《城市地貌学》评介

喜读刁承泰所著《城市地貌学》(西南师范大学出版社,1999.6)一书,甚感欣慰。它为地貌学增添了一本新的学术专著,为城市发展建设中改造利用地貌条件与治理地貌灾害提供了地貌学的研究成果,也是十多年来我国开展城市地貌研究的总结。     

Geomorphology of coal seam fires

Coal fires occur in underground natural coal seams, in exposed surface seams, and in coal storage or waste piles. The fires ignite through spontaneous combustion or natural or anthropogenic causes. They are reported from China, India, USA, South Africa, Australia, and Russia, as well as many other countries. Coal fires lead to loss of a valuable resource (coal), the emission of greenhouse-relevant and toxic gases, and vegetation deterioration. A dangerous aspect of the fires is the threat to local mines, industries, and settlements through the volume loss underground. Surface collapse in coal fire areas is common. Thus, coal fires are significantly affecting the evolution of the landscape. Based on more than a decade of experience with in situ mapping of coal fire areas worldwide, a general classification system for coal fires is presented. Furthermore, coal seam fire geomorphology is explained in detail. The major landforms associated with, and induced by, these fires are presented. The landforms include manifestations resulting from bedrock surface fracturing, such as fissures, cracks, funnels, vents, and sponges. Further manifestations resulting from surface bedrock subsidence include sinkholes, trenches, depressions, partial surface subsidence, large surface subsidence, and slides. Additional geomorphologic coal fire manifestations include exposed ash layers, pyrometamorphic rocks, and fumarolic minerals. The origin, evolution, and possible future development of these features are explained, and examples from in situ surveys, as well as from high-resolution satellite data analyses, are presented. The geomorphology of coal fires has not been presented in a systematic manner. Knowledge of coal fire geomorphology enables the detection of underground coal fires based on distinct surface manifestations. Furthermore, it allows judgments about the safety of coal fire-affected terrain. Additionally, geomorphologic features are indicators of the burning stage of fires. Finally, coal fire geomorphology helps to explain landscape features whose occurrence would otherwise not be understood. Although coal fire-induced thermal anomalies and gas release are also indications of coal fire activity, as addressed by many investigators, no assessment is complete without sound geomorphologic mapping of the fire-induced geomorphologic features.     

地貌面、地文期与地貌演化——从华北地貌演化研究看地貌学的一些基本理论

华北地貌的形成演化研究以传统地貌学理论戴维斯等的"地貌面"和"侵蚀旋回"理论为指导。研究表明,它基本适用于华北地貌的形成与演化;同时也发现了传统地貌学理论的不足。该文用华北地貌形成演化的实际资料弥补了这个不足,并进一步探讨了地貌形成演化理论的某些新观点。     

The Fall of Threatening Rock: A Geomorphology Exercise Adaptation

Abstract

The Threatening Rock mass wasting event at Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, in 1941 introduces students to a well-documented geomorphology case study. Based on data from Schumm and Chorley (1964), students examine the event using rock movement measurements and weather data, undertaking the same analysis tasks as the original investigators. Students observe patterns of movement related to precipitation and temperature, and use regression to estimate the time of initial movement. Specific exercise questions guide students to logical conclusions regarding geomorphic processes and environmental influences. The exercise exemplifies geomorphic investigation from both a process and historic perspective.     

海南岛石梅湾海岸动力地貌研究

在研究了海南岛石梅湾风、浪、流等动力条件的基础上,指出了石梅湾的海滩与海岸是海洋动力与沉积物相互适应的产物,目前已达动态平衡.风浪作用对海滩发育有重要影响,风暴剖面与涌浪剖面的交替具有重要意义.而石梅湾海滩韵律地形的沿岸移动是局部海滩严重侵蚀的真正原因,海面上升仅会导致普遍意义的海滩侵蚀.人类活动对石梅湾海滩的演变有重要意义.     

白鹤的现状与保护

白鹤是极其珍贵的湿地水鸟,是典型的旗舰物种,其种群动态为评估栖息地生态健康状况和生态系统稳定性的一项重要标志。鄱阳湖作为白鹤最主要的越冬地,生态地位非常重要。详细介绍了白鹤的生存现状、生活习性及迁徙路径,具有很强的科普意义。     

腾格里沙漠东南缘反向沙丘形态演化过程

沙丘形态演化是风沙地貌研究的重要内容。反向沙丘是指在相反方向风作用下形成的沙丘,有两个落沙坡,分别对应两个风向,在主风向作用下形成横向沙丘,但在相反方向风作用下,沙丘顶部向主风方向移动,从而形成反向沙丘。反向沙丘存在于任何有两个相反方向风的地区。以腾格里沙漠东南缘平坦沙地上发育的反向沙丘为研究对象,2010年对沙丘迎风坡和背风坡不同部位坡度进行1年期野外测量,旨在阐明反向沙丘的形态演化过程。结果表明：反向沙丘形态演化包括3个阶段：横向沙丘—过渡态—反向沙丘,但研究区的沙丘形态演化经历5个阶段：横向沙丘—过渡态—反向沙丘—过渡态—横向沙丘。不同演化阶段的沙丘迎风坡和背风坡角度发生明显变化。该研究结果增加人们对反向沙丘形态演化过程的认识,对区域风沙地貌改造利用提供理论依据。     

喀斯特地貌研究进展与趋势

我国喀斯特地貌研究在 2 0世纪后半叶取得了巨大进展 ,特别自 80年代 ,喀斯特与物理、化学、生物学、数学等学科相结合 ,借助于计算机和先进的测试技术 ,开辟了许多研究领域 ,加速了喀斯特地貌理论与应用的发展。本文着重评述了喀斯特地貌的演化 ,喀斯特溶蚀强度与速率 ,深部喀斯特发育机理 ,生物喀斯特和喀斯特与古环境等方面的新进展 ,展望了 2 1世纪初将在喀斯特生态系统、古环境与全球变化研究、风景旅游洞穴环境的改善与景观风化的防治、实验和量化喀斯特地貌的研究等方面将得到加强和取得丰硕成果。