基于粘滞性声波方程的吸收补偿方法

通常地层介质都是粘滞性的,由于地层的吸收作用,地震波在向下传播过程中能量被衰减,特别是高频能量的衰减,使反射信号频带宽度变窄。为了补偿被吸收的能量,笔者采用粘滞声波方程波场延拓方法进行能量吸收和衰减补偿。首先,从粘滞性波动方程波场延拓函数理论出发,推导了波场延拓函数稳定性条件;其次,对其有效性进行了测试和分析;最后,通过设计数值模型进行正演模拟对比试验,证明了基于粘滞性声波方程的吸收补偿方法能够很好地对粘性介质吸收衰减进行能量补偿,改善处理效果。     

地层吸收对弹性参数的影响和叠前QAVO反演

地震波在粘弹性介质中传播时会发生衰减,地层的吸收必然会对岩石的弹性参数带来影响。由于地层的岩性变化和储层中含有的流体类型的变化,都会使地层对地震波产生不同的吸收作用,因此品质因子中蕴含着丰富的岩性及流体性质等信息。综合利用地层的吸收特征与地层弹性参数来进行储层预测,会更全面、更可靠地识别有效储层,减少多解性。这里从粘弹性介质的本构方程出发,推导了品质因子与波阻抗的近似关系式,讨论了地层吸收对AVO类型以及对弹性阻抗的影响,最后将地层品质因子融入到叠前弹性阻抗反演过程中,实现了地层品质因子与纵横波阻抗的同步反演,在实际应用中取得了明显效果。     

地层衰减数据体的建立

地震波在地层中传播中的一个基本特征是随着地震波传播距离的增大，其高频成分迅速衰减，并由此引起瞬时波形变化。描述岩石对地震波传播的吸收过程需要合理地确定波场中地层的吸收变化规律。本文论述了综合使用实验室测定、声波测井资料、VSP资料及地震资料，建立地层衰减数据体的研究思路与方法，结合实际资料建立了准噶尔盆地西北缘地区地层衰减数据体，给出了该数据体的两个实用实例。结果表明，地层衰减数据对于实际工作具有重要的应用价值。     

谱模拟频谱比法反演品质因子稳定性分析

地震波在粘弹性介质中传播的一个基本特征是能量的衰减及地震波的瞬时波形变化。从广义上说,衰减可分为两类：一类是与地震波传播特性有关的衰减|另一类是反映介质内在属性的地层本征衰减,地层的本征衰减通常用品质因子来度量。反演品质因子的方法有多种,常用的是谱模拟频谱比法。笔者的主要目的是通过模型试算来分析评价该方法在反演品质因子时对干涉和噪声的稳定性,得出有益的结论,用于指导反演计算。     

单程波法地震波衰减特征数值模拟分析

在非均匀粘弹性介质中,地震波衰减研究能够有效揭示地层吸收特性对地震波的影响。这里从单程波方程出发,结合粘弹性介质中的复波数理论,考虑介质的横向变化,采用分步傅立叶波场延拓技术,推导出适用于横向变速介质的带Q地震记录计算公式,最后将此方法应用于四个不同含Q地层模型。试验表明：单程波法计算速度快,波场信息简单清晰,易于深入分析和反演算法的建立。并且,Q值对地震波波形、能量、频率等都产生了较为明显的影响,对实际资料能量补偿、地震资料分辨率的提高,以及利用衰减特征进行储层识别有一定指导价值。     

基于S变换求取地层的品质因子Q值

地层的品质因子Q对衡量地震波传播过程中的能量衰减以及预测油气具有重要意义.生产中最常用的方法是通过频谱比法求品质因子Q值,但是传统的频谱比法面临时窗选取等问题.利用S变换优越的时频分析特性以及与傅里叶谱直接相联系的特性,提取地层上下界面对应的瞬时频谱,然后通过拟合频率与振幅比的关系,得到地层的品质因子Q值.通过数值模拟证明了该方法的有效性.     

粘弹性介质地震波传播特征及反射特征研究

理想弹性介质并不能解决许多复杂的实际问题。在实际介质中,地震波的传播过程存在吸收作用,使地震波能量发生了损耗、频带变窄、相位延迟、频率降低,尤其是高频部份。这种特性可以用传播矢量和衰减矢量来表示,衰减矢量越大,介质的吸收越强。这里通过引入广义平面波、纵横波品质因子以及衰减角,利用应力应变关系和连续性条件,推导了粘弹性介质精确的Zoeppritz方程,并通过求解精确的Zoeppritz方程,分析了粘弹性介质中传播矢量、衰减矢量、纵波反射系数、转换波反射系数与频率、衰减角、入射角、品质因子、速度等物理量之间的关系,详细地了解了粘弹性介质中地震波传播特征及反射特征,为粘弹性介质中储层预测问题的研究提供了理论基础。     

基于小波包的地下洞室群地震响应及其频谱特性研究

基于有限差分数值模拟,在合理选择地震动力分析阻尼参数的条件下,开展白鹤滩水电工程13#机组剖面地下洞群围岩地震响应研究,并结合小波包变换方法从加速度峰值及振动能量角度评价了地震波在岩体中的传播规律及洞室群不同区域地震响应的频谱特征。结果表明：地震波传播过程中强度随高程增加而增加,层间错动带有一定减震作用;小波包分解可以较全面地给出地震响应成分的频率分布;地震波的高频分量在岩体传播过程中逐渐衰减;在地下洞室群附近,岩体地震响应的加速度峰值和振动能量频谱特征以1～3 Hz频段为主,其他频段对岩体地震响应影响较小。     

地震波衰减及补偿方法

地震波在地下介质中传播时,由于地下介质的吸收衰减作用,地震波的部分弹性能量不可逆转的转化为热能而发生耗散,使得地震波的能量发生衰减,相位产生畸变,降低了地震资料的分辨率和信噪比。为了实现对地震波的吸收衰减进行补偿,国内外许多学者在这方面做了大量的研究工作。笔者简单介绍了地震波的衰减机制和影响地震波衰减的主要因素,重点概括了各种地震波衰减补偿的研究方法,如反Q滤波方法、时频分析方法和反Q偏移方法,分析了各种补偿方法的优缺点。最后用黏声波逆时偏移方法对地震波衰减进行了补偿,并预测了地震波衰减补偿研究的发展趋势。     

频谱衰减油气检测在石桥1井区中的应用

地震频谱衰减属性可反映地层吸收性质、岩相和含气性,利用含气层段对地震波高频能量吸收强特点,可较好地预测地层含气层段[1].利用此项技术对车排子周缘的Sq1井区三维白垩系清水河组油藏进行含油气性检测,扩大该地区白垩系油气勘探领域.在此基础上,已发现多个白垩系有利目标.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.