Cartographic model of river basins of European Russia

An analysis made of the worldwide existing geoinformation systems (HydroSHEDS, CCM, Ecrins, WBD, etc.) suggests that there are as yet no models of adequate quality for the basin boundaries of small rivers in the European part of Russia. For the territory of the European part of Russia with a total area of more than 4 mln. km2 the GIS technology tools were used to construct the electron vector map of river basins and their interbasin spaces. The map thus obtained displays the basins of first-order rivers for a given level of generalization (sc 1:1 000 000). The GMTED2010 model was used as the digital elevation model. A total of 63 553 basin geosystems were identified on the map, averaging 68 km2 in area. Accuracy verification of identifying the basin boundaries showed a good agreement of areal and geometric characteristics of the method used with expert approach. In test areas, the men difference of the indicators of the area of the basins identified automatically and by use of the expert approach made up 3.6%. For areas with weakly dissected lowland topography this error does not exceed 5% while it is about 2% in areas with relatively dissected elevated topography. The basin geosystems thus identified are operational-territorial units with respect to which the geospatial data base is generated to characterize the natural-resource potential of the European territory of Russia. An example is provided for the generation of the geospatial database containing hydrological information covering 1763 hydrological stations collecting streamflow data.     

Natural-resource potential of the trans-boundary territory of Russia and the PRC within the Upper and Middle Amur basin

The specific natural-geographical system of the Upper and Middle Amur basin, including the right-bank area (PRC) is investigated. The system is characterized by a single-type landscape and geological structure, and by mineral resources similar in composition. An analysis is made of the natural-resource potential, and the strategic directions of its economic utilization with due regard for the trans-boundary factor are predicted.     

Resources of the complex of metals in the iron ore field on the territory of Jewish Autonomous Oblast

In the southern part of Jewish Autonomous Oblast, large resources of iron ores and accompanying metals contained in them have been assessed. As regards the resources of iron ores, it is one of the largest deposits in the Far East, and according to the complex of satellite metals, it is similar to some deposits in China, while with respect to the value of the resources, it refers to world class objects.     

色楞格河三角洲重金属季节和空间分布

In order to estimate the present-day pollution levels in the ecosystem of the Selenga River Delta and to monitor the changes caused by the discharge of household refuse and industrial wastes,as well as the functioning of the agricultural and stock farming,a comprehensive study of the water and bottom sediments in the main branches of the Selenga River Delta was carried out.This study has determined the concentrations of heavy metals in river water and bottom sediments in its delta.     

蔬菜重金属暴露接触对大宝山矿区及周边居民的健康风险

通过36个土壤样品,32个灌溉水及120个蔬菜样品的调查研究,结果表明,广东韶关翁源县大宝山及周边的四个地区土壤、灌溉水及蔬菜中重金属含量都表现为:上坝>下坝>蓑衣坑>何屋。下坝、蓑衣坑及何屋通过食用蔬菜日均Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu摄入量均未超过FAO/WHO人均日摄入可允许限量标准。但上坝居民通过蔬菜摄入Pb和Cd的DI分别为PTDI的1.40和1.35倍。靶标危害系数(Target hazard quotients)THQ研究结果表明,何屋和蓑衣坑的蔬菜中几种重金属的THQ值均小于1,说明蔬菜途径摄入重金属对其居民健康风险很低。上坝居民通过蔬菜摄入的Pb和Cd的THQ均大于1,蔬菜途径重金属暴露接触对上坝居民健康具有潜在风险。居住在污染河流横石河下游的上坝居民面临严重的重金属接触暴露风险,显著高于对太平河上游及下游居民的健康风险。     

Seasonal and spatial distribution of heavy metals in the Selenga River Delta

In order to estimate the present-day pollution levels in the ecosystem of the Se-lenga River Delta and to monitor the changes caused by the discharge of household refuse and industrial wastes, as well as the functioning of the agricultural and stock farming, a comprehensive study of the water and bottom sediments in the main branches of the Selenga River Delta was carried out. This study has determined the concentrations of heavy metals in river water and bottom sediments in its delta.     

澜沧江-湄公河重金属污染评价及大坝影响(英文)

The resource development and changes of hydrological regime,sediment and water quality in the Mekong River basin have attracted great attentions.This research aimed to enhance the study on transboundary pollution of heavy metals in this international river.In this study,eight sampling sites were selected to collect the bed sand samples along the mainstream of the Mekong River.In addition,the contents of 5 heavy metal elements and their spatial variability along the mainstream of the river were analyzed.The geoaccumulation index(I geo) and potential ecological risk analysis were employed to assess heavy metal pollution status in the mainstream of the Mekong River.The results show that the average content of the heavy metal elements Zn is 91.43 mg/kg,Pb is 41.85 mg/kg,and As is 21.84 mg/kg in the bed sands of the Upper Mekong River,which are higher than those(Zn 68.17 mg/kg,Pb 28.22 mg/kg,As 14.97 mg/kg) in the Lower Mekong.The average content of Cr in the Lower Mekong is 418.86 mg/kg,higher than that in the Upper Mekong(42.19 mg/kg).Luang Prabang has a very high Cr concentration with 762.93 mg/kg and Pakse with 422.90 mg/kg.The concentration of Cu in all of the 8 sampling sites is similar,except for in Jiajiu with 11.70 mg/kg and Jiebei with 7.00 mg/kg.The results of the geoaccumulation index reveal that contaminations caused by Zn and Pb while Pb and As are more than those by Zn in Upper Mekong.Cr is the primary pollutant in the Lower Mekong,especially at Luang Prabang and Pakse.Slight pollution with As also occurs in Pakse.The potential ecological risk index indicates that the potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the mainstream of the Mekong River is low.We argue that the pollution of water quality and contamination of heavy metals in bed sediment caused by mining of mineral resources or geochemical background values in the Mekong is not transmitted from the Upper to the Lower Mekong because of the reservoir sedimentation and dilution along the river.     

Atmospheric transboundary transport of cesium-137 with terrigenous dust from Asian deserts to the southern Far East

Monitoring data on radioactive contamination of the atmosphere have been used in analyzing the seasonal variability in concentrations and fallout flux of technogenic cesium-137 radionuclide contained in atmospheric suspended particles. It is found that an increase in dust and radionuclide concentration is taking place during dust storms in deserts of Asia. It is shown that the increase in the concentrations of dust and cesium-137 is accompanied by an increase in its specific activity in atmospheric suspended particles. This bears witness to the continental origin of the radionuclide in the atmosphere over the southern part of the Far East.     

The selection of internal migration models for European regions

"A full multiregional projection model requires migration data that are simultaneously classified by age and gender and region of origin and region of destination. Except for a very small number of regions, these data requirements are so high that aggregation of the data (which is equivalent to simplification of the model) is called for. This paper investigates the extent to which the full internal migration matrix can be simplified without seriously affecting the performance of the resulting multiregional model. Using IPF (iterative proportional fitting) methods, a log-linear analysis of alternative model specifications is made, using data for Italy, the Netherlands and the UK....A reasonable balance between goodness-of-fit and parsimony is found for the model in which time interacts with the main effects only (i.e. with age/sex, with origin and with destination)."     

Reconstruction of cropland area in the European part of Tsarist Russia from 1696 to 1914 based on historical documents

Journal of Geographical Sciences - To evaluate the climatic and ecological impacts of anthropogenic activities in global change research, it is essential to reconstruct historical land use and land...     

Permafrost dynamics in the north-east of European Russia at the end of the 20th century

In the major physiographic divisions of the north-east of European Russia, temperatures in the cryolithozone and the active/seasonally frozen layer were monitored during the period 1970 to 1995. Active layer depths increased on average by 11% to 15%, whereas the depths of the seasonally frozen layer decreased by 19% to 40%. The largest positive temperature increments, up to 1.2C, were characteristic for the piedmont and basement plains. Lacustrine-alluvial lowlands demonstrated oppositely directed temperature trends depending on a landform. Numerous sites with ongoing permafrost formation demonstrated negative temperature increments varying from 0.1C to 2.0C.     

GWR模型在土壤重金属高光谱预测中的应用

目前土壤重金属高光谱反演模型大多忽视了重金属与光谱变量间相关关系的空间异质性,这与实际情况不相吻合,而地理权重回归（GWR）模型能有效地揭示变量间关系的空间异质性。本文以福州市土壤重金属Cd、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn、Ni为对象,构建土壤重金属预测的GWR高光谱模型,并将预测结果与普通最小二乘法回归（OLS）结果进行比较分析,探讨GWR模型在土壤重金属高光谱预测中的适用性及局限性。结果表明：① GWR模型在土壤重金属高光谱预测中适用与否取决于重金属对光谱变量影响的空间异质性程度：对于Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb等对光谱变量影响空间异质性大的元素,其GWR预测精度较OLS提高明显,表现为GWR模型的调节R²较OLS模型有了明显提高,分别为OLS模型的2.69倍、2.01倍、1.87倍和1.53倍;而AIC值以及残差平方和较OLS模型却明显降低,AIC值减少量均大于3个单位,残差平方和则仅分别为OLS模型的25.33%、30.09%、47.22%和86.84%;对于Cd和Ni等对光谱变量影响空间异质性小的元素,相较于OLS模型,GWR模型的调节R²分别提高了0.015和0.007,残差平方和分别减少了5.97%和4.18%,但AIC值却分别增加了2.737和2.762,GWR预测效果改善不明显;② 光谱变换可以有效增强土壤重金属的光谱特征,其中以光谱的倒数变换效果最好,而且该变换及其微分形式可以很好地提高模型的预测效果;③ GWR模型的应用前提是变量间关系的空间非平稳性,适合在与土壤光谱变量间关系具有显著空间异质性的重金属高光谱预测中推广。     

关中地区农业土壤重金属污染评价

1Introduction The harm of soil heavy metals pollution on soil environment and human health and its control have become a hot topic in the current environmental research field.There are many relevant research results at home and abroad in this field(Chen,1…     

The influence of Holocene tree-line advance and retreat on an arctic lake ecosystem: a multi-proxy study from Kharinei Lake,North Eastern European Russia

A consequence of predicted climate warming will be tree-line advance over large areas of the Russian tundra. Palaeolimnological techniques can be used to provide analogues of how such changes in tree-line advance and subsequent retreat affected lake ecosystems in the past. A Holocene sediment core taken from Kharinei Lake (Russia) was dated radiometrically and used for multi-proxy analyses with the aim of determining how climate and tree-line dynamics affected the productivity, community structure, carbon cycling and light regime in the lake. Pollen and macrofossil analyses were used to determine the dates of the arrival and retreat of birch and spruce forest. C:N ratios and percent loss-on-ignition were used to infer past changes in sediment organic matter. Visible-near-infrared spectroscopy and diatom analysis were used to infer past changes in lake-water carbon. Algal pigments and aquatic macrophytes were used to determine changes in lake productivity and light. Chironomids together with remains of the aquatic flora and fauna were used to provide information on past July temperature and continentality. Lake sedimentation was initiated shortly before 11,000 cal. years BP, when both chironomid- and pollen-inferred temperature reconstructions suggest higher summer temperatures than present, between 1 and 2°C warmer, and lake productivity was relatively high. A few trees were already present at this time. The spruce forest expanded at 8,000 cal. year BP remaining in the vicinity of the lake until 3,500 cal. year BP. This period coincided with a high concentration of organic material in the water column, and relatively high benthic productivity, as indicated by a high benthic: planktonic diatom ratio. After tree-line retreat, the optical transparency of the lake increased, and it became more open and exposed, and was thus subject to greater water-column mixing resulting in a higher abundance of diatom phytoplankton, especially heavily silicified Aulocoseira species. The colder climate resulted in a shorter ice-free period, the lake was less productive and there was a loss of aquatic macrophytes. Increased wind-induced mixing following forest retreat had a greater influence on the lake ecosystem than the effects of decreasing organic matter concentration and increased light penetration.     

乌鲁木齐市大气降尘中重金属来源分析

采用均匀布点的原则,在乌鲁木齐市不同区域采集大气降尘样本,通过ICP-AES测定了样本中Cu、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Zn、Cd、Pb、As和Li的重金属含量。计算了重金属元素的富集因子指数,同时采用因子分析方法探讨了重金属的来源。结果表明:所测的重金属中,除Mn元素外,均受到人为源的干扰。其中贡献率从大到小依次为:风沙扬尘28.95%,燃煤26.13%,石化工业18.85%,金属冶炼15.30%,其他源贡献约为10.78%。说明乌鲁木齐市的大气环境质量受风沙扬尘影响很大,防空风沙和建筑扬尘对改善大气环境质量非常重要。煤烟型污染依然严重,调整能源结构是治理大气污染的当务之急,减少石化和金属冶炼工业的排放也是刻不容缓工作。     

Assessment on heavy metals pollution of agricultural soil in Guanzhong District

The monitored soil samples were collected from Heihui irrigated area, Jiaokou irrigated area, Qianhe river valley and Jinghe river valley (hereafter Heihui, Jiaokou, Qianhe and Jinghe for short respectively) of Guanzhong District. According to the Environment Quality Standard for Soil (GB15618-1995II), we evaluated the pollution status of heavy metals (Cd, As, Cr and Pb) that could seriously endanger soil environment and human health by using single-factor index and synthetic pollution index methods. The results indicate that the synthetic pollution indices P of soil heavy metals are less than 0.7 in Heihui, Jiaokou, Qianhe and Jinghe of Guanzhong, the single-factor indices Pi of soil heavy metals of most soil samples are less than 0.7, so the soil environmental quality is in a good condition in Guanzhong on the whole; the enrichment degree of soil heavy metals is in the order of Heihui, Jinghe, Qianhe and Jiaokou; the contaminated degree of soil heavy metals has the feature of Cd > As > Cr > Pb; heavy metals contents in the cultivated horizon soil are generally higher than those in its underlayer soil, heavy metals contents of soil have the characteristic of enriching towards the cultivated horizon; Cd exceeds standard in the soil samples HS07a, b and HS08a, b at the Yangtao orchard in Heihui and in the soil sample QHS01a at the suburban vegetable plot in Qianhe, which was mainly caused by the long-term irrational use of chemical fertilizer and pesticide.     

华北不同地表覆盖类型区干旱演变特征

利用华北地区气象站点1960～2008年共49年的降水旬数据集逐旬计算1个月、3个月、12个月尺度的标准化降水指数(SPI)序列。采用SPI历史序列的多年滑动平均和滑动标准差方法,解析研究区及3种主要地表覆盖类型区(草原区、农田区、阔叶林带)干旱在整个时间序列上的演变周期和幅度。采用线性回归分析干旱的演变趋势和变化频度,并对趋势线进行预测。对比了3个子区域全年12个月份干旱演变特征的差异。结果表明:研究区干旱发生的频率和强度呈逐渐加重的趋势,且各月份干旱发展趋势有较大差异,夏季的6月、7月降水较历史时期增多,春旱(4月)、秋旱(9月和10月)加重趋势显著。草原区在整个历史时期的干旱变化趋势不如南部农作物区和中部阔叶林带明显。农作物区9月、10月两月份干旱加重的趋势最显著,说明黄淮海平原区的夏玉米将越来越受到秋旱的威胁,防旱抗旱形势重于冬小麦面临的春旱,冬小麦的秋种受干旱的影响将加重。     

Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Gully Erosion in the Zone of Intensive Agriculture in the European Part of Russia

Using the method of mapping by high resolution satellite imagery mapping, a study was made of the key areas which are located in the southern part of the forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones of Tatarstan and of Orenburg, Saratov and Voronezh oblasts. Two key indicators were determined: the gully length density and gully head density within the basins; results of the investigation were used in compiling respective maps in vector format. It is established that the density of the gully length in the basins varies over the range from 0 to 0.5 km/km² (from the absence of gullies to strong gully erosion), and the density of gully heads from 0 to 3 units/km². The slope type of gullies is dominant in all basins (about 80%), while the coastal and bottom types have approximately the same proportion (14 and 10%, respectively). Using methods of mathematical statistics we determined a high directly proportional dependence of the indicators of the contemporary gully network on the level of ploughness of the basins and the mean annual precipitation amount, and an indirectly proportional dependence on the level of sodding. An abrupt reduction in gullying indicators was determined. It was found that among the chief reasons behind an abrupt reduction in the gullies to date is a decrease of the rate of agricultural development, with an additional factor, namely, a dramatic decrease in surface runoff down the arable slopes during spring snowmelt caused by climate warming. It is concluded that that a significant part of the gully forms in the study area is currently inactive and massively passes into the balka stage.