植被覆盖区卫星高光谱遥感岩性分类

植被高覆盖区岩石和土壤在遥感图像上表现为弱信息、小目标,如何利用卫星高光谱遥感提取岩性弱信息是目前遥感地质应用中的最大挑战之一。以黑龙江呼玛地区为例,选择美国EO-1卫星Hyperion高光谱数据。由于植被与下伏岩石-土壤的光谱混合,分别计算研究区含土壤因子和不含土壤因子的植被指数,并对两类不同的植被指数进行主成分分析,以此分离植被和岩石-土壤组分。在含土壤因子植被指数主成分分析的二维组分散点图上,明显区分出背景植被与异常岩石-土壤组分,证实了植被与岩石-土壤组分经主成分分析分离的效果。同时在不添加土壤因子植被指数的分析中,明显区分出植被覆盖信息。通过对实验区典型岩石进行野外光谱测试,然后对光谱进行连续统去除处理,将其作为参考光谱,与分离后的岩石-土壤光谱进行光谱特征拟合（SFF）,从而成功地识别出研究区内不同岩石类型,特别是玄武岩、流纹岩、砂砾岩、安山质凝灰岩、大理岩和石英片岩识别效果较好。根据研究区内不同岩石地层单元内岩石组合特征,通过分离后的组分合成图像,成功地实现了岩性分类。与已知地质图叠加,证实通过卫星高光谱数据提取的不同岩石类型颜色边界与地质图岩性界线吻合较好。结果表明：通过植被与岩石-土壤光谱组分分离,结合高光谱遥感的光谱特征拟合,能够识别不同的岩石类型,实现植被覆盖区岩性分类。     

贵阳盆地不同岩层上的土质和植被特征——以贵阳盆地黔灵公园为例

贵阳盆地是岩溶山区生态系统保护完好的典型地区，尤其以黔灵公园最具有代表性，植被的生长发育与地形地貌、水文条件、地层岩性及其岩层上的土壤特征有密切联系。文章以贵阳盆地黔灵公园碳酸岩盐系不同岩石上覆盖的土质和植被特征为研究对象。选择了具有代表性的岩层和土层剖面进行了野外调查和取样室内分析，并对不同土层上的植被进行定量调查研究、     

淮北市岩溶地下水库开发利用技术研究

就兴建淮北市岩溶地下水库有关水文地质条件、土壤植被、地层岩性及地质构造、地下水坝类型和地下水库总库容、可调蓄库容及其可供水量、地下水库经济效益等进行研究;对其建设的经济效益与生态环境影响进行分析评价;最后得出,淮北市无论从水地质条件、土壤植被条件及经济与财务分析评价条件来看,都具备兴建地下水库的可行性。     

地层岩性对植物群落分布特征的影响

地层岩性是生态地质环境条件的重要组成部分,查明不同岩性对生长在其上植物群落的影响,对生态保护和生态修复具有重要意义。以江西赣州市相同地貌条件和气候条件下的岩石、土壤、植物群落为研究对象,通过对植被和土壤开展全面调查与采样分析,探索了岩石-土壤-植物群落间的对应关系。分析了不同成土母岩衍生的土壤在粒度组成、化学成分、物理性质等方面的特征,揭示了地质背景条件与植物群落分布的关系。结果表明: ①成土母岩岩性、土壤质地、土壤pH值、土壤养分、土壤中主量和微量元素含量的差异是影响植物群落分布的重要因素; ②研究区各岩性区的土壤养分含量从高到低为变余杂砂岩区土壤>粉砂岩区土壤>砂砾岩区土壤>长石石英砂岩区土壤>花岗岩区土壤。     

宁东煤矿区地裂缝对植被生态环境的影响

地裂缝地质灾害是植被生态地质环境破坏的一种重要的方式,查明地裂缝对植被生态环境影响的方式、程度、范围等对于宁东煤矿区植被生态环境保护具有重要意义。土壤水分是评价地裂缝是否影响植被生态的重要指标,地裂缝的存在加剧了植被赖以生存的土壤水分的散失,因此,选取典型植被区、土壤岩性结构区的煤矿采空区开展原位试验,分别动态监测裂缝边缘、远离裂缝区包气带剖面不同埋深的土壤水分,结合气象要素分析,以达到研究地裂缝对植被生态环境影响的目的。结果表明:(1)土壤水分散失空间上水分优先自裂缝裸露面散失,其次才会自地表散失;(2)土壤水分散失时间呈动态变化,同气温呈正相关关系,其中,7月最大,呈现2个蒸发面,8月次之,呈现1个蒸发面;(3)受土壤岩性的影响,随着土壤埋深增加,土壤含水率呈"S"形变化特征,不同岩性持水性大小顺序是:风积沙黄土根植土粉土;该结论对于宁东煤矿区植被生态地质环境保护具有重要指导意义。     

应用多源数据提取高植被覆盖地区岩性信息——以湖南黔阳地区为例

在植被稠密覆盖区,野外岩性、地层可见度很低,已成为地质调查和找矿的瓶颈。长期以来,遥感界一直在孜孜不倦地探索应用廉价多光谱TM数据在这些地区进行区域地质填图和开展找矿方法的研究。本研究选择湘西贫困山区作为实验区,首先从植物微量元素的生理功能入手,找出不同植被微量元素与光谱响应之间的关系,然后综合利用区域岩石地球化学数据、土壤地球化学数据、植被叶片成像光谱数据和生化成份分析数据等,建立成份、光谱与波段的关联进行合适的TM影像波段选择,最后应用遥感数据弱信息提取方法(MPH技术)对植被覆盖区进行快速的大面积岩性划分和异常信息提取,取得较好的地质填图和找矿效果。     

喀斯特小流域土壤石砾分布特征及其影响因素

为探究喀斯特土壤石砾含量的影响因素、形成机制及其分布规律,采集了3 180个土壤样品,分析后寨河流域不同影响因素下土壤石砾含量的分布规律,并利用相关性分析得出了影响后寨河流域土壤石砾含量的主要影响因子。结果表明,坡度、岩性、土层厚度和植被类型是影响土壤石砾含量分布的主要影响因素,其中坡度对喀斯特地区土壤石砾含量的分布特征影响作用最大。在不同坡度条件下,土壤石砾含量的分布规律为:坡度<30°时随坡度增加,土壤石砾含量增大。坡度>30°时随坡度增加,土壤石砾含量减小。不同土层厚度下,土壤石砾含量分布规律为:随土层厚度增加,土壤中石砾含量减少。植被类型不同,土壤石砾含量大小排序为:灌木>草本>乔木。不同岩性发育形成土壤,土壤石砾含量大小排序为:白云岩>石灰岩>泥灰岩>第四纪黄粘土>砂页岩。喀斯特地区岩性决定风化成土速率和土壤石砾总量,是土壤石砾含量的物质来源基础。坡度是促进土壤石砾含量迁移、再分配的驱动因素,植被类型和土层厚度是影响土壤石砾含量的响应因素。      

青海木里三露天天然气水合物钻孔岩性测井识别

三露天井田具有断层发育、地层缺失和重复明显、岩性种类较多等特点,岩性识别难度较大。为此,专门利用测井资料对三露天井田地层岩性进行了岩性识别研究。通过对14个天然气水合物钻孔不同岩性的测井响应特征分析,优选了自然伽马、中子和密度测井作为岩性识别敏感参数,并采用交会图技术制作了岩性识别图版,建立岩性划分标准,对三露天井田地层岩性进行识别与划分。利用测井资料能够识别7种主要岩性,包括砂岩、粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩、泥岩、油页岩和煤等。根据岩性测井识别结果,三露天井田岩性分布特征在横向上表现为东部砂岩物性好,西部地区泥岩较为发育;纵向上表现为木里组地层砂泥比为4.48,含有煤层204.5 m;江仓组地层砂泥比为0.84,泥岩和油页岩较为发育,更有利于水合物赋存。测井岩性识别结果为寻找三露天井田天然气水合物有利储层奠定了基础。     

地质环境与地方病

分析了地质环境中地形地貌、地质构造、地层岩性、土壤及水文地质条件与地方病分布之间的关系,探讨了地质环境中地形地貌、地质构造、地层岩性、土壤及水文地质条件与地方病发病之间的联系,为防治地方病提供了一定的环境地质依据。     

九寨沟县大骨节病分布特征

大骨节病是四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州东北部九寨沟县的主要地方病病种,不仅残害当地群众的身体健康,还是制约当地经济社会发展的因素之一。大骨节病在九寨沟县的分布与地形地貌、地层岩性、土壤植被及流域状况等有一定的关系。通过对九寨沟县大骨节病的分布特征及其与地质环境的关系阐述,可为大骨节病病因的研究提供一定的参考。     

Salt Marshes on Substrate Enriched in Organic Matter: The Case of Ombrogenic Atlantic Salt Marshes

Ombrogenic Atlantic salt marshes are defined as areas of halophytic, terrestrial vegetation which are periodically flooded by the tide and have a predominant underlying organic substrate comprising of wood and/or Sphagnum peat that formed under freshwater conditions. The objective of this study was to determine to what extent salt marsh plant ecology and, specifically, vegetation composition and zonation relate to this underlying substrate of organic matter (peat). A vegetation survey was carried out on nine salt marshes, three on peat substrate and two on sand, mud and sand/mud, respectively. In parallel, key edaphic variables were measured including pH, conductivity, organic content, moisture content and nutrients: ammonium, nitrate and phosphorus. Salt marshes on peat substrate are distinct. Ammonium content was twice the maximum reported in other salt marsh studies, while the vegetation composition of salt marshes on peat substrate was significantly different from that of other salt marshes. Salt marshes on peat substrate were found to be higher in species diversity and richness and characterised by a predominantly forb and rush community. However, some common salt marsh species, such as Atriplex portulacoides and Spartina anglica were absent from salt marshes on peat. Ordination analysis revealed that zonation was primarily associated with conductivity on peat substrates. In contrast, moisture plays a greater role in zonation within non-peat salt marshes. The findings confirm that the high organic matter content of ombrogenic Atlantic salt marshes is associated with distinct vegetation composition.     

鄂尔多斯高原毛乌素沙地湖盆周缘植被与地下水关系研究

受气候变化和人类活动的两重影响,鄂尔多斯高原湖泊呈现不同程度的萎缩趋势,对本区的生态环境产生重大影响。在鄂尔多斯高原毛乌素沙漠腹地选择有代表性湖泊—布寨淖尔湖为研究区,在野外调查的基础上,选取典型剖面详细研究优势植被与地下水的关系,系统总结湖盆周缘地形地貌、包气带岩性结构、地下水水位埋深、水化学特征与植物类型和植被种群的关系,分析影响植被生态的主要因素,揭示湖盆周缘生态水文地质分带规律,划分4个生态水文地质区,提出湖盆周缘优势植被沙蒿(Artemisia)、沙柳(Salix psammophila)和苔草(Carex)的适生地下水位埋深。     

A controversy between recreation and ecosystem protection in the sand dune areas on Karmøy,Southwestern Norway

The vegetation of the sand dune areas on Karmøy, SW Norway has been investigated, and a survey of the recent plant communities and their distribution is given. The interpretation of the main successional pathways today is used to draw a sketch of the original vegetation and its zonation on the beach. The role of man in the cyclic changes in the vegetation is discussed, and a model for the degree of stress discharged upon the various parts of the sand dune ecosystem is presented.The various needs of the apparently conflicting interests of nature preservation and recreation is discussed. By means of so-called conflict lines, a final listof the areas secured for ecosystem protection and recreation, respectively, is drawn.     

降雨型滑坡危险性区划方法

降雨诱发的滑坡等地质灾害分布广、危害大,开展地质灾害危险性区划是减轻地质灾害损失的有效途径之一。以湖南省为例,根据地质灾害调查成果,选取3 412处滑坡,分析了区域降雨型滑坡的发育特点和分布规律,建立了危险性区划指标体系,利用不确定性推理中的确定性系数法,对滑坡与工程地质岩组、坡度、坡向、植被和年均降水量5个评价因子进行了相关性分析,建立了Logistic多元回归模型;采用不规则网格单元划分方法,形成了湖南省滑坡灾害危险性区划图。     

西西伯利亚东南部早凡兰吟期孢粉地层学,古环境和植被再造

分析了西西伯利亚东南地区的下凡兰吟阶的两个剖面的陆相孢粉型化石的分布。依据西伯利亚北部已经定年的剖面中动物群建立起来的孢粉组合的对比,确定了孢粉标志层的定义,并与北方区的菊石带相对应的孢粉组合进行了对比。这一工作为早凡兰吟期与气候变化息息相关的植被和景观的短期变化以及周边古盆地变迁的重建,提供了地层依据。欧亚大陆中部和东部地区凡兰吟期孢粉组合的横向对比显示:西西伯利亚东南地区的植被具有印度欧洲和西伯利亚加拿大两大古植物地理区的过渡性质,显有这两区的典型特征。     

Plio-Pleistocene correlations between the northwestern Mediterranean region and northwestern Europe according to recent biostratigraphic and palaeoclimatic data

During the Last Glacial, a very open vegetation existed over western Europe, the tundra-like vegetation in The Netherlands evolving into a stcppic-like vegetation towards the Mediterranean. This model was used to analyse the correlation of the Praetiglian (dated from 2.3 to 2.1 million years ago) in northern Europe with the earliest steppic phase in the Mediterranean region. On this basis, stratigraphic relationships between these two areas are postulated for the whole Pliocene and the Early Pleistocene in terms of the vcgctational changes related to the climatic fluctuations. For the first time, correlation has been shown between the palynostratigraphy of northern Europe and the Late Neogcnc marine stratigraphy of the Mediterranean region; moreover, chronological confirmation is supplied by the mammal zonation. the evolution of stratiotes, palaeomagnetic measurements, and K/Ar dates. The conventional Plio-Pleistocenc boundary occurs during the first interglacial (Tiglian) of northern Europe.     

Landslide Hazard and Risk Assessment on the Northern Slope of Mt. Changbai, China

Landslide hazard and risk assessment on the northern slope of Mt. Changbai, a well-known tourist attraction near the North Korean-Chinese border, are assessed. This study is divided into two parts, namely, landslide hazard zonation and risk assessment. The 1992 Anbalagan and Singh method of landslide hazard zonation （LHZ） was modified and used in this area. In this way, an Associative Analysis Method was used in representative areas to get a measure for controlling factors （slope gradient, relative relief, vegetation, geology, discontinuity development, weak layer thickness and ground water）. For the membership degree of factor to slope failure, the middle range of limited values was used to calculate LHZ. Based on an estimation of the potential damage from slope failure, a reasonable risk assessment map was obtained using the relationship of potential damage and probable hazard to aid future planning and prediction and to avert loss of life.     

Zonation of flora and vegetation of the Northern declivity of the Karakoram/Kunlun mountains (SW Xinjiang China)

Botanical results of the “Sino-German Joint Expedition to K2, 1986” are presented with remarks on vegetation of SW Kashgaria, the W Kunlun Shan and the N declivity of the central Karakoram mountains. The vertical and horizontal zonation of the vegetation and flora of a cross-section of the Karakoram/Kunlun N declivity from the edge of the Tarim basin to the summit-pyramid of K2 is outlined. The transect covers altitudes between c. 1300 and 5200 m. Altitudinal vegetation belts distinguished along the transect, their extension, and characteristic species are: An annotated list of 301 species collected (1 Charophyta, 2 Pteridophyta, 6 Gymnospermae, 292 Angiospermae) is given. Floristical and vegetation features of the Karakoram/Kunlun N declivity are discussed in connection with environmental factors and their variation, and in relation to pleistocene glaciation.     

Effects of Lateral Variation in Vegetation and Basin ‘Dome’ Shape on Tropical Lowland Peat Stabilisation in the Kota Samarahan-Asajaya Area, West Sarawak, Malaysia

Field surveys indicate lateral variation in peat humification levels （von Post） in dominantly occurring fibric,fibric to hemic,sapric and hemie to sapric peats across a gradient from the margin towards the centre of tropical lowland peat domes.Cement-peat stabilisation can be enhanced by adding mineral soil fillers （silt,clays and fine sands） obtained from Quaternary floodplain deposits and residual soil （weathered schist）.The unconfined compressive strength （UCS） of the stabilised cement-mineral soil fifler-peat mix increases with the increased addition of selected mineral soil filler.Lateral variation in the stabilised peat strength （UCS） in the top 0 to 0.5 m layer was found from the margin towards the centre of the tropical lowland peat dome.The variations in the UCS of stabilised tropical lowland peats along a gradient from the periphery towards the centre of the peat dome are most likely caused by a combination of factors due to variations in the mineral soil or ash content of the peat and horizontal zonation or lateral variation in the dominant species of the plant assemblages （due to successive vegetation zonation of the peat swamp forest from the periphery towards the centre of the tropical lowland peat dome）.