沉积盆地碎屑岩地层孔隙度演化模型分析——以鄂尔多斯盆地延长组为例

碎屑岩地层孔隙度演化特征的研究已经从定性分析向定量化方向发展,掌握了地层孔隙度在地史过程中的演化规律有助于深化油气成藏机理的认识。本文分别以鄂尔多斯盆地镇泾地区延长组8段砂岩和姬塬地区延长组7段泥岩为研究对象,以现今孔隙度特征为切入点,以地史时间为主线,分别建立了适用于砂岩孔隙度和泥岩孔隙度演化的数学模型。砂岩孔隙度演化模型是总体减孔效应和局部增孔效应数学模型的叠加,前者主要受机械压实和化学压实作用的影响,而后者以溶蚀作用为主。泥岩孔隙度是正常压实趋势下孔隙度演化模型与欠压实段孔隙度增量模型的叠加。     

Generation of correlated properties in heterogeneous porous media

The spatial distribution of rock properties in porous media, such as permeability and porosity, often is strongly variable. Therefore, these properties usefully may be considered as a random field. However, this variability is correlated frequently on length scales comparable to geological lengths (for example, scales of sand bodies or facies). To solve various engineering problems (for example, in the oil recovery process) numerical models of a porous medium often are used. A need exists then to understand correlated random fields and to generate them over discretized numerical grids. The paper describes the general mathematical methods required to do this, with one particular method (the nearest neighbor model) described in detail. How parameters of the mathematical model may be related to rock property statistics for the nearest neighbor model is shown. The method is described in detail in one, two, and three dimensions. Examples are given of how model parameters may be determined from real data.     

煤中游离甲烷气含量的模拟试验

煤储层具有大量的裂隙和孔隙,这些孔容为游离气的储集提供了必要条件;而煤中游离气含量对煤层气藏的开发影响较大。通过对不同粒径煤粉的游离气含量模拟试验,实测了不同粒径煤粉在吸附甲烷12 h后排出的气量,并计算出其中吸附气量和游离气量的大小,分析了煤层裂隙和孔隙中游离气的含量。研究认为：煤破碎过程中,煤中裂隙和孔隙的破坏使煤层表面裸露,减少了煤中游离气的储集空间,游离气含量也随之减少;对于不同粒径的煤粉,其游离气含量占总气量的6.3%~17.3%,且煤粉粒径越大,游离气含量越多。     

Multidimensional Nonstationary Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis by Using Neural Net

A multidimensional version of the nonstationary maximum entropy spectral estimation method has been developed. By applying the neural net technique, the estimated maximum entropy spectral density function has more resolution power than the conventional nonstationary periodogram spectral density function. The application of spectral density functions to simulate multidimensional nonstationary random fields is also investigated.     

“三滩”傍河水源地地下水水位降落漏斗区水质演化

本文在1987～2006年兰州断陷盆地典型水源地地下水环境监测资料基础上,通过2007年10月环境地质补充调查采集地下水样品11组、地表水1组,综合分析了断陷盆地地下水集中开采区浅层地下水水化学特征及时空分布规律,以及黄河条带状为补给区的地下水与开采降落漏斗的水质演变关系。根据多年开采过程中地下水水化学成分的变化及影响因素,阐明了水化学组分与地下水位的密切关系;利用开采量水质时空变化对比资料,得出地下水位下降排泄区与傍河区地下水存在的水力联系。依据本次环境地质调查结果和水样实测数据,进一步论证了傍河区地下水受黄河激发补给因素控制的结论。     

河流峡谷区地下水温度异常特征分析

河流峡谷地区特有的地形地貌、地质特征等自然、地质条件使得这些地区的地下水温度场表现出了异常的现象。以金沙江上游溪洛渡水电站峡谷区为例,采用数值模拟、类比和回归等方法对电站峡谷区地下水温度场作了系统的分析,探讨了河流峡谷区地下水温度场异常的机理,实例分析表明:溪洛渡峡谷区地下水温度异常是由于区域循环地下水流经过深部加温后在排泄处表现出来的正常现象,并非活动构造形成的,在该区选址建坝是可行的。     

Triaxial behaviour of transversely isotropic materials: application to sedimentary rocks

Failure and long‐term behaviour of oriented solids are studied. Transversely isotropic materials are considered and a mathematical formulation that respect the material symmetry is developed and applied to model the triaxial behaviour of sedimentary rocks. Two failure criteria and a viscoplastic constitutive model that describe, respectively, triaxial failure and triaxial creep tests are presented and discussed. The application of the developed models to describe the mechanical behaviour of Tournemire shale shows that theoretical predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data. In the present paper, the developed approach is applied to sedimentary rock materials, nevertheless, it can be generalized to any material that exhibits transverse isotropy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bayes约束随机场下坝基溶蚀区随机模拟方法及其影响分析

基于完全随机场模拟溶蚀岩体可能会高估其空间变异性和不能有效地利用溶蚀以外的地质信息和实践经验,提出用Bayes约束参数随机场模型描述坝基溶蚀区的随机模拟方法。引入Bayes公式,对溶蚀区域岩土参数的统计特性进行修正,反映出地质勘测的新增地质信息和试验参数信息,建立约束随机场,并在此基础上进行随机有限元分析,研究坝基溶蚀对大坝结构性态的作用效应。计算结果表明,相对于完全随机场模型,Bayes约束随机场模型更为客观地考虑了溶蚀岩体的空间变异性,有效地降低了溶蚀参数完全随机场下结构响应的模拟方差。在概率分析过程中,推荐蒙特卡洛响应面耦合方法（MC-RSM）作为适用于复杂工程的随机模拟方法,该方法能够代替直接MC法对同样力学机制的不断重复,减小计算时间成本。     

Probabilistic analysis of strip footings resting on a spatially random soil using subset simulation approach

The failure probability of geotechnical structures with spatially varying soil properties is generally computed using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) methodology. This approach is well known to be very time-consuming when dealing with small failure probabilities. One alternative to MCS is the subset simulation approach. This approach was mainly used in the literature in cases where the uncertain parameters are modelled by random variables. In this article, it is employed in the case where the uncertain parameters are modelled by random fields. This is illustrated through the probabilistic analysis at the serviceability limit state (SLS) of a strip footing resting on a soil with a spatially varying Young's modulus. The probabilistic numerical results have shown that the probability of exceeding a tolerable vertical displacement (P _e) calculated by subset simulation is very close to that computed by MCS methodology but with a significant reduction in the number of realisations. A parametric study to investigate the effect of the soil variability (coefficient of variation and the horizontal and vertical autocorrelation lengths of the Young's modulus) on P _e was presented and discussed. Finally, a reliability-based design of strip footings was presented. It allows one to obtain the probabilistic footing breadth for a given soil variability.     

Influence of spatially random soil on lateral thrust and failure surface in earth retaining walls

The present study investigates the influence of spatial variability of soil properties on the lateral thrust and failure surface of a 6?m high frictionless rigid earth retaining wall in active condition. The drained friction angle of the soil is modelled as a log-normal anisotropic random field in two dimensions, using the Cholesky decomposition technique. The effect of horizontal and vertical scale of fluctuation is observed on the lateral thrust. The failure surface in the backfill is found to be more or less similar for different combinations of spatial variability in vertical and horizontal directions. Monte-Carlo simulation technique is used to compute the probability of failure and to obtain the worst-case spatial variability configuration.     

Cokriging法中孔隙度面函数和间隔传播时间面函数的模拟

将密集的地震数据与钻井地球物理测量数据结合可以细致地预测孔隙度的空间分布.对此,Cokriging地质统计逼近法提供了较有效的方法.如何把区域上密集的地震勘探信息与钻井地球物理测量信息有机地联系在一起,是实现Cokriging法的关键问题.本文试图利用区域上已知稀疏井的孔隙度数据与储层中地震波间隔传播时间的空间相互依赖关系,构造特定相关结构的双变量随机过程{φ(r),T(r)},亦即构造孔隙度面函数和储层间隔传播时间面函数,为进一步应用Cokriging法预测孔隙度空间分布奠定基础.     

Conditional random field reliability analysis of a cohesion-frictional slope

Discarding known data from cored samples in the reliability analysis of a slope in spatially variable soils is a waste of site investigation effort. The traditional unconditional random field simulation, which neglects these known data, may overestimate the simulation variance of the underlying random fields of the soil properties. This paper attempts to evaluate the reliability of a slope in spatially variable soils while considering the known data at particular locations. Conditional random fields are simulated based on the Kriging method and the Cholesky decomposition technique to match the known data at measured locations. Subset simulation (SS) is then performed to calculate the probability of slope failure. A hypothetical homogeneous cohesion-frictional slope is taken as an example to investigate its reliability conditioned on several virtual samples. Various parametric studies are performed to explore the effect of different layouts of the virtual samples on the factor of safety (FS), the spatial variation of the critical slip surface and the probability of slope failure. The results suggest that whether the conditional random fields can be accurately simulated depends highly on the ratio of the sample distance and the autocorrelation distance. Better simulation results are obtained with smaller ratios. Additionally, compared with unconditional random field simulations, conditional random field simulations can significantly reduce the simulation variance, which leads to a narrower variation range of the FS and its location and a much lower probability of failure. The results also highlight the great significance of the conditional random field simulation at relatively large autocorrelation distances.     

多个相关随机参数的空间变异性对溶质运移的影响

根据给定渗透系数、孔隙度以及吸附系数的概率分布,采用顺序高斯模拟生成相关的多参数随机场的实现,作为地下水流和溶质运移模型的输入参数,对污染物浓度进行随机分析。研究结果表明,与仅考虑渗透系数空间变异性相比,考虑相关的多参数空间变异性导致污染羽的扩散程度有显著不同。当孔隙度与渗透系数呈正相关关系时,会减少污染羽的扩散程度,反之,当孔隙度与渗透系数为负相关关系时,会加剧污染羽的扩散程度。吸附系数也是如此。在考虑吸附系数的空间变异性之后,污染羽的分布表现出拖尾现象。同时考虑渗透系数、孔隙度以及吸附系数空间变异性时,孔隙度非均质性对溶质运移的影响较吸附系数非均质性的影响更大。     

The random coin method: Solution of the problem of the simulation of a random function in the plane

This paper presents a new geostatistical method to obtain realizations of stationary random functions in the plane.     

基于随机响应面法的边坡系统可靠度分析

提出了一套基于随机响应面法的边坡系统可靠度分析方法。该方法首先从大量潜在滑动面中筛选出代表性滑动面。针对每条代表性滑动面,采用Hermite多项式展开建立其安全系数与土体参数间的非线性显式函数关系（即随机响应面）。然后,采用直接蒙特卡洛模拟计算边坡系统失效概率。在蒙特卡罗模拟中,采用所有代表性滑动面的随机响应面计算每一组样本所对应的边坡最小安全系数。最后,以两个典型多层边坡系统可靠度问题为例验证了该方法的有效性。结果表明：文中提出的边坡系统可靠度分析方法能够有效地识别边坡代表性滑动面,具有较高的计算精度和效率,并且确定代表性滑动面时无需计算滑动面间的相关系数。同时该方法可以有效地计算低失效概率水平的边坡系统可靠度,为含相关非正态参数的边坡系统可靠度问题提供了一条有效的分析途径。此外,多层边坡可能同时存在多条潜在滑动面,基于单一滑动面（如临界确定性滑动面）或者部分代表性滑动面进行边坡系统可靠度分析均会低估边坡失效概率。     

地下水地源热泵系统应用对地温场的影响

通过建立地下水地源热泵系统试验场,运行热泵系统,并进行地下水温度连续监测,分析应用地下水地源热泵系统对地温场的影响。抽水井与回灌井之间以及回灌井附近的地下水温度随系统运行明显变化。系统运行后,回灌水体将以不规则边缘的透镜体贮存于含水层中,以回灌井为中心向外围扩展,水温最低或最高点位于含水层中部。粘性土相对隔水层的温度变化幅度、影响范围均小于含水层。由于热量的累积效应,即使是冷热负荷均衡的热泵系统,运行一个采暖、制冷周期后也将在热源井附近的抽、灌水含水层以及相邻的隔水层中形成冷量或热量的小范围聚积。     

Karhunen-Loeve展开在土性各向异性随机场模拟中的应用研究

研究了Karhunen-Loeve(简称KL)展开在土性参数随机场模拟中的应用,分析了KL展开的特点,针对不规则区域和任意类型协方差函数提出了积分方程的Galerkin数值解法,模拟了土壤渗透系数各向异性随机场。分析结果表明：较低阶Karhunen-Loeve展开能够较好描述随机场的空间结构,与转动带法相比,KL展开法在模拟随机场的各向异性特性方面更具优势;与谱展开法相比,KL展开法具有更优的收敛性。     

计算相关距离的神经网络方法

通过对GRNN网络分析, 导出了网络参数spread与平方指数相关函数参数r0之间的关系, 提出了基于GRNN的计算相关距离和拟合相关曲线的方法。研究表明,在最优spread参数条件下GRNN网络能够较为准确地映射实测土性曲线的变化特征,反映土性空间的相关特征。     

多孔材料等效导热系数与分形维数关系的数值模拟研究

采用有限元方法模拟了多孔材料的导热系数与孔隙率和分形维数之间的非线性关系。有限元模型中的固体骨架和孔隙根据孔隙率的大小随机生成,模型中的材料参数和单元属性用ANSYS中的APDL参数化语言赋值。根据有限元随机模拟断面的热流密度分布和稳态热传导傅立叶定律,计算在不同孔隙率条件下的等效导热系数。研究表明,多孔材料模型等效导热系数随着孔隙的增加而线性减小。在孔隙率为常数的条件下,模型等效导热系数随着模型比例因子的增加而呈指数增加。等效导热系数随着孔隙分形维数的增加而减小,随着固体颗粒分形维数的增加而增加。     

关于土层相关距离计算方法的研究

根据随机场理论,对求解土层相关距离的递推空间法和相关函数法进行比较和探讨,指出两种方法所求得的相关距离值存在偏差的原因,并从理论上证明当样本容量足够大时两种方法的计算结果可以得到统一。对相关函数法作出改进,使其更易于曲线的拟合和参数的确定,最后采用实际工程的勘察测试资料进行了分析计算,验证了由计算公式推导所得的结论在实际工程中也是成立的。