机械钻速与金刚石底出刃、钻进规程参数关系的试验研究

俄罗斯钻探专家提出在金刚石正常钻进条件下,破碎岩屑的数量应与孔底排出岩屑的数量相应,否则,岩屑将会充满孔底部分,形成“岩屑垫”,阻碍岩石破碎,所以设计钻头和选择钻进规程参数时,应该保证破碎岩屑体积与孔底表面、钻头胎体间的体积,即充满孔底的体积相等。在此基础上提出了机械钻速（钻头每转进尺）的计算公式。该公式给出了机械钻速与金刚石底出刃、岩屑排出程度的关系。提出了金刚石正常出刃和非正常出刃的概念,并对正常出刃金刚石钻头和非正常出刃金刚石钻头进行了实验室试验研究和野外生产试验研究,取得了肯定的结果。     

Experimental estimation of the rate of gravitation fractionating of xenocrysts in kimberlite magma at high P-T parameters

This report considers experimental studies of the gravitation fractionating of xenocrysts (diamond, garnet, and olivine) in kimberlite magma at 4.0 GPa and 1400°C. The values obtained (0.6–0.7 m/h for 0.3-mm diamond crystals, 0.36 m/h for garnet grains, and 0.6–0.29 m/h for olivine grains) point to a high rate of xenocryst sinking in the ultralow-viscous kimberlite magma (as high as 1 m/h and more, depending on the densities and grain sizes of minerals). A high rate of xenocryst sinking in kimberlite magma results in the impossibility of preservation of heterogeneity in these melts for a sufficiently long time.     

In situ X-ray observations of the decomposition of brucite and the graphite–diamond conversion in aqueous fluid at high pressure and temperature

 An experimental technique to make real-time observations at high pressure and temperature of the diamond-forming process in candidate material of mantle fluids as a catalyst has been established for the first time. In situ X-ray diffraction experiments using synchrotron radiation have been performed upon a mixture of brucite [Mg(OH)₂] and graphite as starting material. Brucite decomposes into periclase (MgO) and H₂O at 3.6 GPa and 1050 °C while no periclase is formed after the decomposition of brucite at 6.2 GPa and 1150 °C, indicating that the solubility of the MgO component in H₂O greatly increases with increasing pressure. The conversion of graphite to diamond in aqueous fluid has been observed at 7.7 GPa and 1835 °C. Time-dependent X-ray diffraction profiles for this transformation have been successfully obtained. Received: 17 July 2001 / Accepted: 18 February 2002     

Laser-heated diamond anvil cell experiments at high pressure: Melting curve of nickel up to 700 kbar

Laser-heated experiments in a diamond anvil cell have been performed on high pressure melting of nickel up to 700 kbar. The laser heating system consists of diamond anvil cell, Nd:YAG and argon lasers, spectrograph with diode array, computer with software, CCD camera with monitor and optics. Experiments on melting of tungsten, nickel and platinum at 1 bar outside the diamond anvil cell and melting of nickel below 80 kbar in the cell were carried out to check the system for pressure and temperature measurements. The results show that for solid pressure medium the uncertainties in measurements of pressure at the experimental spot vary between ±5 kbar at 100 kbar and ±25 kbar at 660 kbar. Spectroradiometrically determined temperature is reliable within ±70 K. Melting was detected in situ by visual observation. The melting point of nickel at 660 kbar has been found to be 2557 ±66 K.     

Kaolinite transformation in high molar KOH solutions

Experiments measuring kaolinite dissolution and recrystallisation rates in KOH solutions were carried out using a batch reactor at 35° and 80°C. An untreated, sized kaolinite from St. Austell was used. No potential catalysts or inhibitors were present in solution. Each reactor was charged with 1 g of kaolinite of the ≤2 μm fraction and 80, 160, 240 ml of 0.1–4 m KOH solution. In these experiments the solution composition and mineralogy were monitored as a function of time for up to one year. A dissolution dominant stage was followed by a precipitation dominant period. The dissolution is not linear as a function of time but linear as a function of (log) time. This apparent relationship is explained by an affinity effect (approach to equilibrium).Under these high pH conditions, the sequence of reaction products observed is: illite, followed by KI-zeolite, phillipsite and finally by the stable product K-feldspar precipitation. The point in time at which crystallisation controls the concentration of Al and Si in solution and the persistence of the various metastable phases is temperature dependent.Concerning the stability of clay barriers in an alkaline solution context, low temperatures allow more material to enter solution before the crystallisation of metastable phases controls the solution composition. Also at low temperatures the dissolution phase continues for longer periods of time. Hence, low temperatures favour an actively aggressive solution (dissolving clays).     

Modeling the thermodynamic parameters of six endmember garnets at ambient and high pressures from vibrational data

Raman and infrared spectroscopic data at ambient and high pressures were used to compute the lattice contribution to the heat capacities and entropies of six endmember garnets: pyrope, almandine, spessartine, grossular, andradite and uvarovite. Electronic, configurational and magnetic contributions are obtained from comparing available calorimetric data to the computed lattice contributions. For garnets with entropy in excess of the computed lattice contribution, the overwhelming majority is found in the subambient temperature regime. At room temperature, the non-lattice entropy is approximately 11.5 J/mol-K for pyrope, 49 J/mol-K for almandine, and 19 J/mol-K for andradite. The non-lattice entropy for pyrope and some for almandine cannot be accounted for by magnetic or electronic contributions and is likely to be configurational in nature. Estimates of low temperature non-lattice entropies for both spessartine and uvarovite are made in absence of calorimetric measurements and are based on low temperature calorimetry of other minerals containing the Mn²⁺ and Cr³⁺ cations as well as on solid solution garnets containing these cations. The estimate for uvarovite non-lattice entropy is approximately 18 J/mol-K, while for spessartine, approximately 45 J/mol-K. Neither of these cations is expected to provide electronic contributions to the entropy. For both iron-bearing garnets, a small electronic or magnetic entropy contribution continues above ambient temperatures. High pressure data on pyrope, grossular and andradite permit calculation of the thermodynamic parameters at high pressures, which are important for computation of processes in the Earth’s mantle. Thermal expansion coefficients of these materials were found to be 1.6, 1.5, 1.6×10⁻⁵ K⁻¹ at 298 K, respectively, using a Maxwell relation. These closely match the literature values at ambient conditions.     

金刚石钻进岩石破碎过程及其与规程参数关系的研究

金刚石钻进是我国的一种主要钻进方法,在地质勘探和油气井钻进中得到了广泛应用。为了提高其技术经济指标,研究金刚石钻进时岩石的应力变形状态、岩石破碎过程及其与规程参数的关系很有必要。俄罗斯钻探工作者在金刚石钻进岩石破碎方面做了大量的试验研究工作,研究了钻进速度与规程参数的优化关系,提出了临界规程参数组合的概念,推荐了保证正常钻进、防止钻头非正常磨损等的措施。值得我国同行们参考。     

Development of density measurement for metals at high pressures and high temperatures using X-ray absorption imaging combined with externally heated diamond anvil cell

A technique for density measurement under high pressure and high temperature was developed using the X-ray absorption imaging method combined with an externally heated diamond anvil cell. The densities of solid and liquid In were measured in the pressure and temperature ranges of 3.2–18.6 GPa and 294–719 K. The densities obtained through the X-ray absorption imaging method were in good agreement (less than 2.0% difference) with those obtained through X-ray diffraction. Based on the measured density, the isothermal bulk modulus of solid In is determined as 48.0 ± 1.1?40.9 ± 0.8 GPa at 500 K, assuming K′ = 4 to 6. The compression curve of liquid In approaches that of solid In at higher pressures and does not cross over the solid compression curve in the measurement range. The present technique enables us to determine the densities of both solids and liquids precisely in a wide pressure and temperature range.     

塔里木盆地岩石高温高压下波速的实验研究及其地质意义

给出了塔里木盆地多种岩石样品在高温高压下弹性波纵波波速(Vp)的实验室测量结果。在最大压力为2 GPa,常温下样品的Vp范围从6．007-6．803 km·s-1时,最大值为安山质火山碎屑岩;当温度为600℃,Vp范围从 5．871-6．658 km·s-1时,其最大值是安山岩。结合地震转换波速度结构等资料,分析认为塔里木盆地地壳结构在大部分地区可三分:上地壳为花岗质变质岩为主;中地壳以花岗闪长岩为特征;下地壳是以安山玄武质成分为特征的岩层。     

金刚石原生矿床类型及安徽省金刚石找矿前景分析

本文对具有经济的金伯利岩和金云火山岩金刚石原生矿两大类型模式特征和产出的构造部位进行了研究.在此基础上,对我省金刚石成矿构造条件进行了分析,并阐述了我省寻找金伯利岩和金云火山岩两大类型金刚石原生矿有利地区.     

Study on the strength of frozen clay at high confining pressure

An extensive test program was conducted on East China deep clay to investigate mechanical behavior in the process of axial compression and triaxial compression. In addition, the effect of negative temperature and confining pressure on the strength of frozen clay was analyzed. It is concluded that the stress-strain curves at high confining pressure belong to the strain hardening type and its strength almost corresponds to confining pressure in the range of tested confined stress. With respect to temperature, the strength increases when the temperature decreases. __________ Translated from Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2007, 29(4): 636–639 [译自: 冰川冻土]     

石英高压相变研究进展

文中总结了前人有关石英高温高压相变的实验结果。根据以前的实验,在静水压条件下,石英-柯石英-斯石英-CaCl2结构超斯石英相-α-PbO2结构超斯石英相之间的相变方程分别是:p(GPa)=(2.11±0.03)+(9.8×10-4±1.2×10-4)×T(℃),p(GPa)=(8.0±0.2)+(1.1×10-3±3×10-4)×T(℃),p(GPa)=(51±2)+(0.012±0.005)×T(K),p(GPa)=98+(0.0095±0.0016)×T(K)。文中还初步探讨了非静水压状态对石英相变的影响。实验结果表明,差应力的出现降低了石英相变所需要的围压,即相变边界向低压方向偏移,在周永胜等人实验数据的基础上,笔者尝试将二维的相图扩展到三维相图以考虑差应力的影响。最后讨论了石英相变在地学研究中的作用,对比不同的观点分析了前人对超高压变质作用过程的解释,希望可以为以后解释地质资料提供较为广泛的可能性,促进我们对地球内部动力学过程的了解。     

Sites of the N1 nitrogen paramagnetic centers in natural diamond crystals: Dissymmetrization of the structure as a result of plastic deformation

Using the method of EPR spectroscopy, it is shown that the N1 nitrogen centers (N–C–N⁺) are unevenly distributed over possible sites in natural brown crystals of plastically deformed diamonds. The influence of deformational dissymmetrization of the structure on the anisotropy of some physical properties of natural diamonds is discussed.     

高温下TiO2的相转变动力学及后期颗粒生长研究

利用原位高温XRD方法测量了锐钛矿相TiO2在不同温度下(850、863、875、888、900℃)时间与转化率之间的关系,证实锐钛矿-金红石相转变为一级反应。计算的相转变活化能为432.788±25.657 kJ/mol,指前因子为4.847 454×1015 s-1。利用ESEM观察了样品在相转变完成后,经历不同温度(888、900、930、960、1 000℃)相同烧结时间(10 h),和相同温度(1 000℃)不同烧结时间(0、5、10、15、20 h)下颗粒晶型变化和颗粒长大情况。在1 000℃以下时,温度对颗粒粒度的影响并不明显,并且不出现完好的晶型。1 000℃时,随着时间的延长,颗粒粒度不断增大,并在10 h以后出现完好晶型。根据lnDt(Dt为t时间下颗粒的平均粒度)和lnt的关系图,认为颗粒生长应经过两个不同时期。     

黄河某高拱坝岩体力学参数的选取

在对比国内外各种选取岩体力学参数方法的基础上,对黄河某高拱坝坝址区主要岩层中生代二长岩和三叠系变质砂岩采用现场原位试验和数据统计方法获取岩体力学参数。用刚性圆形承压板法进行岩体变形试验,建立了岩体纵波波速与变形模量的拟合关系,用最小二乘回归法处理变形数据。用平推法直剪试验进行岩体抗剪断强度试验,用 - 点群中心法处理直剪试验数据。软弱带取样后进行室内断层泥物理力学性质试验,运用岩土工程勘察规范中参数统计经验公式来获得各软弱带的抗剪参数。点群法求得的各抗剪指标总体上与原位试验得到的结果相一致,证明该法可用于岩体力学参数选取。     

Mineralogy and PT formation conditions of lead-zinc ore at the Dzhimidon deposit, north Ossetia

The mineralogy and PT formation conditions of the Dzhimidon Pb-Zn deposit in the Sadon ore district are considered. The deposit is localized in metamorphic rocks of the Buron Formation, which pertain to the pre-Jurassic basement (lower structural stage) and are cut through by Upper Paleozoic granitoids, and in the Lower Jurassic terrigenous sequence (upper structural stage). Orebodies as quartz-sulfide veins are mainly hosted in the metamorphic rocks. Galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, and arsenopyrite are the most abundant sulfides, while quartz, carbonates, chlorite, sericite, and feldspar are gangue minerals. The bismuth mineralization identified at this deposit for the first time is represented by diverse phases of the Ag-Pb-Bi-S system. Five stages of the ore deposit formation are recognized: a premineral stage (quartz-feldspar), three ore-bearing stages (pyrite-arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite-sphalerite, and arsenopyrite-sphalerite-galena), and a postmineral stage (quartz-calcite); each stage comprises one or several mineral assemblages. The study of fluid inclusions in quartz, calcite, and sphalerite of the premineral, ore-forming, and postmineral stages has shown that the ore was deposited mainly from Na chloride solution with a salinity varying from >22 to <1.0 wt % NaCl equiv at a temperature from 460 to ～120°C and 430–290 bars pressure. The third stage was characterized by an abrupt increase in temperature and by the appearance of Mg(Fe,Ca) chloride solutions equally with Na chloride fluids, presumably owing to the emplacement of granite porphyry.     

Physicochemical parameters of the material of mantle plumes: Evidence from the thermodynamic analysis of mineral inclusions in sublithospheric diamond

Thermodynamic analysis of equilibria involving minerals of the lower mantle of pyrolite composition and crystalline carbon-bearing compounds indicates that the range of oxygen fugacity values at which diamond can be formed is separated from the region in which Fe-rich metallic alloy is generated by a field in which Fe carbides are stable. This implies that diamond can be formed in the lower mantle under more oxidizing conditions than those thought to be dominant in this geosphere. The absence of a metallic phase from the lower-mantle diamond-bearing mineral assemblage is consistent with the high (approximately 1%) Ni concentration in the ferropericlase found as inclusions in diamonds (Fe-rich metallic alloy is able to intensely extract Ni). An elevated redox potential also follows from the occurrence of carbonate phases found among mineral inclusions in lower-mantle diamonds. The main reason for a local increase in oxygen fugacity in the lower mantle may be shifts of redox equilibria toward a decrease in the amount, and then the disappearance of the Fe-Ni alloy with increasing temperature. An important role in the formation of diamond may be played by the generation of carbonate-phosphate and silicate melts in high-temperature zones and the migration of these melts and their interaction with wall rocks.