新疆罗布泊地区水硝碱镁矾和钠硝矾的矿物学研究

本文报道了我国新发现的两个硝酸盐-硫酸盐复盐矿物——水硝碱镁矾和钠硝矾。水硝碱镁矾呈假四方双锥状,属三方晶系,解理{0001}完全,一轴负晶,折光率为ω=1.474,ε=1.436:晶胞参数α=1.0894nm,c=2.4396nm,粉晶图的强衍射线为:2.813(100),8.096(19)1.991(18),3.391(10),2.199(8),8.751(8)。钠硝矾为板状,板柱状,解理{010}完全,{100}不完全。聚片双晶平行(100),二轴负晶,折光率为:α=1.487,β=1.481,γ=1.391;-2V=28°。矿物属单斜晶系,晶胞参数为:α=1.0565nm,b=0.6922nm,c=0.5194nm。粉晶图的强衍射线为:10.3(100),3.46(35),2.594(30),2.871(30),2.856(30),4.13(20)。文中还列出了两矿物的差热和红外吸收光谱等资料。     

国内首次发现的束磷钙铀矿的矿物学特征

国内首次发现的粤北下庄铀矿田竹筒尖矿床产出的束磷钙铀矿,在空间上与微晶石英和变钙铀云母紧密共生。该矿物多为纤维状、束状和放射状集合体;亮黄色,玻璃光泽,透明;条痕为浅黄色,摩氏硬度约为3;其具有一组平行于{010}的完全解理及平行于{100}和{001}的两组解理,贝壳状断口呈油脂光泽;单偏光下,该矿物为淡黄色;正交偏光下,具有鲜艳的高级干涉色。光性特征为对称消光,二轴晶负光性,正延性。电子探针分析显示,矿物主要由U、P、Ca这3种元素组成,其平均含量分别为UO368.64%、P2O511.70%、CaO 9.21%和杂质0.28%,另有H2O9.25%,总量99.26%。按O=16计算的经验化学式可写为(Ca2.02,K0.05,Mg0.01)2.08(UO2,TiO2,PbO)2.97O1.97(PO4)2.03·6.32 H2O。X射线粉晶衍射分析表明,该矿物属于正交晶系,空间群为Pbca,晶胞参数:a=1.742 3(5)nm,b=1.603 2(4)nm,c=1.359 9(2)nm;α=β=γ=90°,V=3.798 64 nm3;强衍射线有7.994和4.003等。矿物的红外吸收光谱强峰主要为3 427.10、1 622.05、1 062.62、973.26和890.91 cm-1等。上述特征与已知的束磷钙铀矿极其类似。     

大洋多金属结核中几种常见锰矿相的特征及其相关性

大洋多金属结核中的1 nm锰矿相常以陆上钡镁锰矿命名,但两者在晶体结构等方面有很大的差别,并不属同一种矿物,1 nm锰矿相与人工合成的布塞尔矿却有更多的相似性。1 nm锰矿相会因干燥失水而相变成0.7 nm锰矿相,因此结核中的大多数0.7 nm锰矿相很可能不是原生矿物,而仅仅是1 nm锰矿相的相变产物。水羟锰矿和1 nm锰矿相是多金属结核中最主要的两种锰矿物,它们两者均有0.24 nm和0.14 nm这两条特征X射线衍射峰,因此在对结核进行锰矿物相的鉴定中要注意把它们区分开。     

大洋多金属结核中1nm锰矿相的相变及其主要控制因素研究

多金属结核样品在室温中放置或加热干燥后 ,其中的 1nm锰矿相会部分或全部地相变为 0 7nm锰矿相 ,这说明 0 7nm锰矿相可能不是多金属结核的原生锰矿相 ,而仅仅是 1nm锰矿相的相变产物。研究结果表明 :1nm锰矿相结构中的Cu2 + 、Co2 + 、Ni2 + 等金属阳离子的含量与其结构稳定性有正相关关系 ,即金属离子含量越高 ,其结构越稳定 ,1nm锰矿相越不易相变为 0 7nm锰矿相 ,反之亦然 ;另外 ,不同金属阳离子稳定 1nm锰矿相结构的能力也不同 ,结核中几种主要金属阳离子对 1nm锰矿相结构的稳定能力从大到小为 :Ni2 + >Cu2 + >Co2 + >Zn2 + >Ca2 + =Mg2 + 。     

祁连山石—一种新的硼碳酸盐矿物

作者在鉴定青海省居红图硼矿床的矿物标本时发现了祁连山石,经系统测试确定为一种含硼的碳酸盐新矿物,并经国际新矿物及矿物命名委员会批准,现予以报道。祁连山石呈无色透明的板状或柱状晶体,多以集合体产出。矿物具玻璃光泽,硬度约等于2,D=1.706。{100}和{010}解理完全。矿物的化学分子式为NaHCO_3·H_3BO_3·2H_2O。该矿物属单斜晶系,空间群为C2。晶胞常数:a=1.6119 (8),b=0.6928 (4),c=0.6730 (3) nm;β=100.46(4)°,V=0.7390nm~3,Z=4。二轴晶(-),a=1.351(计算值),β=1.459,γ=1.486,2V=50°,光性方位x=b,y∧a=1°,z∧c=9°,中等色散r相似文献   

X射线粉晶衍射仪测定萤石晶胞参数

利用X射线粉晶衍射仪对纯萤石矿物进行全谱扫描,在确定萤石矿物衍射5强峰基础上,准确标出萤石5强峰相应的d值,按2θ角值由大到小的顺序排成纵行,计算出不同d值的1/d2值,用1/d2值最小一条线的值去除其余各条线的1/d2值,得出的数值D仍依次排列;据D值小数部分是0.36或0.68数值,推断实验所测萤石低角度的第一条线是{111}网面衍射产生的,其相应的h2+k2+l2值为3,以第一条线h2+k2+l2值3分别乘以其余各条线的D值,得出的数据h2+k2+l2值仍依次排列,分别为8.04,11.04,16.08和19.08,由于测量的误差,舍去小数点后数据,保留整数位,即可得到相应的h2+k2+l2值3、8、11、16和19,据h2+k2+l2值查出相应网面指数为{111}、{220}、{311}、{400}和{331},根据晶胞参数公式:a=d(hkl)(h2+k2+l2)1/2计算出萤石晶胞参数值为0.546 nm。     

常温高压条件天然水锰矿同步辐射X射线衍射实验

地球内部含水矿物的相关实验研究与名义上无水矿物的研究一样,对于正确理解地球内部水的分布与循环以及地球内部的物理化学性质和地球动力学性质具有同样重要的意义。同时,地球内部的水在地球演化中也起着非常重要的作用,它不仅会影响地球内部矿物岩石的物理化学性质,而且还对地球深部矿物岩石的电学性质,弹性性质等地球物理学性质以及板块运动,地幔对流及出现地震波不连续面等地球物理过程有着重要的影响。水锰矿,化学式为Mn O(OH),单斜晶系,为锰的氢氧化物矿物。到目前为止,对于水铝石(δ-Al OOH),纤铁矿(ε-FeO OH)等氢氧化物矿物在高压条件下的稳定性以及弹性性质的研究已较为广泛,但是对于与之具有相似拓扑结构的水锰矿(γ-Mn OOH)的高压弹性性质的相关研究却很少。同时,截至到目前,水锰矿的空间群结构也没有获得统一的认识。基于水锰矿高压下弹性性质以及晶体结构研究的重要性,本文利用金刚石压腔高压装置(DAC)和同步辐射角度色散X射线衍射技术,在室温、最高压力达12.74 GPa条件下,对天然的粉末水锰矿样品进行了原位高压X射线衍射研究。在0~12.74 GPa压力范围内未发现天然水锰矿发生相变。通过三阶Brich-Murnaghan状态方程对获得的不同实验压力条件下的晶胞参数和晶胞体积数据进行状态方程拟合,得到了空间群为P21/c的水锰矿的零压体积V0=135.46(4)3,零压下的等温体积模量K0=86(2)GPa,体积模量的压力导数K’0=6.8(6)。同时获得了天然水锰矿各个轴向的体积模量分别为:Kao=93(4)GPa,Kb0=62(5)GPa,Kc0=82(4)GPa,说明天然水锰矿为轴向压缩各向异性矿物,其中a轴最难压缩,c轴其次,b轴最易压缩。同时,通过与前人B21/d空间群水锰矿实验结果的对比,本文认为二者在各轴向上压缩性质的差异可能为氢键位置的不同所导致的。另外,将水锰矿的体积模量值分别与水锰矿脱水产物相-软锰矿(β-Mn O2)和与水锰矿具有相似拓扑结构的M3+OOH型氢氧化物进行了对比。我们认为氢键的存在以及水含量上的差异可能是造成水锰矿与软锰矿在体积模量上差异巨大的原因,而水锰矿与不同的M3+OOH型结构氢氧化物在压缩性质上的差别则可能由中心原子电负性的差异所导致。中心原子电负性的差异形成不同强度的化学键,进而造成它们压缩性质的差异。     

湖南湘谭锰矿次生氧化带中天然锰钾矿晶胞参数的修正

应用Rietveld -DBW 941 1和Pirum程序对湘潭锰矿次生氧化带中天然锰钾矿的X射线粉晶衍射数据进行了晶胞参数的修正 ,首次给出其晶胞参数 :a0 =0 .9974nm ,b0 =0 .2 86 3nm ,c0 =0 .9693nm ,β =91 .467° ,V =2 76 .66× 1 0 - 3nm3,同时指出天然锰钾矿晶体结构精细化的难点在于其呈隐晶质集合体的特征导致衍射峰宽化、背底高和不对称     

1998年中国科技期刊影响因子前200名排行表

(据1999年10月中国科技期刊引证报告,仅列与地质学有关的部分期刊)期刊名称 一{期刊名称关}期刊名称资{期刊名称升中国科学D辑1 .077!岩矿测试0 .901!地学前缘0 .835}地球化学0 .794地质学报。.:40{地质科学0 .727)岩石力学与工程学报0 .692}冰)!,冻土0 .670地球物理学报。.6001一l岩石学报0 .579!地球学报0 .567}地震学报0 .488地质论评0 .4881{地质实验室0 .486{岩土工程学报。.4451!石油学报0 .441地震地质。.412}1{地层学杂志0 .409{科学通报0 .399)地球科学0 386矿床地质o·“63}…中国区域地质0 .363}高校地质学报0 .330}古脊椎动物…     

湖北断峰山铌钽矿矿物学特征和铌钽赋存状态

通过全岩化学分析、显微镜下鉴定、扫描电镜分析及矿物自动定量分析(AMICS),查明了断峰山铌钽矿床的矿石物质组成和铌钽赋存状态.矿石Nb2O5品位为0.0112％～0.0117％,Ta2O5品位为0.0033％～0.0084％,主要矿物组成为钠长石、石英、白云母、黑云母及高岭石等,矿石中的铌钽矿物主要有钽锰矿(Ta/Nb=2.94,Fe/Mn=0.45)、钽铌锰矿(Ta/Nb=0.51,Fe/Mn=0.56)和铌锰矿(Ta/Nb=0.11,Fe/Mn=0.82)3种.矿石含Nb2O5量为0.0112％～0.0117％,含Ta2O5量为0.0033％～0.0084％,该矿床为花岗伟晶岩类铌钽矿床.铌在铌锰矿、钽铌锰矿和钽锰矿分布率分别为48.76％、37.26％和13.99％.钽在钽锰矿、钽铌锰矿和铌锰矿的分布率分别为62.65％、28.96％和8.39％.铌钽矿物粒度主要分布于16～75μm之间,矿物单体解离度较低,占24.47％.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。