理想模拟的温带气旋中冷暖输送带特征分析

本文利用WRF理想斜压波模式模拟了理想湿大气中温带气旋的快速发展过程,采用拉格朗日轨迹筛选方法识别了气旋内部冷、暖输送带结构,分析了沿着输送带轨迹的物理量演变特征,探究了输送带气流对气旋降水结构的影响。本文在再现前人研究结论的基础上,发现了更精细的输送带结构特征,尤其是对冷输送带特征有了进一步认识。研究表明,根据相对气旋中心运动特征可将暖输送带划分为“前倾上升”和“后倾上升”两支。两支气流均起始于对流层低层冷锋前暖区内,旋转上升到对流层中高层出流区后分别向气旋中心的下游和上游运动,并在中高层产生负位涡扰动,促进高空系统发展。同时,暖输送带向上层输送水汽,影响锋面附近降水中心的形成和维持。在对冷输送带的研究中,本文证实了前人研究描述的上升类和低层运动类特征,而且发现其可以更精细地呈现出四支气流结构。“前倾上升”和“后倾上升”两支气流的初始位置靠近暖锋,上升运动到对流层中层后分别向气旋中心的下游和上游运动,利于促进暖锋附近降水形成;而“环气旋前倾”和“环气旋后倾”两支气流始终在对流层低层运动,初始远离暖锋朝向气旋中心运动,水汽含量增加,随后环绕气旋中心缓慢上升运动到气旋西侧后分别向气旋下游...     

大连地区暖锋暴雨个例成因与雷达回波特征

利用常规观测资料、自动站资料和多普勒雷达资料等,对2009年7月14日大连暴雨局部大暴雨过程进行详细分析。结果表明：这是一次暖锋大暴雨过程,高空河套槽北抬和北支槽尾段相叠加,中低层在渤海北部到大连地区形成涡旋环流,700 hPa气旋式较大曲率处在地面暖锋上空,大连地区位于地面气旋顶部即暖锋顶部,造成强降水的产生。强湿区,配合暖锋前低层辐合中心、高层辐散中心,为暖锋大暴雨天气提供水汽和动力条件。从雷达回波分析可以看出,暖锋前部45dBz的β中尺度反射率及速度场上“单牛眼”特征,是造成此次暴雨过程及短时暴雨的直接原因。VWP资料分析表明,低层东南急流与高层西南急流形成切变层的高度以及两支急流的强度变化,与暖锋对应并决定降水的强弱。     

大范围持续暴雪过程中多种影响系统的对比分析

持续48 h的大范围雨转暴雪天气先后影响了陕西、山西、河北、北京、天津、辽宁等地,华北地区降雪量15—30 mm。此次过程中地面影响系统复杂,有华北锢囚锋、江淮气旋、北路冷锋。利用准地转理论、凝结函数法、垂直剖面分析和常规观测资料、GFS 0.5°×0.5°再分析资料等,对比分析了华北锢囚锋和江淮气旋在降雪量和降水效率、水汽和动力条件、垂直结构等方面的特征和差异,并描述了多种地面影响系统的演变和相互作用。结果表明:（1）在降雪量和效率上,华北锢囚锋降雪量小于江淮气旋,华北锢囚锋主要影响华北西部,降雪持续24 h,江淮气旋主要影响华北中东部,降雪持续30 h;降水前半段华北锢囚锋降水效率为0.76,江淮气旋为0.58,降水后半段两者均为1.5。（2）在水汽条件上,华北锢囚锋明显弱于江淮气旋,华北锢囚锋水汽通道在700 hPa上,来自西南地区,而江淮气旋在700和850 hPa上,来自西南地区和东海;华北锢囚锋水汽含量中心和水汽辐合中心主要集中在近地面层锢囚锋附近,而江淮气旋在800—600 hPa气旋北侧偏南气流里。（3）在动力条件上,华北锢囚锋明显弱于江淮气旋,华北锢囚锋南段涡度平流垂直微差项起主要作用,北段温度平流拉普拉斯项起主要作用,江淮气旋温度平流的拉普拉斯项和涡度平流的垂直微差项均起到重要作用。（4）在垂直结构上,江淮气旋锢囚时为冷式锢囚,并有北路冷锋楔入其暖锋下面,强度明显强于华北锢囚锋。（5）在演变和相互作用上,江淮气旋的北上减弱了华北锢囚锋;北路冷锋对随江淮气旋北上的暖湿气流起到“冷垫”抬升作用。      

黑龙江省一次暴雨过程的中尺度特征与物理机制分析

使用常规观测资料、物理量场、以及地面自动站资料,对2014年7月20-21日发生在黑龙江省的一次暴雨过程进行了诊断分析,得到:此次过程主要是由高空低涡、副热带高压和蒙古低压共同影响,暖锋触发的暴雨天气;低空西南急流输送暖湿空气,为暴雨提供充足水汽和动力条件,同时,中空急流与干舌配合输送干冷空气,两者叠加增强了大气的不稳定,暖锋锋生触发了对流性天气;渤海湾是此次暴雨主要的水汽源地,低层强烈的水汽输送和水汽辐合使大气湿度层迅速增厚,为暴雨的发生发展提供了有利的水汽条件。整层正涡度区有利于产生气旋性辐合上升运动,为暴雨提供了充足的动力条件。K指数、对流有效位能和假相当位温都指示了发生强对流天气的可能性。     

一次北上江南气旋的结构特征与演变机理分析

利用常规的高空、地面观测、NCEP的1°×1°再分析资料和FY-2E水汽图像等资料,分析了一次北上的江南气旋降水分布、生成环境、结构特征及气旋发展和移动的成因。结果表明:(1)气压场形状和强降水落区的演变类似于Shapiro-Keyser气旋模型。(2)江南气旋发生并向北发展,表现为250 hPa高空辐散,500 hPa西北槽与高原东部槽东移合并、下游脊加强环流的背景。(3)这次气旋虽然没有出现Shapiro-Keyser气旋模型中明显的暖锋后弯现象,但在低压中心附近存在弱的暖核,该核主要位于850 hPa以下层次。(4)当正相对涡度区随高度向西倾斜、地面气旋中心西侧的冷锋锋区增强、高层相对涡度值增大时,气旋处于快速加深过程中;当高低层正相对涡度中心几乎垂直重合、且对流层低层冷锋锋区减弱,则气旋缓慢发展。(5)暖湿气流向北发展和垂直于暖锋的次级环流加强使得暖锋附近的降水增强。(6)用准地转ω运动方程诊断得到,在气旋的初生阶段,地面气旋上空垂直上升速度几乎为0,气旋基本不发展;但其下游暖平流和高低层涡度平流差值大,有利于气旋快速向东北方向移动。在气旋发展阶段,地面气旋上空垂直上升速度加大,气旋快速发展,但其下游暖平流和高低层涡度平流差值减小使得气旋移速缓慢。在气旋发展停滞阶段,地面气旋上空垂直上升速度微弱,气旋发展趋于停止,且其下游暖平流和高低层涡度平流差值继续减小,气旋移速进一步变缓。     

陆地上爆发性温带气旋的暖锋后弯结构分析

温带气旋的暖锋后弯是20世纪80年代末从北大西洋爆发性气旋现场科学试验中发现的一个重要科学成果, 修正了 经典温带锋面气旋模式中锢囚锋的概念。在地球同步卫星云图上, 经常可以观测到欧亚大陆的气旋云系也存在与暖锋后弯 非常类似的演变过程。利用常规的高空、地面观测, NCEP的1°×1°再分析场和FY-2E 水汽图像等资料, 通过分析2012年5 月11-14日一次蒙古气旋强烈发展的结构特征, 揭示了在内陆地区温带气旋发展过程中若暖锋锋区增强而冷锋锋区减弱, 则 该类气旋也存在暖锋后弯和暖核被隔离的事实。分析结果还表明该类蒙古气旋中暖核强度虽不如海洋爆发性气旋, 但其厚 度可伸展到600hPa,在对流层低层850hPa低压中心附近不仅有暖核, 而且存在与暖核近乎重合的干中心, 但干暖中心与气 旋中心并不重合。另外, 单站探空及垂直剖面的分析显示, 在后弯的暖锋锋区附近存在强的湿上升运动, 干暖核内以干空气 和下沉运动为主, 在边界层内后弯暖锋锋区比冷锋锋区强;在冷锋后部的干输送带中对流层中高层锋区明显, 且总体上相对 湿度较小、上升运动微弱, 最显着的干区位于锋区上方下沉的暖空气中。     

一次江淮气旋极端雨雪过程的云系特征和成因分析

2016年2月12日夜间至13日白天,受冷空气和江淮气旋影响,山东出现了一次极端雨雪天气过程,全省48个国家级气象站日降水突破同期历史记录。采用多种观测和NCEP/NCAR的1°×1°再分析资料分析了降水云系的演变特征、风场的中尺度特征和降水成因。结果表明:(1)雨雪过程不断有β中尺度云团从苏皖移入山东,降水主要由4个β中尺度云团造成;江淮气旋逗点头云系由4条带状回波发展形成,暖锋云系以层状云为主,其间有零散的对流云,逗点云尾部的冷锋云系形成初期多为对流性,入海后对流性减弱;气旋形成后雷达回波发生气旋式旋转、拉长,形成多条中尺度强雨带。(2)水汽条件极为有利,来自西南和东南两个方向的低空急流持续输送充沛的水汽,降雨阶段还有来自东南方向超低空急流的水汽输送,降雪阶段边界层水汽输送微弱。(3)降雨阶段,低层为浅薄的东北风冷垫;降雪阶段,东北风冷垫较降雨阶段深厚得多。东北风冷垫上东南风层变薄直至减弱消失是雨雪相态转换的标志,强雨雪都发生在偏南低空急流最强盛时段。(4)低层低涡前部东北风和东南风的切变辐合、暖平流、暖锋锋生以及条件性不稳定能量释放强迫上升运动造成强雨雪。风廓线雷达和激光雨滴谱仪的观测是降水相态短时临近预报的有益判别资料。     

气旋类山东暴雨过程天气学特征研究

利用天气观测资料、NECP/NCAR再分析资料对1999-2009年发生的24例气旋导致的山东大范围的暴雨过程进行了研究。参照教科书分类标准将气旋分为黄河气旋型、黄淮气旋型与江淮气旋型,在丰富前人气候统计特征的基础上,提炼出概念模型。针对每类气旋重点分析气旋发展的动力机制、水汽特征,确定暴雨落区与各物理量场的配置关系。结论如下：(1)黄河气旋型暴雨落区在气旋移动方向的左前方,暖锋附近,天气尺度强迫有利于暴雨产生,水汽来源于西南气流输送或气旋本身。(2)黄淮气旋型暴雨落区在气旋移动方向的左前方,属暖区降水,高低空急流的垂直耦合诱发深对流,促使暴雨产生。(3)江淮气旋型暴雨落区在气旋中心北侧,属冷区降水,其环流形势经向度较大,诱使低层低涡切变线北移,为系统性暴雨的产生提供水汽条件和动力条件。(4)三类气旋暴雨过程中,对流层高层多为辐散场或高空急流入口区的右侧,低层多有低涡配合;当有低空偏南风急流出现时,降水量大,反之,则小;暴雨中心均与850hPa水汽通量散度辐合区、高比湿区及高能舌区三者相叠置的位置相吻合。     

鄂尔多斯地区一次暴雨过程卫星云图特征

利用气象卫星云图、MICAPS资料、地面观测资料以及天气学原理等方法,对发生在鄂尔多斯地区一次暴雨天气过程进行分析。结果表明：这次强降水主要是活跃暖锋云系及镶嵌在其底部中γ尺度暴雨云团共同作用的结果;欧亚上空500 hPa为阶梯槽东移与副热带高压西缘北上暖湿气流在河套地区辐合,700 hPa上有切变线,华东地区江淮气旋北部东南风急流向西北方向输送;有3路水汽输送带从西、西南、东南方向向河套地区源源不断输送水汽和能量并汇聚;处于上冷下暖对流不稳定层结;强降水发生在物理量场平流项和散度项配置较好的区域及暖锋云系前方冷锋云带发生断裂的区域。     

气旋类山东暴雨过程天气学特征分析

利用天气观测资料、NECP/NCAR再分析资料对2001年1月—2015年8月发生在山东的32例气旋导致的大范围的暴雨过程进行了分析。将气旋分为黄河气旋型、黄淮气旋型与江淮气旋型,针对每类气旋重点分析其暴雨发生的动力机制、水汽特征,暴雨落区等,并建立了概念模型。结论如下:(1)黄河气旋型暴雨落区在气旋移动方向的左前方,暖锋附近,天气尺度强迫有利于暴雨产生,水汽来源于西南气流输送或气旋本身。(2)黄淮气旋型暴雨落区在气旋移动方向的左前方,属暖区降水,高低空急流垂直耦合诱发深对流,促使暴雨产生。(3)江淮气旋型暴雨落区在气旋中心北侧,属冷区降水,其环流形势经向度较大,诱使低层低涡切变线北移,为系统性暴雨的产生提供水汽条件和动力条件。(4)三类气旋暴雨过程中,对流层高层多为辐散场或高空急流入口区右侧,低层多有低涡配合;当有低空偏南风急流出现时,降水量大,反之,则小;暴雨中心均与850 h Pa水汽通量散度辐合区、高比湿区及高能舌区三者相叠置的位置相吻合。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.