论五大连池火山岩浆演化

五大连池第四纪火山事件为同源多期喷发。据矿物中岩浆包裹体温压地球化学研究,五大连池火山岩浆为一种含水2～4％(wt.％)的富钾玄武质岩浆,浅部结晶(压力<100MPa)。火山演化历史中,从中更新世早期至近代(1719～1721年)喷发,岩浆的MgO、CaO,FeO含量、CO_2浓度,首晶相橄榄石的结晶温度和压力不断增高;SiO_2、TiO_2、K_2O含量、氧逸度和H_2O、CH_4、H_2S的浓度趋于下降,Cl、P、F的浓度也呈现有规律变化。这些特点是岩浆房内岩浆分层作用的反映,火山岩浆的喷发序次与岩浆房内的分层次序相反。火山岩浆的低S含量(<600ppm)及Sr、O、Nd、Pb等同位素研究数据表明,它们源自上地慢,且基本未受地壳物质混染。     

席状岩浆房的冷却模式

关于岩浆房中的岩浆冷却已有好几种传统模式，但这些模式都未能很好地反映岩浆冷却的实际物理过程。本文在充分考虑席状岩浆房的基本物理特征的基础上，建立了岩浆冷却固化过程中潜热释放的动态模型，讨论了传导冷却情况下温度场的数值模拟，并与传统作法进行了比较，表明在席状岩浆房中难以产生强烈而持久的自发对流，即席状岩浆房主要是在无对流的传导模式下冷却固化的。     

席状岩浆房中的岩浆冷却及动力稳定性

关于岩浆房中岩浆的结晶分异方式一直存在着争议,其基本矛盾在于对岩浆冷却历史及热不稳定性可能引起的对流形式的理解各不相同。本文在充分考虑席状岩浆房的基本物理特征的基础上,建立了稳定岩浆体系的动态冷却模型,并以攀枝花层状岩体为例,计算了相应的温度场、密度场及粘度场。同时,提出了一种基于能量守恒的、对热不稳定性进行分析的新方法。计算了热不稳定性可能引起的对流强度、对流区域及对流时间,并深入讨论了在一定的热不稳定状态下,不同的岩浆屈服强度对对流特征参量的影响。结果表明,在该岩体的整个固化过程中,如果曾发生过自发对流,其对流也是极微弱而短暂的,不会影响中下部岩浆房中岩浆的固化和结晶。这一结论与对该岩体的实际观察相符。     

长白山天池火山双岩浆房岩浆作用与互动式喷发

广义的长白山火山在我国境内包括天池火山、望天鹅火山、图们江火山和龙岗火山,是我国最大的第四纪火山岩分布区。长白山各个火山区的火山活动具有此起彼伏的穿时性特征,天池火山之下地壳和地幔两个岩浆房具有上下呼应、互动式喷发之特点。一方面来自地幔的钾质粗面玄武岩浆直接喷出地表,在天池火山锥体内外形成诸多小火山渣锥;另一方面钾质粗面玄武岩浆持续补给地壳岩浆房,发生岩浆分离结晶作用和混合作用,形成双峰式火山岩特征并触发千年大喷发。西太平洋板块俯冲-东北亚大陆弧后引张是长白山天池火山喷发的动力学机制。     

长白山天池火山双岩浆房的互动式喷发

天池火山的发展经历了钾质粗面玄武岩造盾、粗面岩-碱流岩造锥和全新世碱流质岩浆的爆破喷发.钾质粗面玄武岩在天池火山锥体外围呈"裙状"分布,不整合覆盖在中生代花岗岩风化壳或砾石层之上,其时代介于2.0～1.2 Ma的早更新世.造盾结束之后,约1 Ma后钾质粗面玄武岩在地壳岩浆房经历了岩浆结晶分异作用.     

黑龙江省五大连池新期火山喷发的火山弹动力学初探

本文系统地总结了黑龙江省五大连池新期火山老黑山和火烧山的火山弹形态和内部结构;对比和讨论了近球状、纺锤状、椭球状和圆饼状火山弹的 体积估算和准确的表示方法;初步研究了火山弹的形成、空中飞行和落地变形的动力学过程。根据老黑山火山弹的分布情况,计算出了老黑山新期喷发时火山弹达到的高度范围。     

长白山火山岩浆柱岩浆上升作用过程

长白山火山岩浆柱是一个在长白山区地下总体呈串珠状排列的向东南倾斜的层状富岩浆集合体,岩浆柱宽度宽者300～500 km,窄者30～50 km,深度延伸可达上千km。在这个岩浆柱内,热物质聚集与挥发份富集可以发生部分熔融而形成不同成分与密度的岩浆,岩浆聚集上升至某个深度时的停滞聚集又可形成水平向扩展的岩浆房,压力作用下岩浆房内岩浆演化出密度较轻的岩浆则可进一步上升直至喷出地表。天池火山的母岩浆粗面玄武岩来自地幔岩浆库,由其演化形成的碱型系列粗面岩类和碱流岩类岩石则来自地壳岩浆房。拉斑玄武岩系列的偏酸性岩石来源的地壳岩浆房与碱型系列碱流岩来源的地壳岩浆房深度位置也不相同。天池火山造盾玄武岩TiO2含量和SiO2含量之间反相关关系不能单纯用岩浆房分异结晶来解释,TiO2含量较高的样品代表了源区地幔的较低熔融程度的熔体,而低程度熔融的岩浆来源于更深的位置。玄武质岩浆“熔融结束”的深度随时间的增加而增加的过程控制了岩浆形成深度随时间的增加而增加并且岩浆形成速率随时间的增加而降低的规律。天池火山碱流质岩浆房千年大喷发时岩浆超压极大值Δpmax=625 MPa,层状岩浆房半径35 km,喷出岩浆层厚700 m,喷出岩浆体积30 km3;粗面质喷发的岩浆房超压极大值Δpmax=15 MPa以上。天池火山千年大喷发时临界喷发熔体黏度μcritm>27×1010 Pa·s-1,碱流质岩浆是从一个粗面质岩浆母体经几万年的结晶分异时间演化得来的。气象站寄生火山活动喷发前临界熔体黏度μcritm=12×1011 Pa·s-1,这极高的熔体黏度与喷发物中含有大量晶体与气泡相吻合。千年大喷发级别的大规模喷发周期上万年,远大于小规模喷发几百年以内的时间周期。天池火山作用造盾阶段因为玄武岩都直接喷出了地表,多数传导与扩散的岩浆热都没有用于加热深地壳,所以早期加热效率不高。在1～16 Ma之后造锥阶段在深地壳内形成残余的部分熔融带并阻止了玄武岩的喷发,系统的热效率变得很高,残余熔体生产率也就得到了加速。全新世造伊格尼姆岩喷发阶段大量的演化的碱流质残余熔体因重力不稳定而侵入上地壳内,并且形成大得足以引起造破火山口喷发的岩浆房。     

基于钻井温的长白山天池火山北坡浅部岩浆房赋存深度研究

长白山火山区地壳热结构尚未建立, 目前基于地球物理探测手段获得的天池火山浅部岩浆房赋存深度存在差异. 通过对天池火山北坡CZK07钻孔测温情况的研究, 在资料评价与地温梯度计算的基础上, 结合全新世岩浆房温度资料, 估算了北坡浅部岩浆房的赋存深度. CZK07钻孔位于地球物理探测所推测的浅部岩浆房正上方, 靠近历史时期火山喷发火口, 在孔深约610 m处地温较高且稳定(102.5~106.8℃). 连续测温资料显示, 钻孔地温随深度呈一次正相关变化, 地温梯度主要变化于134~178℃/km之间(平均为153℃/km), 可大致代表浅部岩浆房上覆地壳的地温梯度. 基于前人浅部岩浆房的温度研究, 本次定量估算的天池火山北坡浅部岩浆房的赋存深度, 为天池水面下5.25~7.21 km, 与地球物理探测的反演结果相近.     

江西岩背火山-侵入杂岩的微量元素协变关系及其岩浆房成分分带形成机制的探讨

以根据岩背斑岩锡矿区火山－侵入杂的微量元素Ｓｒ,Ｒｂ,Ｅｒ,Ｈｆ,Ｎｂ等协变关系,探讨了岩浆房成分分带的形成机理,认为初始岩浆的形成主要是经过两次聚集熔融作用（第一次熔出酸性岩浆,第二次熔出中酸性岩浆）。酸性岩浆未喷邮地表的部分在中溶部位经过平衡结晶作用（非理想）,使Ｆ,Ｈ２Ｏ和成矿元素明显集中于晚期岩浆中。     

五大连池钾质火山岩中的壳源捕虏体特征及地质意义

黑龙江省五大连池钾质火山岩石中普遍含有壳源捕虏体和捕虏晶,并多赋存于火山集块、浮岩砾、火山渣等各级火山碎屑物及盾状台地的表皮相到内部相火山熔岩中。花岗岩质捕虏体一般大小为5～50cm,捕虏晶一般为0.2～5mm,成分以二长花岗岩为主,少见花岗闪长岩及黑云母英云闪长岩和少量砂岩捕虏体。石英、斜长石、少数钾长石捕虏晶见于各期火山碎屑(物)和熔岩中,其中以石英捕虏晶最为常见。壳源捕虏体中的代表性矿物及浅色玻璃电子探针分析结果表明,火山岩SiO2偏高是岩浆上涌喷发过程中捕获了大量壳源物质的结果。五大连池火山群富钾火山岩岩石化学、地球化学长期保持均一,说明其岩浆直接来自EMⅠ型钾质地幔,岩浆在上升过程中遭受了地壳物质的明显混染。     

黑龙江五大连池火山群地壳电性结构

对1997年在黑龙江五大莲池火山群观测的7条大地电磁测深剖面资料进行重新处理,对全部测点的实、虚感应矢量和视电阻率曲线等参数的分布特征进行了详细分析,应用NLCG二维反演方法对3条近东西向剖面数据进行了反演,获得的深部电性结构结果显示：五大莲池火山群中的笔架山-老黑山-火烧山火山链上的火山规模明显大于南、北格拉球火山链和东、西焦得布火山链,该带火山活动有从南西向北东推移的规律;以笔架山-老黑山-火烧山火山链为中心在地下约几百米深度到20km左右,存在一个北北东走向、上宽下窄、北宽南窄似铆钉的状体,该块体随着深度的增加其电阻率值从上千欧姆米逐渐减小到小于1欧姆米;在深度约20km以下铆钉的主体仍然显示有向深处延伸的趋势,推测一直穿过地壳与上地幔连接;在深度4～8km左右火烧山、老黑山和笔架山东、西两侧存在低阻块体;结合S波速度、小震活动以及地热研究结果分析,推测笔架山-老黑山-火烧山火山链在地壳内随着深度增大存在不同凝固程度的岩浆系统。     

五大连池火山群喷气锥成因机制探讨

五大连池火山群1537个喷气锥中,多数分布在火烧山熔岩流中,在水量充足的五池到四池之间的熔岩台地上,喷气锥数量集中、个体较大、发育良好。通过对五大连池火山群喷气锥的形态结构和集中分布特点进行分析,认为水蒸气在混合气体形成喷气锥中起主导作用,重力也在喷气锥形态塑造上有一定意义。含挥发分的基性岩浆溢流到在靠近水域的地区时表层冷凝固结,内部熔岩仍温度高、粘度低,与地下水作用形成火山气体和水蒸气构成的混合气体,气体冲破表层间歇溢出时,带动熔岩外掀堆叠在喷气孔周围形成喷气锥,中央保留气体多次逸出的通道形成中空结构。当气体压力不足以使熔岩从喷口溢出,喷气锥的生长停止。     

Understanding mafic-felsic magma interactions in a subvolcanic magma chamber using rapakivi feldspar: A case study from the Bathani volcano-sedimentary sequence,eastern India

The Ghansura Rhyolite Dome of the Bathani volcano-sedimentary sequence in eastern India originated from a subvolcanic felsic magma chamber that was intruded by volatile-rich basaltic magma during its evolution leading to the formation of a porphyritic andesite. The porphyritic andesite consists of rapakivi feldspars, which are characterized by phenocrysts of alkali feldspar mantled by plagioclase rims. Results presented in this work suggest that intimate mixing of the mafic and felsic magmas produced a homogeneous hybrid magma of intermediate composition. The mixing of the hot volatile-rich mafic magma with the relatively colder felsic magma halted undercooling in the subvolcanic felsic system and produced a hybrid magma rich in volatiles. Under such conditions, selective crystals in the hybrid magma underwent textural coarsening or Ostwald ripening. Rapid crystallization of anhydrous phases, like feldspars, increased the melt water content in the hybrid magma. Eventually, volatile saturation in the hybrid magma was reached that led to the sudden release of volatiles. The sudden release of volatiles or devolatilization event led to resorption of alkali feldspar phenocrysts and stabilizing plagioclase, some of which precipitated around the resorbed phenocrysts to produce rapakivi feldspars.     

Three-dimensional temperature field simulation of a cooling of a magma chamber,La Primavera caldera,Jalisco, Mexico

The La Primavera caldera lies close to the triple junction of the Tepic-Zacoalco, Colima, and Chapala rifts in the western part of the Mexican Volcanic Belt. It is a promising geothermal field with 13 deep wells already drilled. We calculated solute geothermometric temperatures (Na–K, Na–Li, and SiO₂) from the chemistry of geothermal water samples; determined values are generally between 99°C and 202°C for springs and between 131°C and 298°C for wells. Thermal modelling is an important geophysical tool as documented in the study of this and other Mexican geothermal areas. Using the computer program TCHEMSYS, we report new simulation results of three-dimensional (3-D) thermal modelling of the magma chamber underlying this caldera through its entire eruptive history. Equations (quadratic fit) describing the simulated temperatures as a function of the age, volume and depth of the magma chamber are first presented; these indicate that both the depth and the age of the magma chamber are more important parameters than its volume. A comparison of 3-D modelling of the La Primavera and Los Humeros calderas also shows that the depth of the magma chamber is more important than its volume. The best model for the La Primavera caldera has 0.15 million years as the emplacement age of the magma chamber, its top at a depth of 4 km, and its volume as 600 km³. Fresh magma recharge events within the middle part of the magma chamber were also considered at 0.095, 0.075, and 0.040 Ma. The simulation results were evaluated in the light of actually measured and solute geothermometric temperatures in five geothermal wells. Future work should involve a smaller mesh size of 0.050 or 0.10 km on each side (instead of 0.25 km currently used) and take into account the topography of the area and all petrogenetic processes of fractional crystallization, assimilation, and magma mixing as well as heat generation from natural radioactive elements.     

Field evidence,mineral chemical and geochemical constraints on mafic-felsic magma interactions in a vertically zoned magma chamber from the Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex of Eastern India

The Nimchak granite pluton (NGP) of Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex (CGGC), Eastern India, provides ample evidence of magma interaction in a plutonic regime for the first time in this part of the Indian shield. A number of outcrop level magmatic structures reported from many mafic-felsic mixing and mingling zones worldwide, such as synplutonic dykes, mafic magmatic enclaves and hybrid rocks extensively occur in our study domain. From field observations it appears that the Nimchak pluton was a vertically zoned magma chamber that was intruded by a number of mafic dykes during the whole crystallization history of the magma chamber leading to magma mixing and mingling scenario. The lower part of the pluton is occupied by coarse-grained granodiorite (64.84–66.61?wt.% SiO₂), while the upper part is occupied by fine-grained granite (69.80–70.57?wt.% SiO₂). Field relationships along with textural and geochemical signatures of the pluton suggest that it is a well-exposed felsic magma chamber that was zoned due to fractional crystallization. The intruding mafic magma interacted differently with the upper and lower granitoids. The lower granodiorite is characterized by mafic feeder dykes and larger mafic magmatic enclaves, whereas the enclaves occurring in the upper granite are comparatively smaller and the feeder dykes could not be traced here, except two late-stage mafic dykes. The mafic enclaves occurring in the upper granite show higher degrees of hybridization with respect to those occurring in the lower granite. Furthermore, enclaves are widely distributed in the upper granite, whereas enclaves in the lower granite occur adjacent to the main feeder dykes.Geochemical signatures confirm that the intermediate rocks occurring in the Nimchak pluton are mixing products formed due to the mixing of mafic and felsic magmas. A number of important physical properties of magmas like temperature, viscosity, glass transition temperature and fragility have been used in magma mixing models to evaluate the process of magma mixing. A geodynamic model of pluton construction and evolution is presented that shows episodic replenishments of mafic magma into the crystallizing felsic magma chamber from below. Data are consistent with a model whereby mafic magma ponded at the crust-mantle boundary and melted the overlying crust to form felsic (granitic) magma. The mafic magma episodically rose, injected and interacted with an overlying felsic magma chamber that was undergoing fractional crystallization forming hybrid intermediate rocks. The intrusion of mafic magma continued after complete solidification of the magma chamber as indicated by the presence of two late-stage mafic dykes.     

Geochemical Characteristics of Gases from the Wudalianchi Volcanic Area,Northeastern China

The origins of gases in springs, pools and wells from the Wudalianchi (WDLC) volcanic area are discussed based upon molecular and isotope compositions of the gases. Nine gas and water samples were collected from bubbles and water of the springs and pools in the WDLC volcanic area, Northeastern China, in August 1997. The molecular components were measured with a MAT-271 mass spectrometer (MS), helium isotope ratios with a VG-5400 MS, and (13C with a MAT-251 MS in the Lanzhou Institute of Geology. The gases are enriched in CO2 , and most of the CO2 concentrations are over 80% (V). The helium and methane concentrations have relatively wide ranges of 0.7 to 380×10-6 and 4 to 180×10-6, respectively. The 3He/4He ratios are between 1.05 Ra and 3.1 Ra (Ra = 1.4×10-6); the 4He/20Ne values are between 0.45 and 1011, larger than the atmospheric value (0.32). The (13C (PDB) values of carbon dioxide range from (9.6 to (4.2‰. These geochemical data demonstrate that the spring water is from aquifers at different depths, and that helium and carbon dioxide are derived from the mantle, and are contaminated by crust gases during deep fluid migration. Also, there are larger fluxes of deep-earth matter and energy in the WDLC volcanic area.     

爆轰荷载作用下球空腔热流固耦合动力响应

基于饱和多孔弹性介质热流固耦合动力模型(THMD)及控制方程,研究了爆轰荷载作用下球空腔内壁面受到随时间变化热、力冲击作用下的热流固耦合动力响应。利用Laplace变换技术,对控制方程进行解耦,获得了温度、位移、孔隙水压力和应力积分形式解。采用Laplace逆变换得到数值结果,分析了热流固耦合参数的影响特性,并将热流固耦合结果与热弹性条件下的结果进行比较,以验证热流固耦合条件下结果的正确性。     

Origin of micro-layering in a deep magma chamber: Evidence from two ultramafic–mafic layered xenoliths from Puy Beaunit (French Massif Central)

The origin of magmatic layering is still hotly debated. To try to shed some light on this problem, two ultramafic–mafic layered xenoliths from Puy Beaunit (French Massif Central) were investigated in detail. The nodules belong to a stratiform intrusion emplaced in the deep crust during the Permian (257 ± 6 Ma; Féménias, O., Coussaert, N., Bingen, B., Whitehouse, M., Mercier, J.-C., Demaiffe, D., 2003. A Permian underplating event in late- to post-orogenic tectonic setting. Evidence from the mafic–ultramafic layered xenoliths from Beaunit (French Massif Central). Chem. Geol. 199 293–315.). The 3 to 5 cm thick nodules have, in common, a central orthopyroxenite layer; the succession of layers is, respectively, norite–orthopyroxenite–norite (PBN 00-01) and norite–orthopyroxenite–harzburgite (PBN 00-03). The variations of both major (by electron microprobe) and trace, essentially the RE, elements (by LA-ICP-MS) were measured in major mineral phases (orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, spinel) along cross-section perpendicular to the layering. Strong grain size, chemical and textural variations occur along these sections: they can be continuous or discontinuous, symmetrical or asymmetrical. Such complex variations cannot be solely related to a single magmatic history (fractional crystallisation, mineral sorting). Other processes such as element enrichment by residual liquid channelling along layer boundaries and/or sub-solidus recrystallisation and element redistribution must be invoked. It appears, in particular, that element distribution in the central orthopyroxenite layer could result from the injection of micro-sills of orthopyroxene-rich liquid between previously consolidated layers.