旅游地景观生态分类方法探讨——以福州市青云山风景区为例

综合分析了影响旅游地景观的主要因子,以人为干扰为基础,以地貌为基本线索,以植被为标志,以土壤为参照,结合实地考察和景观生态制图技术,建立研究区的三级景观生态分类体系.结论认为:旅游地景观类型的划分应强调整体的综合,而不是对个别组分进行分类;多要素综合的分级分类体系,既能反映控制景观形成过程的主要因子,又可体现景观的综合性,能较好地反映客观实际;旅游地景观生态类型的划分,应根据景观异质性、图形比例尺和图斑的需要,明确分类单元的等级,确定分类的基础单元.     

额济纳天然绿洲景观变化及其生态环境效应

基于研究区1987年LandsatTM和2001年LandsatETM+遥感影像资料,综合运用遥感与GIS技术手段,结合景观格局分析软件APACK,就近15年来额济纳天然绿洲景观格局变化进行了分析,并进一步探讨了由此所引起的生态环境效应。研究结果表明:1)天然绿洲面积与水域面积急剧缩减,绿洲荒漠化程度加剧;2)绿洲景观与荒漠景观过渡地带为各景观生态类型相互转化最为剧烈的区域;3)景观多样性与景观异质性程度减小,景观稳定性降低;4)景观变化所引起的生态环境效应包括地下水矿化度升高、水质下降,植被退化与物种多样性降低,沙尘暴危害加剧以及生态难民数量增加等。     

Transhumance as a driving force of landscape change in the marginal grabens of northern Ethiopia

Transhumance between the Afar lowlands and Tigray escarpments has been a common practice in northern Ethiopia. However, the impact of transhumance on landscape changes in the marginal grabens has not been significantly researched. Hence, this study aims to understand the process of transhumance and the linkages between social and biophysical aspects of the graben landscapes of northern Ethiopia. Google Earth (2010?2016) and Landsat Imageries (1995?2015) were used to analyse the spatio‐temporal landscape changes. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was applied to measure the change in vegetation cover. Interview and Focus Group Discussions were used to collect perceptions of communities on transhumance and landscape change. The findings reveal that transhumance caused conflicts between the lowlanders and highlanders, which in turn led to displacement of communities. Consequently, the NDVI value of the abandoned settlement increased over time. Conversely, the analysis of Google Earth Imageries and NDVI values show that vegetation cover of the new settlement has decreased. Moreover, the NDVI values of the transhumance areas showed little increase due to the establishments of exclosures in the escarpments. The findings of this study can, therefore, be used to develop targeted interventions aimed at solving transhumance‐induced conflicts, displacement of communities and conservation of natural resources.     

Deriving drainage networks and catchment boundaries: a new methodology combining digital elevation data and environmental characteristics

Digital data on the position and characteristics of river networks and catchments are important for the analysis of pressures and impacts on water resources. GIS tools allow for the combined analysis of digital elevation data and environmental parameters in order to derive this kind of information. This article presents a new approach making use of medium-resolution digital elevation data (250-m grid cell size) and information on climate, vegetation cover, terrain morphology, soils and lithology to derive river networks and catchments over extended areas.In general, methods to extract channel networks at small scale use a constant threshold for the critical contributing area, independent of widely varying landscape conditions. As a consequence, the resulting drainage network does not reflect the natural variability in drainage density. To overcome this limitation, a classification of the landscape is proposed. The various data available are analysed in an integrated approach in order to characterise the terrain with respect to its ability to develop lower or higher drainage densities, resulting in five landscape types. For each landscape type, the slope–area relationship is then derived and the critical contributing area is determined. In the subsequent channel extraction, a dedicated critical contributing area threshold is used for each landscape type.The described methodology has been developed and tested for the territory of Italy. Results have been validated comparing the derived data with river and catchment data sets from other sources and at varying scales. Good agreement both in terms of river superimposition and drainage density could be demonstrated.     

西辽河流域历史早期的文化景观格局

考古发现表明 ,西辽河流域自历史早期以来 ,先后演绎了多期文化 ,文明一直延续至今。本文根据大量的野外考古调查资料 ,在典型考古遗址、教来河流域、敖汉旗三个空间尺度上建立了本区历史早期文化景观的DEM模型 ,分析了赤峰全境历史早期文化遗址点的水平分布格局 ,从四个不同的空间尺度探讨了西辽河流域历史早期文化景观的演变过程 ,概括出本区历史时期文化景观垂向变迁和水平变迁两种模式 ,为进一步深入研究本区人地系统的相互作用机制提供了基础。     

三江平原湿地景观生态制图分类系统研究

湿地景观生态制图分类系统的研究是景观制图的关键。以三江平原为研究区域,在研究湿地景观生态制图分类原则的基础上,系统地分析了引起该区域景观分异的主导因素,得出人文因素,水文因素,地貌和植被因素为其主志因素,从而建立了一套完整的景观生态制图分类系统,第一级按人类活动影响程度划分为：自然湿地景观,半自然湿地景观,人工湿地景观,第二级按地貌划分为：河漫滩,阶地,湖滨,洼地,谷地;第三级对沼泽湿地植被２５种     

遥感与GIS技术在湿地定量研究中的应用趋势分析

在充分吸收已有相关研究成果基础上,提出利用RS与GIS技术,全面开展湿地系统定量化研究的思路和框架。重点分析了RS与GIS技术在湿地识别及类型划分、湿地生物量的遥感估测、湿地景观演变的动态分析、湿地评价与湿地保护区建设、湿地管理信息系统等研究中的应用趋势。研究表明,利用遥感与GIS技术可以增强湿地研究的宏观性、动态性、定量性。     

南北过渡带1∶5万植被类型图遥感制图案例研究

编制南北过渡带地区1∶25万和典型山地1∶5万植被类型图是南北过渡带综合科学考察的主要任务之一。以往植被类型图的编制都是采用大量的地面调查来完成的,地面调查方法虽然精确,但费时费力,并且由于自然条件的限制,地面调查往往只能覆盖较小的范围。遥感数据因为其全覆盖的优势,可以很好地弥补样方调查的局限性,但目前大范围的植被类型遥感信息提取尤其是自动提取方面仍然存在一定的困难和瓶颈。本文以1∶5万太白山植被类型图的编制为例,利用多源多时相的高分辨率遥感数据,结合地面调查数据、以往的各种比例尺的植被类型图数据和森林资源调查数据等,探讨并研究基于山地垂直带谱的中大比例尺植被类型图的遥感提取方法和制图方法。研究结果表明：① 山地植被垂直带谱可以有效地支持1∶5万山区植被类型图的遥感制图。利用太白山植被垂直带谱和1∶1万数字表面模型数据（DSM）可以生成具有垂直带谱信息的地形约束因子;将地形约束因子与多源多时相高分辨率遥感数据、地面调查数据、以往的小比例尺植被类型图数据等相结合,可以有效提取各级植被类型,从而实现中大比例尺植被类型图的编制。② 典型山地1∶5万植被类型图的遥感制图基本流程为植被型组解译→植被群系组、群系、亚群系解译→植被型、植被亚型分类,采取自上而下和自下而上相结合的分类方法来分类。本文的研究成果可以为中大比例尺植被类型图的编制提供示范和科学依据。     

中国西部干旱区生态景观制图的若干问题

制图方法是认识和揭示客观现象与过程的重要途径。生态景观制图作为专题制图学的一个重要方向,通过建立分类体系,制定分类方法,编制专题图件,可以反映自然要素和人为作用的特点,揭示生态景观要素的耦合关系。生态景观制图中专题要素的表现方式,制图过程的数据采集,制图单元的划分,制图的模式选择,以及遥感、GIS与数字制图手段的应用,是十旱Ⅸ景观生态制图的关键问题。生态景观制图巾的地图信息理论、地图模式论、地图分析理论、地图要素综合理论、制冈工艺学等的发展,对于开拓资源环境制图学的新领域具有理论价值,并对生态规划与生态建设具有重要促进作用。     

3S技术在湿地研究中的应用

湿地具有多种生态功能和经济与社会价值,是人类赖以生存和发展的自然资源宝库与生存环境。湿地研究已受到国际社会的高度重视,成为国际生态学与环境科学研究的热点问题之一。3S技术的发展为湿地研究提供了新的方法和强有力的技术支持。主要论述了3S技术在湿地资源调查、湿地动态变化监测、湿地景观变化分析、湿地制图、湿地资源管理等方面的应用概况;在此基础上概要论述了3S技术在湿地研究应用中存在的主要问题和解决方案;最后论述了3S技术在湿地研究应用中的发展前景。提出应加大3S技术集成的深度,加强3S技术在湿地生物多样性、湿地环境效益、湿地边界确定及湿地资源管理等研究中的应用,把对湿地资源信息的分析和处理提高到研究湿地空间的规划和决策层面上,为管理和合理利用湿地资源指引方向。     

Teaching Topographic Map Skills and Geomorphology Concepts with Google Earth in a One-Computer Classroom

Teaching high-school geomorphological concepts and topographic map reading entails many challenges. This research reports the applicability and effectiveness of Google Earth in teaching topographic map skills and geomorphological concepts, by a single teacher, in a one-computer classroom. Compared to learning via a conventional instructional method, students learning with Google Earth do not have different geomorphological concepts development because both settings enable students to learn with similar static representation. However, students learning with Google Earth improve topographic map skills significantly compared to the conventional instructional method. This is because of the 3D landscape visualization and prior knowledge connections available with Google Earth.     

Geoinformational Mapping of Landscapes in the Northwestern Part of Western Siberia Using the Hansen Mosaic Dataset

Presented are the technique and results of studying the landscape structure of the north-west of Western Siberia on the basis of the Hansen mosaic dataset consisting of elements covering the entire territory of the Earth. To study this area used a synthesis of classical methods of thematic system mapping as described in the doctrine of geosystems of V. B. Sochava, and automated interpretation of remote sensing data and mapping using GIS technologies. The method of geoinformational mapping of the landscape structure with the use of MultiSpec and Quantum GIS software programs for the purpose of drawing up real-time raster landscape maps is shown. In drawing up the map and the legend, the principle of geomic system-hierarchical representation of the territory as a complex multi-level “bottom-up” structure from topological-level geosystems (groups and classes of landscape facies) to regional-level geosystems (geoms, groups and classes of geoms) was used. Compilation of operational raster landscape maps of the north-west of Western Siberia involved multilevel automated interpretation of the Hansen mosaic dataset and mapping of areas (clusters) on images with different brightness characteristics, with the landscape structure of key areas and stationary physical and geographical profiles. A characteristic of this approach also implies using a dynamic classification of geosystems based on the study of their variable states. Such an approach permits a monitoring of changes in landscape structure and its areas and the intensity of anthropogenic impacts on forest and marsh landscapes, and determination of permissible pressure on geosystems in areas with high technogenic pressure of the oil and gas complex represented by the north-west of Siberia. An automated processing of data based on a supervised classification of territorial objects allows for the elimination of inaccuracies arising in visual image interpretation. Raster landscape maps can be used both for a further generation of vector maps and as a real-time information base for purposes of environmental management and protection.     

Detection of foreclosure-related landscape management changes using Landsat

The volume of properties affected by foreclosure over the past decade suggests the potential for dramatic change in vegetation cover due to changes in management. Yet, the specific pathology of each foreclosure, the temporal asynchrony among foreclosures, and differences in the area available for vegetation growth across properties presents challenges to observing and measuring change. This paper develops and tests a difference in deviations approach that compares the parcel NDVI to a neighborhood norm before and after foreclosure. The difference in deviations approach addresses the challenges of separating parcel-level change corresponding to foreclosure and identifies changes on both small and large parcels. The method relies on a time series of Landsat Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data, individual home foreclosure records and property tax assessment data for Maricopa County, Arizona from 2002 to 2012. To establish the level of difference associated with observable landscape change, we use a probit regression model, coding Google Earth images for properties across the range of observed deviations of difference. The basic assumption underlying the approach is that if foreclosure coincides with a change in management, it will lead to changes in vegetation structure and thus, NDVI values. We estimate that 13% of home foreclosures in Maricopa County over the period from 2002 to 2012 resulted in declines in vegetation whereas 6.5% resulted in vegetation increases. Future uses of this method for understanding landscape management in residential landscapes are discussed.     

基于景观格局定量分析的流域治理--以文峪河流域为例

以航片、森林资源调查资料和林相图为基础资料,在地理信息系统软件及数据库管理系统的支持下,应用景观多样性指数、景观要素优势度指数、类斑形状指数、景观要素斑块分数维等景观格局分析指标,对流域景观空间总体分布、景观组成结构、景观要素斑块形状特征进行分析,揭示了山西文峪河流域植被景观的总体格局。基于分析成果,针对目前文峪河流域植被景观格局存在的问题,建议在今后的流域管理和建设中应开展的工作,即上游及中高海拔带重点进行寒温性针叶林保护;中下游山地积极增加阔叶林,营造混交林;河谷重点开展河岸植被和河岸林规划设计和建设。     

Use of remotely sensed data in mapping underwater landscapes of Srednyaya Bay (Peter the Great Gulf,Sea of Japan)

We examine the selection criteria for satellite images and methods of processing them in the process of mapping underwater landscapes using remotely sensed data, discuss the interpretation principles and algorithms as well as some issues related to the support of observations with field material. It is shown that a detailed landscape mapping of shallow marine waters by methods of visual and automated interpretation requires multispectral superhigh spatial resolution images. Results of investigations made on underwater profiles by using lightweight diving outfits were employed to describe seven types of underwater landscapes, and echo sounder measurements were used in constructing the digital elevation model for the bottom of Srednyaya Bay. It is established that the regions for which it was possible to carry out a reliable interpretation of data from the IKONOS-2 spacecraft are in the range of depths between 0 and 10 m and make up about three-fourths of the area of the bay bottom. Ten facies were identified and put on the map, for each of which we determined the area, the range of depths and the mean depth of propagation. Remotely sensed data were used to assess the contribution (in the spatial structure of the geosystem) of algal vegetation on the littoral; the eelgrass fields were ranked according to the degree of projective cover. As a result of a clustering according to the similarity of spectral attributes, we identified ten groups of pixels of the image analyzed. An analysis is made of the agreement between the distribution of facies identified by expert interpretation and results of an automated classification of pixels, and the contours of landscape units were updated. The conclusion is drawn regarding integration of the computer-aided and visual approaches to interpretation of remotely sensed data for shallow marine waters leading to a “hybrid” express method of mapping landscapes of shallow marine waters.     

Landscape regularities of human colonization of the Tuva territory in the Scythian time (8<Superscript>th</Superscript>–3<Superscript>rd</Superscript> centuries B. C.)

We discuss the issues related to the human colonization of the Tuva landscapes in the Scythian time. An analysis is made of the spatial and landscape confinedness of archaeological sites having regard to the Late-Holocene rhythms of climate change in the mountains. For the historical-landscape analysis the MapInfo 12.0 GIS technologies were used in compiling the landscape map of the Tyva Republic, the scheme of physical-geographical regionalization and the schematic map of spatial distribution of archaeological sites from the Scythian time. The then most developed landscapes include the steppe mountain-valley and forest-steppe low- and mid-mountain landscapes, which was associated with the main economic sector, namely nomadic stockbreeding. The culture of the Scythian time existed under a colder and more humid climate than at present. An increase in humidity in originally dry areas led to an increase in steppe vegetation productivity growing in depressions and on slopes of mountain ranges. These factors created favorable conditions for the development of nomadic stockbreeding. A spatial analysis of the distribution of archaeological sites in the physical-geographical provinces of Tuva intimates that depression landscapes were colonized mostly in the Scythian time. The Tuvinian depression province (the archaeologically richest area of Tuva) and the Ubsunur depression account for 52 and 21% of the sites, respectively. The mountain landscapes were colonized to a considerably lesser extent; the largest number of sites are located in the Western-Tuva mountain province. In the Scythian time, the cores of development of the Tuva territory were represented by the intermontane depressions (Tuvinian and Ubsunur), the connections between which were provided by a small number of large valleys and mountain passes.     

碧塔海流域生态旅游景观类型及其空间组合特点

碧塔海独特的高原自然地理环境和轻微的人类活动长期综合作用营造了高品位、多类型的自然生态旅游景观。按自然地域分异、景观内部特征的相对一致性和主导因素三个原则将碧塔海流域内的自然生态旅游景观划分为3个景观类、5个景观亚类和15个景观型。根据空间尺度的大小,探析了三个景观等级层次的空间组合特点及其相互间的生态关系,为生态旅游规划,科考旅游声线设计及景区生态管理提供了科学依据。     

黄渭洛三河汇流区湿地景观变化

流域经济快速发展使得黄河、渭河及北洛河三河汇流区湿地景观变化显著。应用GIS/RS技术与景观格局分析软件FRAGSTATS,对1989、1996、2000年5月黄渭洛三河汇流区湿地景观的演变过程进行计算和分析,探讨了湿地景观格局特征的变化趋势以及湿地景观演化的驱动力因素,主要结论为:①水文因素和人文因素是汇流区景观变化的主要驱动力;②草地、盐碱地和裸地的面积在增加,而耕地和水域的面积在减少;③土地盐碱化形势依旧严峻,分别有1.38 km2的耕地、0.54 km2的草地和0.47 km2的水域演化为盐碱地;④景观指标表明湿地景观多样性和均匀性逐年升高。     

三江平原别拉洪河流域湿地农田化过程研究

自20世纪50年代以来,三江平原的别拉洪河流域在经历了3次大规模开荒后,大面积的湿地被农田所替代,耕地面积迅速增加,湿地农田化过程干扰和破坏了原有的湿地环境。在遥感和地理信息系统技术支持下,应用景观生态学方法,利用1954年、1976年、1986年、2000年和2005年的土地利用数据,分析了研究区近50 a来的湿地农田化过程。结果显示,湿地农田化过程中大面积的湿地斑块被农田斑块所取代,破碎化的小耕地斑块又逐渐合并为大的耕地斑块,并导致斑块形状复杂度指数逐渐增大,景观均匀度指数呈现波动变化;耕地面积在1954~1986年期间增长幅度较大,特别是在20世纪70年代末和80年代初的改革开放初期,研究区景观动态度为0.201,远高于其它时期;目前,农田景观已成为主要景观类型,农田面积占研究区总面积的63.69%,湿地面积占研究区总面积的比例由1954年的64.83%减小到2005年的19.44%。质心模型的分析结果显示,近50 a来研究区耕地景观质心平移幅度明显大于湿地景观,湿地景观质心不断地向东北方向移动,偏移了约20.5 km,而农田景观质心逐渐向东平移,平移了约44.7 km。农业开垦是研究区湿地大面积消退的主要原因。     

三江平原抚远县景观格局变化研究

基于RS和GIS技术,应用集成地形图与遥感影像(MSS和TM)数据,获得抚远县6期景观类型图;通过计算各景观类型的相对变化率、转入和转出贡献率,应用景观格局分析方法,对1954~2005年三江平原抚远县湿地农田化过程进行分析。结果表明,1986年以后,耕地成为抚远县面积最大的景观类型;1954~2005年,各景观类型中耕地的相对变化率最大,1995~2000年间其相对变化率达到10.50;湿地的相对变化率在1976~1986年最大,为1.31%,湿地转出变为耕地的贡献率较大,这主要是湿地大面积被开垦为耕地的结果。景观指数在过去50多年间都发生了明显变化,最大景观形状指数(LSI)出现在1995年,为36.99;最大Shannon多样性指数(SH-DI)出现在1986年,为1.45;最大斑块聚集度指数(CONTAG)和斑块指数(LPI)出现在2005年,分别为64.14和53.35;最大斑块周长—面积分维数(PAFRAC)出现在1954年,为1.54。大规模农业开发与景观指数变化规律存在密切关系。