红树林宜林因子研究

综述了温度、盐度、沉积物、潮水浸淹、风浪作用、地貌特征等对红树植物生长的影响。温度是决定着红树植物的纬向分布;盐度、沉积物、潮水浸淹影响着红树植物种类的分布和幼苗的呼吸和发育;风浪和地貌特征影响着红树林幼苗根部的固着。指出滩涂高程和风浪作用是影响红树植物生长的重要因素,直接决定了红树林幼苗存活率。同时认为应该将"3S"技术和野外实地调查相结合,分析宜林因子的临界参数,建立模型,经过实际校验后用于选划红树林宜林地。     

红树植物秋茄与无瓣海桑叶片热值比较研究

以乡土红树植物秋茄(Kandelia obovata)和外来红树植物无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)为研究对象,在对广东省雷州市附城镇、福建龙海市浮宫镇、福建省福鼎市前岐镇、浙江省苍南县龙港镇、浙江省温州市鹿城区七都镇的两种红树植物叶片干质量热值(gross caloric value,GCV)测量的基础上,研究和比较了两种红树植物叶片热值的季节性变化和纬度变化。结果表明,秋茄成熟叶片全年平均热值(18.76 k J/g)显著高于无瓣海桑(17.32 k J/g)(p0.001)。夏季,秋茄叶片热值最高;春季,无瓣海桑叶片热值最高;秋季,两种植物叶片的热值都相对最低,分别为(18.59±0.17)k J/g和(16.84±0.35)k J/g。比较相同树龄的红树植物叶片的热值发现,成熟叶片的热值相对较高,叶片由成熟期进入脱落期,秋茄和无瓣海桑叶片的热值分别降低了2.34%和3.99%。对于不同树龄的红树植物,树龄长的植物的叶片热值较高,10 a树龄的秋茄叶片热值(18.99 k J/g)明显高于3 a树龄的秋茄叶片热值(18.75 k J/g)(p=0.001)。随着纬度的增高,秋茄和无瓣海桑叶片热值的变化规律相反。自广东雷州(20°49′N)至浙江温州(27°59′N),秋茄叶片热值先减小后增大,最低值出现在秋茄天然分布北界的福建福鼎(27°16′N);无瓣海桑叶片热值先增大后减小,最高值出现在无瓣海桑成功引种北界福建龙海(24°23′N)。由此可见,热值变化可以综合反映植物对环境的适应性,可以作为开展红树植物人工引种的依据之一。     

粤西沿海地区半红树植物群落组成和分布及其影响因子研究

半红树植物通常生长于红树林向陆边缘、不规则高潮可及的生境。由于自然分布的限制和人类活动干扰的影响,对半红树植物的分布格局、群落组成和立地条件等方面的了解比较有限,导致目前对半红树植物的保育和管理还有明显缺陷。以粤西沿海地区17处典型半红树植物群落为研究对象,分析了半红树植物种群分布、生境特点、生境面临的威胁及其保护对策。在野外调查中,发现3处中国大陆银叶树(Heritiera littoralis)和玉蕊(Barringtonia racemosa)种群新分布点,以及广东省科级植物分布新纪录--须叶藤科(Flagellariaceae)。研究结果表明,粤西沿海地区半红树植物群落以海漆(Excoecaria agallocha)、黄槿(Hibiscus tiliaceus)、水黄皮(Pongamia pinnata)和银叶树为优势种,伴生种和陆生植物分别以露兜簕(Pandanus tectorius)和楝(Melia azedarache)较为常见,半红树植物群落物种组成主要受土壤盐度和淹水条件影响,自河口的上游至下游逐渐变化,其土壤环境特征与真红树植物群落相似,表现为低盐度(土壤盐度为0.84‰~6.59‰)、土壤酸化(pH为6.01~6.09)和高有机质含量(总有机碳质量比为19.12~44.44 g/kg)的特征。现阶段对半红树植物仍然缺乏综合研究,其包括碳存储在内的生态功能有待进一步研究;同时,半红树植物保护地位在国内尚未明确,建议开展建立保护小区、实施迁地保育和人工恢复等保育手段。     

NaCl胁迫下红砂愈伤组织中主要离子累积特征的研究

盐胁迫下植物对Na+、K+、Ca2+、Cl-的选择性吸收代表了植物对盐胁迫的适应性。以荒漠植物红砂为材料,研究不同浓度NaCl胁迫对红砂愈伤组织Na+、K+、Ca2+、Cl-含量的影响。结果表明,NaCl胁迫下红砂组织相对生长率随着盐浓度的增加先增加后下降, 100 mM处理时达到最大;K+、Ca2+含量下降,Na+和Cl-含量升高,变化幅度随NaCl浓度的增加而增大。红砂愈伤组织具有很强的耐盐能力,低浓度NaCl处理可促进愈伤组织的生长,对Na+、K+、Ca2+、Cl-的吸收选择性提高,有利于避免离子代谢紊乱,减轻NaCl胁迫的伤害;在较高浓度下盐胁迫会对植物的生长造成一定的抑制。可见,离子平衡是红砂组织耐盐性的重要机理之一。     

互花米草不同器官水浸液对3种红树植物幼苗的化感作用

外来入侵植物化学他感作用较多受到关注,然而中国滨海湿地最常见的外来入侵种互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)对于红树植物幼苗的化学他感影响鲜见报道。选用互花米草根、茎、叶的3个浓度梯度(0.125、0.25和0.5 g mL~(-1))水浸液为处理液,通过盆栽试验,研究其对秋茄(Kandelia candel)、无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)和拉关木(Leguncalaria racemosa)的幼苗生长及根部抗氧化物酶活性的影响。互花米草根、茎和叶0.5 g mL~(-1)水浸液显著降低3种红树植物幼苗总生物量(地上生物量+地下生物量),0.125 g mL~(-1)水浸液对3种红树植物幼苗总生物量无显著影响。互花米草各器官0.125 g mL~(-1)水浸液总体上对3种红树植物幼苗根部超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性无显著影响;互花米草各器官0.5 g mL~(-1)水浸液显著降低拉关木根部抗氧化物酶活性,对于秋茄和无瓣海桑,互花米草植株0.5 g mL~(-1)水浸液对抗氧化物酶活性或促进或无影响。互花米草水浸液对红树植物土著种和外来引进种幼苗生长及根部抗氧化物酶活性均具有较明显的化学他感作用,这可能是互花米草成功入侵中国福建沿海秋茄红树林生态系统的重要机制之一。     

4种荒漠植物的抗氧化系统和渗透调节的季节变化

研究了塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘4种荒漠植物的水势、渗透调节物质和抗氧化系统的季节变化。结果表明,4种荒漠植物的清晨水势和午后水势的最低值出现在7月,最高值出现在6月,说明在此区域,6月植物的水分状况相对较好,7月植物的水分状况最差。骆驼刺的MDA含量和活性氧（O-2和H2O2）积累随着季节变化均呈上升趋势,表明骆驼刺的膜脂过氧化和膜伤害随季节推进逐渐加剧;柽柳、花花柴和沙拐枣的MDA含量和活性氧积累最高峰值分别出现在7月、7月和8月,说明在水分亏缺最严重的7月和8月,植物面临的膜脂过氧化程度亦最高。4种植物的渗透调节物质积累和抗氧化酶活性的变化,与膜脂过氧化几乎同步。其中,柽柳是以脯氨酸和可溶性糖两者的积累来调节细胞质渗透势以适应极端环境,脯氨酸的积累是沙拐枣应对水分胁迫的主要物质之一,骆驼刺是以可溶性糖的积累来应对水分亏缺,花花柴这两者含量都不高,分析可能是以无机离子作为渗透调节物质。4个月SOD、POD和CAT活性的均值排序均为柽柳>沙拐枣>骆驼刺>花花柴,说明在整个生长季中,柽柳的活性氧积累最为严重,其保护酶SOD、POD和CAT对活性氧的清除均起到关键作用。     

盐度对北极海冰细菌生长的影响

从中国第二次北极科学考察采集的海冰样品中分离到8种细菌,研究了盐度对其生长的影响。结果表明,8株海冰细菌对盐度有着广泛的适应性,在盐度为30-90的范围内均可较快生长,其中菌株BJ2、BJ3和BJ7的盐耐受性较强。进一步的研究表明,BJ2、BJ3和BJ7在0-150 的盐度范围内均有不同程度的生长,盐度为0-30时,菌株的生长最快;盐度为180时,这三株菌株也均有短暂的生长。随着盐度的增加,三株菌株生长的延迟期增加,到达生长稳定期的时间也相应增加。温度对菌株BJ2、BJ3和BJ7的盐耐受性也有着一定的影响,随着温度的升高, 菌株的生长速度变慢,但盐耐受性有所增加。     

植物根际促生细菌提高植物耐盐性研究进展

土壤盐分过高抑制植物生长,已成为盐碱地区域农业发展的主要限制因素。植物根际促生细菌(Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria,PGPR)促进盐碱地作物生长,增强作物耐盐能力,进而诱导作物盐耐受性。对能诱导植物盐耐受性的PGPR种类作了总结,并从PGPR自身产生物质及植物受到PGPR作用后生理变化两个方面评述PGPR提高植物耐盐性的机制。了解PGPR提高植物耐盐性的机理,为大规模利用微生物提高作物在盐碱等条件下的稳产高产提供理论依据。     

沙漠腹地醉鱼草（Buddleja alternifolia） 栽培苗对水盐胁迫的响应

为了研究盐、旱及其交互胁迫下植物生长和生理特性的变化,了解沙漠腹地极端生境下互 叶醉鱼草（Buddleja alternifolia）幼苗的适应性,确定合理的灌溉方式,为沙漠腹地醉鱼草的引种提 供理论依据。通过大田控制实验,设计了 3 个水分梯度和 4 个盐分梯度随机结合实验,定位测量生 长量和生化指标,最后基于隶属函数法综合评价醉鱼草的抗旱耐盐性。结果表明：（1）在干旱胁迫 或低浓度盐胁迫下,醉鱼草的地径、新枝和冠幅生长量均呈上升趋势,而在高盐浓度胁迫下均降 低;水盐交互胁迫下,不同的盐浓度与干旱交互胁迫效果不同,低盐浓度与干旱交互胁迫时（W1S1、 W2S1）,植物生长量均上升,高盐浓度与干旱交互胁迫时（W1S3、W2S3）,植物生长量均降低。（2）无论 是盐胁迫、干旱胁迫还是盐、旱交互胁迫,醉鱼草游离脯氨酸（Pro）含量随着胁迫程度的增加均呈显 著上升的趋势。（3）醉鱼草的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和过氧化物酶（POD）活性变化相对复杂, 除了在干旱胁迫时,SOD 活性和 POD 活性都显著下降外,在盐胁迫和交互胁迫时它们各自的变化并 不一致。醉鱼草在盐胁迫、交叉胁迫和干旱胁迫时,渗透调节物质和酶活性各自对应的发生了变 化,没有明显的同步性,存在相互协调的可能,同时植物细胞的敏感性远远强于表型生长的变化, 高盐浓度的伤害并没有表现在植物外部形态上,但酶活性及渗透调节物质却有显著变化。通过隶 属函数分析显示,醉鱼草最佳的生长水盐条件是盐浓度为 8 g·L^-1、灌水量为 25 L·次^-1,对水盐胁迫 的抗旱耐盐性为：干旱胁迫＞交互胁迫＞盐胁迫。     

半红树植物研究现状

半红树植物是既能生长于潮间带,但也能在陆地非盐渍土生长的两栖木本植物,具有重要的生态功能和独特的生境适应性。国内外对半红树植物的研究还较少。本文从国内外已有的对半红树植物的定义、分类、分布、分子生物学、育苗造林及其药用价值等方面的研究进行综述,并针对目前半红树植物的研究现状对今后的研究工作提出建议。     

作物的耐盐性及盐水灌溉管理

盐从水分关系、离子毒害、营养和能量平衡等方面影响植物的生长。不同的植物具有不同的耐盐性,同一植物在不同生长期的耐盐性也有差异。有效的灌溉管理是盐水灌溉农业的基础,高频率灌溉有利于缓解由于盐引起的水分亏缺,和对根系带洗盐,同时必须保持植物根系带土壤良好的通透条件。沙地更适合于盐水灌溉,滴灌是最为有效的灌溉方式。灌溉水盐分的增加将导致大多数作物的产量下降,但某些作物品质的改善可在一定程度上补偿产量下降的损失。     

冻融条件下土壤中水盐运移规律模拟研究

冻融作用是土壤盐碱化独特的形成机制,冻融条件下土壤中盐分迁移是水分对流、浓度梯度、温度梯度、不同溶质、土壤结构及质地等因素作用下的综合结果,温度是导致土壤中水分与盐分迁移的驱动力。在土壤冻融过程中,水分和盐分的两次迁移过程构成了特殊的水盐运动规律。在冻融过程中,土壤剖面结构发生变异,形成冻结层、似冻结层和非冻结层。冻结带土水势降低导致水分不断向冻层迁移,冻结缘以下的盐分同步向上运移,整个冻层的土壤含盐量明显增加;在融化过程中,随着地表蒸发逐渐强烈,使冻结过程中累积于冻结层中的盐分,转而向地表强烈聚集,使表层的盐分含量急剧上升。当冻结层未融通之前,尚未融化的冻层起到隔水的作用,不但阻止顶部融水向下层渗透,而且隔断了与下层水的联系。模拟实验结果充分证明了中国北方冻融区域土壤盐碱化的发生过程,为有效防治土壤盐碱化提供了理论依据。     

塔里木河下游地区滴灌沙枣防护林地土壤盐分分布特征

为了研究不同滴灌措施对极端干旱区防护林土壤盐分的淋洗作用,以沙枣（Elaeagnus angustifolia）防护林作为研究对象,对塔里木河下游喀拉米吉绿洲沙枣防护林开展了灌溉与不灌溉、不同滴头距离、不同滴灌年限处理的试验。结果表明：①不灌溉林地土壤盐分含量与流动沙丘相似,流动沙丘土壤盐分分布的空间异质性大于不灌溉林地。滴灌林地土壤含盐量低于不灌溉林地。②1.5 m滴头距离处理与其他处理相比压盐碱效果显著（P<0.01）。1.5 m与3 m滴头距离处理在50 cm土体中含盐量差异达极显著水平（P<0.01）,前者比流动沙丘低30.5%～32.7%、后者比流动沙丘高17.1%～13.3%。与3 m滴头距离处理相比,1.5 m滴头距离处理产生水盐运移的“互作”影响,盐峰下移。③滴灌后的第1、2、3年,林地的土壤盐分分别下降至30 cm、50 cm和70 cm以下,基本对沙枣根系生长没有影响。随着滴灌次数增加,根系生物量逐渐增大,根系附近土壤盐分逐渐减少。滴灌能使防护林的根系分布上移,大部分在10～65 cm土层内,土层越深,林木的根系越少。④灌水季节末期,不同林龄的防护林在120 cm土体的含盐量表现为：1 a林＞2 a林＞6 a林,说明滴灌对林龄大的防护林淋洗效果更为明显;非灌溉季节里,防护林的林龄越大,其土壤盐分表聚现象越明显。     

Effects of salt and alkali stress on Reaumuria soongorica germination

Seed germination and early seedling growth are crucial stages for plant establishment. Two neutral (NaCl and Na₂SO₄) and two alkali (NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃) salts were selected to investigate their effects on germination and recovery responses in Reaumuria soongorica. Results show that both salt types significantly reduced germination and radicle elongation. The rate of germination and emergence of R. soongorica seeds continuously decreased as salinity increased, and the time to achieve maximum germination rate was delayed. The speed of seed germination dropped rapidly as salt concentration increased. Alkaline salts restricted the germination rate of R. soongorica seeds, and stresses resulting from alkaline salts and high concentrations of neutral salts resulted in many deformed seedlings. The length of the radicle and germ decreased with increasing salt concentration, but certain concentrations of salt and increased pH promoted germ growth. The results of regression analysis show that salt concentration was the dominant factor inhibiting R. soongorica seed germination rate. Salinity, buffering capacity, and pH all affected embryo growth, but salinity had the most pronounced effect. Seed viability under highly saline conditions appears to be a better indicator of adaptation to saline environments than seed germination under saline conditions.     

Definition and measurement of salinity in salt lakes

Salinity is the most important chemical attribute of athalassic salt lakes. Even so, some confusion persists of what salinity means and how to measure it. For sal lakes, salinity is best defined as the sum total of all ion concentrations, or total ion concentration. Ideally, it is recommended that salinities be expressed on a mass per mass basis and as ppt (parts per thousand). Direct measurements of salinity can only be derived from full ionic analyses. Indirect measurements can be derived by determinations of density, conductivity, freezing point depression and total dissolved solids or matter.     

Biophysical properties and biomass production of elephant grass under saline conditions

Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) is a new fast-growing alternative forage crop. However, salinity is a major concern for its production in the arid south-western United States. This study was conducted in the arid Imperial Valley of Southern California to evaluate salt tolerance of elephant grass. Salinity treatments were created in field plots irrigated with water possessing an electrical conductivity (EC_iw) of 1·5, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 dS m⁻¹, respectively. Canopy spectral reflectance, temperature, plant height, leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll-SPAD meter readings, and dry weights were measured over time. Results indicated that canopy reflectance in the near-infrared spectral region was reduced incrementally with increasing levels of salt stress. Canopy temperature increased with increasing salinity, especially at longer times after salinity treatment. Plant height and LAI were reduced with increasing salinity. Biomass accumulation was reduced incrementally with increasing salinity. About 50% yield reduction was found when EC_iw increased from 5 to 25 dS m⁻¹. The study shows that elephant grass is sensitive to salt stress, and relatively low salinity must be maintained to achieve a high rate of growth and biomass production.     

黄河三角洲多尺度土壤盐分的空间分异

本文利用多尺度采样数据,探索了两个深度土壤盐分的空间分异,分析了不同尺度、深度土壤盐分的变异系数和空间相关性(结构方差与基台值之比)的变化,揭示了形成这种空间变异的地貌因素,最后利用普通克立格(ordinary kriging)方法对土壤盐分的分布进行了估测。分析发现,研究区土壤盐分的空间变异具有三个尺度。随着采样间隔的增加和区域的扩大,盐分分布空间相关性增强,且下层比上层具有更高的空间相关性。地貌因素(微地貌类型、坡度和高程)均具有较高的空间相关性,当与地貌因素关系密切时,该尺度及深度的土壤盐分空间相关性就大;反之,则小,这时可能主要受具有较小空间相关性其他因子的影响(如人为活动)。最后对合理的土壤采样提出了建议。     

新疆阿勒泰地区不同盐池大型底栖动物的群落结构

 2008年7月～2009年5月,分别于平水期（7月）、枯水期（10月）和丰水期（5月）对新疆阿勒泰地区5个盐池进行了大型底栖动物及相关环境因子的调查,共采集到底栖动物23种,其中水生昆虫18种,软体动物4种,环节动物1种。优势种为羽摇蚊（IV=59.00%）、水蝇幼虫（IV=6.86%）、扁蜷螺（IV=6.67%）、Diplocladius sp.(IV=4.69%）和卵萝卜螺（IV =4.34%）。新疆阿勒泰地区盐池大型底栖动物的平均密度和生物量分别为316.36±117.27 ind/m2和4.09±2.73 g/m2。对大型底栖动物和相关环境因子的CCA分析结果显示,新疆阿勒泰地区盐池大型底栖动物物种分布在很大程度上受到环境因子的影响,种类与环境因子排序轴的相关系数高达0.992和0.990。盐度和电导率是影响大型底栖动物分布的两个主要因子,海拔、pH和温度对大型底栖动物的分布也有一定程度的影响。     

Impact of Irrigation Methods on Soil Salt Content and Their Differences in Whole Cotton Growing Season in Arid Area of Northwest China

Research for changes of soil water and salt is an important content of land sciences and agriculture sciences in arid and semi arid regions. In this paper, sampling in actual agricultural fields, laboratory analysis of soil samples and statistical analysis methods are used to quantitatively analyze soil salinity changes under different irrigation methods throughout the cotton growing season in Shihezi reclamation area. The results show that irrigation methods play an important role in soil salt content in the surface soil (0-20 cm) and sub-deep soil (40-60 cm), followed by deep soil layer (60-100 cm) and root soil layer (20-40 cm). Furrow irrigation yields the maximum soil salt content in deep layer (60-100 cm) or sub-deep layer (40-60 cm) and the maximum salinity occurs in the first half of the cotton growing season (June or earlier). In contrast, drip irrigation yields the maximum soil salinity in the root layer (20-40 cm) or sub-deep (40-60 cm), and this usually appears in the second half growing season (July or after). The ratio of chloride ion to sulfate ion (Cl^-/SO₄^2-) and its change in the soil are on the rise under furrow irrigation, while the value first increased and then decreased with a peak point in June under drip irrigation. This suggests that furrow irrigation may shift the type of soil salinization to chloride ion type moreso than drip irrigation. Potassium and sodium ion contents of the soil show that soil sodium+potassium content will drop after the first rise under furrow irrigation and the value is manifested by fluctuations under drip irrigation. Potassium+sodium content change is relatively more stable in the whole cotton growth period under irrigation methods. The maximum of sodium and potassium content of the soil usually occur in deep soil layer (60-100 cm) or sub-deep soil layer (40-60 cm) in most sample points under furrow irrigation while it is inconsistent in different sample points under drip irrigation. A nonparametric test for paired samples is used to analyze differences of soil salt content under different irrigation methods. This analysis shows that the impact of irrigation on soil salinity is most significant in July, followed by August, June, May, and April in most sample points. The most significant impact of irrigation methods occurs in the surface soil layer (0-20 cm), followed by deep layer (60-100 cm), root layer (20-40 cm) and sub-deep (40-60 cm). These conclusions will be benefitial for mitigation of soil salinization, irrigation and fertilization and sustainable land use.     

Water chemistry and effect of evapotranspiration on chemical sedimentation on the Mkuze River floodplain, South Africa

The Mkuze Wetland System, forming part of the iSimangaliso World Heritage Site, is South Africa’s largest freshwater wetland area and is known to act as a sink for naturally occurring solutes within the landscape. The chemistry of groundwater and porewater samples, collected from two transects on the Mkuze River floodplain, was investigated to identify processes involved in the control of solute concentrations. Results show that solutes in the groundwater become increasingly concentrated under the influence of evapotranspiration, resulting in the saturation, precipitation, and accumulation of less soluble compounds. Trends in porewater chemistry and calculated saturation indices support previously documented mineralogical and sediment geochemical investigations, with CaCO₃ and silica precipitation, and Fe-rich smectite neoformation identified as the major controls on solute concentration. The association of these mineral phases with zones of high salinity suggests that mineral precipitation is an active process on the floodplain which results in the progressive development of salinity, particularly in areas dominated by deep-rooted trees. Similarities between geochemical processes documented in the Okavango Delta (Botswana) and those identified in this study suggest that evapotranspiration-induced chemical sedimentation is an important process in southern African wetlands, which has the potential to influence vegetation distribution, hydrological flows, and local topography.