量超过1000mm的面积达4080．48km^2，并形成多个沉降中心。地面沉降损失地面高程，带来河流泄洪能力减小、雨后城市积水、海岸带抵御风暴潮能力降低、城市地下管网破坏等一系列危害。污水灌溉和工业排污、石油开发等因素引起了土壤与地下水的污染，直接危害着人们的健康。农业开发、城市建设等因素加速了湿地萎缩，恶化了湿地的生态环境。浅层地下成水开采强度低、地面沉降降低地面高程，土壤盐渍化继续加重。这些环境地质问题都将制约着天津市的社会经济发展。引进与开发改善生态环境技术，防治与缓解城市地质灾害和生态环境恶化，必须作为一项长期的工作纳入城市规划和管理体系之中，以确保城市可持续发展策略的实施。     

安徽铜陵黄狮涝山金矿床地质特征及成因

黄狮涝山金矿床为一铁帽型金矿床，其形成具复杂演变史。笔者通过野外观察和室内综合研究，认为矿床形成经历了三期成矿作用，其中第一期喷气沉积成矿作用和第三期风化淋滤成矿作用最为重要，是矿床两个主要成矿期，第二期热液叠加成矿作用对矿术形成有一定贡献，但不具有主导地位。最后，笔者讨论了风化淋滤过程中金的富集规律并指出了形成此类矿床的地质－地理条件。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.