瞬变电磁法全空间三维伪谱法模拟

本文根据均匀介质中时间域麦克斯韦方程组,应用伪谱法模拟三维全空间瞬变电磁场的扩散.将电磁场的六分量整理成统一的方程,通过初值条件替代源项将源响应问题转化为初值问题.使用快速傅里叶变换近似空间偏导数,应用切比雪夫多项式近似演化算子来求解方程.通过与全空间均匀介质瞬态线源响应的解析解的比较,验证伪谱法的有效性.计算和分析不同时刻全空间均匀介质中高阻体和低阻体的响应,说明瞬变电磁法对高阻体灵敏度不高,但能较好的分辨低阻体的特点,并反映出时间域伪谱法的优点,即可以连续地计算出电磁场扩散及与低阻体的响应过程.最后讨论伪谱法未来可能应用于矿井瞬变电磁和海底瞬变电磁等领域.     

层状全空间瞬变电磁响应理论研究

研究全空间效应的影响因素及变化规律,可以有效地丰富地下瞬变电磁法的正、反演理论体系.为此,首先建立层状全空间模型,推导了全空间的瞬变电磁响应公式,采用快速汉克尔变换和余弦变换求出了回线中心处的感应电动势,对比分析了叠加方法得到的全空间响应,并引入全区视电阻率来分析瞬变电磁场扩散规律和全空间效应影响因素,最后通过实测模型来验证模型的计算效果.结果表明,层状全空间模型计算出的响应值相对误差低于3％,精度较高;叠加方法计算的瞬变电磁响应不是真正的全空间,且全空间响应均大于半空间响应的值;在低阻层存在时,全空间响应早期受电阻率和厚度的影响较强烈,由此发现在全空间条件下减少巷道内低电阻率干扰体是减小盲区的重要手段;在超高阻层存在时,半空间响应仅仅是全空间条件下观测点以上的地层电阻率为无穷大的特殊情况;低阻目标层的视电阻率受目标层埋深与层厚差异的影响,若埋深与厚度相差小则分层效果越好;实测数据的建模结果显示计算方法有一定的正确性.本研究填补了矿井瞬变电磁一维全空间响应研究内容,为实际应用提供了验算基础.     

地-井瞬变电磁响应特征数值模拟分析

井中瞬变电磁法(Bore-hole transient electromagnetic method-BHTEM)是指接收线圈在钻井中观测瞬变场响应用以勘查深部矿产资源的勘探方法,其中以地-井(地面激发井中接收)组合方式研究最多、应用最广.本文应用时域有限差分法(FDTD),建立包含薄板导体的均匀半空间二维数学模型,采用线源为激发源,选用Mur吸收边界条件,对矩形回线源在半空间中产生的瞬变电磁场进行数值模拟,计算了低阻板状导体在均质半空间和有低阻覆盖层影响情况下的地-井瞬变电磁异常响应,并对响应的特征及规律进行研究分析,为研究地-井TEM提供参考.     

全空间条件下矿井瞬变电磁法粒子群优化反演研究

煤矿井下矿井瞬变电磁法(MTEM)探测中,电磁场呈全空间分布,全空间瞬变电磁反演是复杂的非线性问题,目前反演计算中全空间响应主要由半空间响应乘以全空间响应系数来得到,导致反演结果中顶板和底板异常(或前方和后方异常)叠加在一起难以分离,造成分辨率下降.论文提出采用粒子群优化算法(PSO)进行全空间MTEM反演,通过理论分析,在常规的粒子群算法基础上提出了一种新的进化公式改进策略,提高了粒子群算法的寻优能力.基于全空间瞬变电磁场理论,编写了粒子群算法反演程序,进行全空间条件下五层含巷道的复杂模型的反演计算.结合某矿井巷道顶板、底板岩层及断层含水性的探测实例,对实测数据进行反演计算和解释,探测结果得到钻探证实.研究表明,改进的粒子群优化算法对理论模型和实际资料的反演拟合程度较高,实现了矿井顶板、底板视电阻率异常的分离,提高了全空间瞬变电磁勘探资料的解释精度和分辨率.     

层状介质中地下瞬变电磁场全空间效应

全空间效应是矿井瞬变电磁方法固有的特殊理论问题之一.建立了3种典型的层状地质模型,采用时域有限差分法求解Maxwell方程,并引入电磁波衰减因子EA(dB),来分析全空间效应的影响特征及影响因素.研究结果表明,地下瞬变电磁法工作装置中,分离回线装置对低阻目标层的探测效果优于重叠回线装置;相对于半空间低阻层瞬变响应,全空间低阻层瞬变响应的时间范围更宽,因而需要更长的观测时间;全空间效应影响因素为顶、底板内低阻层相对电阻率差异大小和目标层深度与厚度,当目标层电阻率大于顶板内低阻层电阻率时,所观测响应主要为低阻层响应,此时将会增大资料解释的难度.此外,研究还显示,瞬变电磁法对低阻层的纵向分辨率与低阻层厚度相关,厚度越小分辨率越高,当厚度较大时,其纵向分辨能力较差.研究成果为实际工作参数选择及资料处理与解释提供了参考.     

海底油气藏地质模型的冲激响应

海洋可控源电磁法(mCSEM)的时间域冲激响应特征可以反映海底油气高阻薄层.本文计算了水平电偶极子源均匀大地半空间,海洋均匀双半空间和海洋四层模型的阶跃响应和冲激响应,提出了瞬变冲激时刻的概念.分析了水平电偶源瞬变冲激时刻与介质电导率的指示关系.对于海底油气高阻薄层宜采用多偏移距同时测量方式,由于在低电导率介质中电磁能量传播得要快,在适当的收发距瞬变冲激时刻会提前到达,提出的瞬变冲激时刻道间变化量可以明确指示高阻薄层的存在及埋深.文中还分析了海水深度对瞬变冲激时刻的影响.由于“天波”干扰,瞬变冲激响应受到一定收发距观测的限制.消除 “天波”影响是时间域和频率域mCSEM数据处理的研究热点.     

矿井全空间孔中瞬变电磁响应积分方程法数值模拟研究

基于地面-钻孔瞬变电磁法,将发射源布设于煤矿巷道中,而将接收探头放置在钻孔内,从上至下依次观测,形成矿井巷道-钻孔瞬变电磁法.为了研究巷道全空间条件下巷道-钻孔瞬变电磁场的响应特征,选取煤层底板受水害威胁的代表性地层为研究对象,建立煤层底板存在含水低阻地质异常体的三维数学模型,采用积分方程法进行数值模拟,结果表明：相对高阻的煤层侧帮对孔内垂向感应电动势的影响较小,而对孔内水平感应电动势除浅部约30 m内影响相对较大外,对深部影响较小.当煤层底板含水平低阻板状异常体时,在对异常体的纵向分辨率和异常响应的延续时间方面,孔内感应电动势的水平分量相对优于垂向分量,但垂向感应电动势的幅值强于水平感应电动势.因此,实际观测时,不仅要观测孔内感应电动势的垂向分量,也要观测水平分量.     

井中磁源瞬变电磁响应特征研究

井中瞬变电磁波勘探是一个全空间地球物理场问题.采用Gaver-Stehfest逆拉氏变换方法,正演计算了瞬变信号激励下接收线圈上的电磁场响应.分析了包含井眼泥浆、套管、水泥环和地层的轴对称多层介质模型的电磁场响应特征,考察了各层介质参数对井中瞬变电磁响应的影响.不同电导率井眼泥浆的电磁场响应衰减曲线表明,井眼泥浆电导率...     

瞬变电磁场的直接时域数值分析

为了深入了解瞬变电磁场的勘探原理,直接在时间域对负阶跃脉冲激发的二维瞬态场进行了数值分析.采用的方法是从反映电磁场基本规律的麦克斯韦方程组出发,导出时域电场的齐次扩散方程,对所研究的空间区域作差分离散,源作为初始条件加入,利用准静态近似处理空中边界,然后进行时间的逐步递推,由此展现瞬变电磁场在地下扩散随时间发展的全过程.通过模拟计算不同时刻瞬态电场在地下的分布形态及地面上感生电动势相应的变化,揭示了低阻异常体对感应涡流的聚集作用,低阻覆盖层对瞬变场扩散的减速作用,及瞬变场的延时效应.因此,瞬变电磁法对低阻体是敏感的,有上覆低阻层时探测同样的深度需要较长的时间,而延时效应瞬变场的晚期时段可反映埋藏较浅的异常体.     

瞬变电磁井间勘探方法研究

依据瞬变电磁全空间响应的传播特征,本文提出了一种井间勘探方法.在井内用线圈激发,在本井和邻近井接收瞬态响应波形.基于Maxwell方程分析了位移电流和传导电流所引起的两种传播特征,明确了在邻井接收到的波形中包含界面的电导率信息.详细研究了线圈在无限大均匀介质中激发的瞬变电磁响应波形以及电场在不同时刻的空间分布.瞬变电磁...     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.