EVOLUTIONARY CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKES AND PALAEOCLIMATIC UNDULATION IN THE Q AID AM BASIN,CHINA

The Qaidam Basin is. a tectonically controlled depression at 2700 m altitude on the northern margin of the Tibet Plateau. A succession of Neogene clastic sediments indicates lake depocentre migration from NW to SE. Towards late Pliocene, evaporative conditions developed with formation of gypsum, halite, celestite, mirabilite and bloedite. Continued deformation through Pleistocene developed a series of NW- SE trending domes and troughs. This setting continued to exert a controlling influence on basin and brine evolution and the progressive development of sulfate to chloride brines as, dry conditions intensified in late Pleistocene, at the end of which, extensive flat floors were formed in Dalangtan, Qarhan and other playas.The, model, which was set up based on the synthetic analyses, divides the fluctuating palaeoclimate since 750ka,B. P. into 11 warm and humid stages and 10 dry and cold stages. The water of the lakes evaporated during the dry-cold periods and were freshened during the warm-humid periods     

VARIATIONS IN ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS OF CHLORINE IN EVAPORATION-CONTROLLED SALT LAKE BRINES OF QAIDAM BASIN，CHINA

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＣｈｌｏｒｉｎｅｈａｓｔｗｏｎａｔｕｒａｌｌｙｏｃｃｕｒｉｎｇｓｔａｂｌｅｉｓｏｔｏｐｅｓ,　35Ｃｌａｎｄ　37Ｃｌ.Ｓｅｖｅｒａｌｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄｔｈｅｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｔｈｅｉｓｏｔｏｐｉｃｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｏｆｃｈｌｏｒｉｎｅｉｎｎａｔｕｒｅ.Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,ｉｎｔｈｅｅａｒｌｙｙｅａｒｓＯｗｅｎａｎｄＳｃｈａｅｆｆｅｒ(1955)ｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄｎｏｏｂｓｅｒｖａｂｌｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｉｎｔｈｅ　37Ｃｌ35Ｃｌｒａｔｉｏｓｉｎｔｅｎｓａｍｐｌｅｓｅｘ…     

Radionuclides and mercury in the salt lakes of the Crimea

90 Sr concentrations,resulting from the Chernobyl NPP accident,were determined in the salt lakes of the Crimea(Lakes Kiyatskoe,Kirleutskoe,Kizil-Yar,Bakalskoe and Donuzlav),together with the redistribution between the components of the ecosystems.The content of mercury in the waters of the studied reservoirs was also established.Vertical distributions of natural radionuclide activities( 238 U,232 Th,226 Ra,210 Pb,40 K) and anthropogenic 137 Cs concentrations(as radiotracers) were determined in the bottom sediments of the Koyashskoe salt lake(located in the south-eastern Crimea) to evaluate the longterm dynamics and biogeochemical processes.Radiochemical and chemical analysis was undertaken and radiotracer and statistical methods were applied to the analytical data.The highest concentrations of 90 Sr in the water of Lake Kiyatskoe(350.5 and 98.0 Bq/m 3) and Lake Kirleutskoe(121.3 Bq/m 3) were due to the discharge of the Dnieper water from the North-Crimean Canal.The high content of mercury in Lake Kiyatskoe(363.2 ng/L) and in seawater near Lake Kizil-Yar(364 ng/L) exceeded the maximum permissible concentration(3.5 times the maximum).Natural radionuclides provide the main contribution to the total radioactivity(artificial and natural combined) in the bottom sediments of Lake Koyashskoe.The significant concentration of 210 Pb in the upper layer of bottom sediments of the lake indicates an active inflow of its parent radionuclide—gaseous 222 Rn from the lower layers of the bottom sediment.The average sedimentation rates in Lake Koyashskoe,determined using 210 Pb and 137 Cs data,were 0.117 and 0.109 cm per year,respectively.     

Man-made plutonium radioisotopes in the salt lakes of the Crimean peninsula

Investigations of ~(239+240)Pu and ~(238)Pu in the surface layer(0–5 cm) of bottom sediment in the Crimean 10 salt lakes from 4 geographical groups were carried out for the first time. The ~(239+240)Pu varied widely between regional geographical groups of lakes as well as within groups too and ranged from 11±4 to 451±43 mBq~(239+240)Pu/kg. The highest levels of ~(239+240)Pu—419±27, 443±24 and 451±43 mBq/kg were observed in the Yevpatoriya(Lake Kyzyl-Yar), the Tarkhankut(Dzharylhach) and the Kerch group(Tobechik), respectively. The lowest values of ~(239+240)Pu were identified in three lakes of the Perekop group and were 20±12, 24±6 and 48±6 mBq/kg. In all lakes ~(238)Pu was an order of magnitude lower than 239+240 Pu and varied from 4.8±2.6 to 30.7±5.5 mBq/kg. The ~(238)Pu activity was decay-corrected to 1986. The characteristic ratio of the ~(238)Pu/239+240 Pu activities in the sediment and percentage of the Chernobyl-derived Pu was calculated. The largest percentages of the Chernobyl-derived Pu were observed in the Evpatoriya group(Lake SasykSivash)—16.2%±8.26%, the Tarkhankut group(Dzharylhach)—8.4%±2.10% and the Kerch group(Aktash)—10.5%±5.56%. The study of the depth distribution of plutonium in the Lake Kyzyl-Yar bottom sediment core(0–25 cm) was fulfilled. It was shown that 239+240 Pu was high enough in all studied layers of bottom sediment, but the highest activity ratio ~(238)Pu/239+240 Pu(0.062±0.020) was found in the deepest layer of 15–20.5 cm and the percentage of Chernobyl-derived Pu was estimated at 6.8%±2.85% in this layer.     

Preface: Value and dynamics of salt lakes in a changing world

正Thestatementthattheworld’secosystemsare rapidly deteriorating due to human intervention and global warming is nowadays commonplace. Some o the ecosystems most heavily impacted are inland sal lakes. The salt lakes are among the most valuable and fascinating ecosystems on Earth, and their study has both basic scientifi c interest as well as applied aspects     

柴达木盆地北缘鹰峰环斑花岗岩体的岩相学特征

野外调查表明,鹰峰环斑花岗岩体形成于中元古代,位于柴北缘构造带,呈透镜状夹持在剪切带间。同时代侵入的还有辉绿岩墙和石英闪长岩奥长花岗斑岩脉,构成双峰式岩石组合。该环斑花岗岩多具无奥环结构,卵形钾长石球斑十分发育,其体积分数多在50%~60%,粒径多在2~3 cm,常以多晶集合体出现,出溶作用十分强烈。基质结构有中粗粒、细粒和显微文象结构等。石英、钾长石都具两个或多个世代,黑云母多结晶较晚。按矿物定量分类多属石英正长岩和石英二长岩类。与典型环斑花岗岩相比,该岩体有出露面积小,岩石类型单调,球斑含量大,大小较均匀且为多晶集合体,出溶作用强烈,基质结构多样,变质变形明显等特征。这些特征部分起因于加里东期的改造,部分是该地区元古代岩浆作用个性的表现。     

柴达木盆地北缘全吉地块构造演化特征

以柴达木盆地北缘全吉地块内的布依坦乌拉山为研究对象,探讨了布依坦乌拉山地区发育的多条不整合接触界线与区域构造地质事件的匹配,以及柴北缘发育的挤压、走滑和伸展3种构造样式。通过对布依坦乌拉山地区自元古代到新生代以来地质体构造环境演化的分析,结合区域地质事件、构造样式,认为全吉地块构造特征总体可划分为基底、盖层和断陷沉积3层构造模式。     

柴达木盆地及其邻区早—中二叠世构造岩相古地理格局

通过大量野外观察、分析测试和综合研究,结合覆盖全区不同比例尺的区域地质调查资料,对柴达木盆地及其邻区早—中二叠世构造岩相古地理格局进行了研究,并探讨了其形成机制.结果表明:柴达木盆地及其邻区中、北部早—中二叠世为陆内盆山裂谷系统,主体处于伸展构造背景,总体表现为堑垒相间的构造古地理格局;南部为巴颜喀拉洋盆,早—中二叠世是巴颜喀拉洋盆扩张最为剧烈且规模最大的时期,巴颜喀拉洋盆中洋岛、海山遍布;早—中二叠世晚期强烈的华力西构造运动使古板块间的相对运动加剧,巴颜喀拉洋盆大洋岩石圈板块向北强烈俯冲,形成东昆仑陆缘岩浆弧及其南部增生带,东昆仑陆缘岩浆弧岩浆活动十分强烈,宗务隆山—西秦岭陆源裂谷盆地进一步发育,形成十分复杂的构造岩相古地理格局.早—中二叠世是研究区地球动力学机制从强烈扩张到强烈汇聚的转折时期,加强其构造岩相古地理研究对建立该区地层序列、探讨其地质演化历史以及指导找矿等均具有重要意义.     

Preliminary results on hydrological and hydrochemical features of Kartamak Glacier area in Mt. Muztag Ata

The variations of the meltwater runoff draining from Kartamak Glacier in Mt. Muztag Ata in China were studied by using the measured hydrological data from 1 June to 25 August 2003. The meltwater runoff is mainly affected by ambient temperature and precipitation. Meltwater and precipitation samples were collected from 10 to 23 August 2003. Their pH, EC (electric conductivity) and the major ions (Na~ , K~ , Ca~(2 ), Mg~(2 ), Cl~-, NO_3~-, SO_~4~(2-)) were determined. pH values showed a positive correlation with EC values for all samples. Meltwater samples were slightly alkaline. Sulfate and calcium were the dominant anion and cation in the measured ions, respectively. All the ion concentrations had inverse relationships with runoff or water level. In order to discuss the origins of dissolved chemical substances in the glacial meltwater, a principal component analysis was carried out. The results showed that water-rock interaction determined the ion components of the meltwater.     

柴达木盆地宗马海湖地区钾盐矿床成矿规律与成矿预测研究

研究区位于柴达木盆地北部边缘,属柴达木盆地中—新生代盐类成矿区。该次研究了浅部、中深部及深层储层特征、卤水钾盐的赋存规律及构造控矿理论。浅部卤水钾盐依据KCl含量,分为工业品位区、边界品位区、有浅层卤水区及无浅层卤水区。中深部卤水钾盐分布于山间古冲洪积平原(Ⅰ■)和马海湖次级洼陷(Ⅰ■)中,矿层厚度较大的区域在马海湖次级洼陷(Ⅰ■)北部,主要分布于全新统—更新统含盐系中,计算深度297.22m。深部卤水钾盐,厚度较薄者分布于冷湖六号、冷湖七号构造以北地区的一层至数层的砂岩及砂砾岩层中,自南东向北西由深变浅,分布于上新统,含卤水层段厚约50～250m。厚度较大者分布在赛什腾山山前冲洪积带,北至驼南断裂,南大致至ZK4012孔一线,孔隙卤水层累计深度达1265.14m,分布于全新统—上新统,是今后寻找深层卤水钾盐矿最重要的找矿区域。     

Chemical and isotopic approach to groundwater cycle in western Qaidam Basin, China

Due to the extremely arid climate in the western Qaidam Basin, the groundwater almost becomes the single water source for local residents and industrial production. It is necessary to know the reliable information on the groundwater cycle in this region for reasonable and sustainable exploitation of the groundwater resources with the further execution of recycling economy policies. This study focused on the recharge, the flow rate and the discharge of groundwater in the western Qaidam Basin through investigations on water chemistry and isotopes. Hydrological, chemical and isotopic characteristics show that the groundwater in the western Qaidam Basin was recharged by meltwater from new surface snow and old bottom glaciers on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. In addition, the results also prove that the source water is enough and stable, and the rates of the circulation and renewal of the groundwater are relatively quick. Therefore, it can be concluded that the groundwater resources would guarantee the regional requirement if the meltwater volume of the mountains has not a great changes in future, moreover, water exploitation should be limited to the renewable amount of the groundwater reservoir in the western Qaidam Basin.     

柴西北小梁山地区混积岩测井岩性识别

柴达木盆地西北部的小梁山背斜构造,陆源碎屑和湖相碳酸盐混合沉积广泛发育,地层岩石类型多样,测井响应特征复
杂,岩性识别非常困难。结合岩石物理实验数据(铸体薄片、粒度分析、X射线衍射全岩分析、碳氯分析)和测井资料,对研究区混
积岩岩石组分的类型、粒度和质量分数进行了细致的分析研究,以岩石组分的相对质量分数和测井响应特征为依据,对岩性进行
了简化归类,建立了测井资料识别岩性标准,在此基础上利用ΔGR、Δlg(LLD)和M 参数绘制了混积岩岩性识别电性组合图,并建
立了岩性质量分数计算模型,形成了一套小梁山地区测井岩性综合识别方法,为小梁山地区的储层测井评价和综合地质研究奠定
了基础,对中浅层混积岩的测井解释研究具有借鉴与参考意义。      

柴达木盆地新生代湖相碳酸盐岩岩石学及碳氧同位素特征

在岩石学分析基础上,结合碳氧同位素分析方法对柴达木盆地大红沟和鄂博梁剖面上、下干柴沟组湖相碳酸盐岩样品
进行系统研究,试图阐述不同类型湖相碳酸盐岩的古气候特征,研究该时期柴达木盆地古气候演化历史。结果显示:该地区湖相
碳酸盐岩可以分为生屑灰岩、砂屑灰岩、藻灰岩、鲕粒灰岩、泥晶灰岩5大类。不同类型的碳酸盐岩样品的碳、氧同位素组成特征
存在明显区别,鲕粒灰岩δ18O和δ13C偏高,且都为正值,形成于炎热干燥的古气候和咸水沉积环境中;藻灰岩类明显富集13C的
特点与藻类等水生生物活动密切相关,反映沉积于温暖干燥气候背景下的一个水体盐度偏高的稳定水体之中;生屑灰岩和砂屑灰
岩类δ18O和δ13C都比较集中,且表现出明显的低值,反映形成于温暖湿润气候条件下且具淡水补给的开放性湖泊环境;泥晶灰
岩类样品的δ18O和δ13C之间具有一定的正相关性,反映发育在水体停滞、蒸发作用明显的咸水型湖泊体系。      

柴达木盆地侏罗系油气成藏模式与油气聚集规律

针对柴达木盆地侏罗系油气勘探目标选择的难点,从烃源岩与圈闭时空配置的角度,建立侏罗系油气早期聚集早期成藏、早期聚集晚期成藏、晚期聚集晚期成藏3种模式。盆地油气来源、充注时期、油藏调整及破坏等方面存在规律性,这决定了油气分布的有序性,呈现出“断褶区聚气,山前、潜伏区聚油,凸起顶、凸起斜坡区油气并存”的基本格局和油气富集程度依次变好的序列。据此预测油气富集范围,从中优选冷湖4号东斜坡、乌南—巴依凸起斜坡、怀头他拉—德北斜坡、潜伏Ⅰ号等新靶区。     

Geochemical features of aquatic environment in crater and barrier lakes in northeast of China

Ｉ．ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＭｏｓｔｖｏｌｃａｎｏｅｓａｒｅｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄｉｎｎｏｒｔｈｅａｓｔｏｆＣｈｉｎａ．Ｔｈｅｖｏｌｃａｎｉｃｅｒｕｐｔｉｏｎｓｃａｎｃｈａｎｇｅｔｈｅｇｅｎｅｒａｌｍｏｒｐｈｏｌｏｇｉｃｃｏｎｆｉｇｕｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆ...     

柴达木盆地西部典型油田原油地球化学特征对比

利用色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析技术,系统剖析了柴达木盆地西部南区尕斯库勒、油砂山油田(A区)与北区南翼山、油泉子油田(B区)原油的生物标志化合物组成和分布特征,探讨了A区和B区原油的成因差异及其地质影响因素.结果表明:A区部分浅层原油正构烷烃碳数分布不完整,具有异常高的姥鲛烷(Pr)与n-C17峰面积比值和植烷(Ph)与n-C18峰面积比值,说明A区浅层油藏保存条件较差,部分原油遭受了轻微生物降解;A区和B区原油中甾藿比均大于2.4,且甾烷C27R与甾烷C29R峰面积比值多大于1,指示这2个区域原油母质来源都以浮游藻类为主,但B区原油中甾烷C27R与甾烷C29R峰面积比值和补身烷系列相对含量普遍高于A区,表明B区原油浮游藻类和细菌生源贡献可能相对较高;所有原油都具有低姥植比、高伽马蜡烷含量的特点,且都检测出一定丰度的β-胡萝卜烷,说明生成原油的烃源岩形成于强还原咸水沉积环境,但A区原油中姥植比、伽马蜡烷指数以及 β-胡萝卜烷与C30藿烷峰面积比值明显高于B区,且升藿烷系列呈“翘尾巴”分布模式,而B区原油则没有这种现象,揭示生成A区原油的烃源岩沉积水体盐度更高、还原性更强;甾烷异构体比值(C2920S/(20S+ 20R)值和C29ββ/(ββ+αα)值)表明A区均为低熟原油,而B区多为成熟原油.结合柴达木盆地西部第三纪湖盆沉积和构造演化史,认为南区与北区烃源岩沉积相带的不同空间展布情况是造成A区与B区原油地球化学特征差异的根本原因.     

Geochemistry and genesis on saturated hydrocarbon of crude oils in Gas Hure Oilfield in Qaidam Basin

Gas Hure Oilfield is the biggest one in the Qaidam Basin.Through intensive sampling and GC-MS analysis,the authors analyzed the geochemical characteristics of the crude oils in the Gas Hure Oilfield.The results show that the crude oils have even-odd carbon predominance for n-alkanes.In shallow reservoir,part of crude oils suffered biogenic degradation.As for normal oils,they have low Pr/Ph ratios with abundant gammacerane and C35 homohopane,which indicate that the crude oils are formed in strong reducing salt water environment.Compared deep(E13) reservoir with shallow(N1-N12) reservoir,the ancient salinity of sedimentary environment of N1--N12 crude oils is slightly higher than that of E13 crude oils;the C-21/C+22 ratios of crude oils are 1.02-1.71 with a higher abundance of C27 sterane,which shows that their mainly origin matrix are bacteria and algae;the C29 sterane 20S/(20S+20R)is generally low,the ratio in deep E13 reservoir distributes between 0.31 and 0.40,but in shallow reservoir is relatively low with 0.29-0.36.At the same time,C29 sterane αββ/(αββ+ααα)and Ts/Tm both are extremely lower.All the above show that the crude oils in Gas Hure are mainly low mature oils,although the maturity of deep reservoir crude oils is slightly higher than shallow one.     

柴达木盆地南缘和北缘金属矿产资源地球物理勘查进展

柴达木盆地南缘和北缘地处秦祁昆成矿域西段,成矿条件优越,地质构造复杂.总结分析柴达木盆地南缘和北缘找矿模型和地球物理勘探现状,对深部找矿突破具有重大指导意义.柴达木盆地南缘和北缘矿床成因以喷流沉积型多金属矿、岩浆熔离型镍铜钴矿、沉积型铁矿、层控型铅锌矿及热液型多金属矿为主.矿床形成时代分为前寒武纪、早古生代早中期、晚古...     

柴达木盆地北部滩间山群碳沥青地球化学特征与成因

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