1978-2014年唐山市中心建设用地扩展时空分析

针对城市的外延式扩展过程中存在的问题,该文基于多时相遥感数据,采用监督分类法初分、决策树分类法再分的解译方法高精度地提取了唐山市中心建设用地,定量分析其在1978—2014年的时空扩展特征。研究发现,唐山市城市建设用地在研究期间呈外延扩张态势,市中心以高速填充—中速填充—快速填充—快速外延式扩展为主要特点;受地质条件影响,唐山市城市扩张方向为地质条件较好的西北方向;城市扩展过程中仍存在土地利用率不高的问题,城市空间紧凑度日趋离散,但内部联系理论上相对紧密。该研究对于了解城市空间扩展形态、方向和规律提供了方法和数据参考,可为优化城市发展布局提供一定数据支撑。     

Urbanization between compactness and dispersion: designing a spatial model for measuring 2D binary settlement landscape configurations

Measuring spatial patterns is a crucial task in spatial sciences. Multiple indicators have been developed to measure patterns in a quantitative manner. However, most comparative studies rely on relative comparisons, limiting their explanatory power to specific case studies. Motivated by advancements in earth observation providing unprecedented resolutions of settlement patterns, this paper suggests a measurement technique for spatial patterns to overcome the limits of relative comparisons. We design a model spanning a feature space based on two metrics – largest patch index and number of patches. The feature space is defined as ‘dispersion index’ and covers the entire spectrum of possible two-dimensional binary (settlement) patterns. The model configuration allows for an unambiguous ranking of each possible pattern with respect to spatial dispersion. As spatial resolutions of input data as well as selected areas of interest influence measurement results, we test dependencies within the model. Beyond, common other spatial metrics are selected for testing whether they allow unambiguous rankings. For scenarios, we apply the model to artificially generated patterns representing all possible configurations as well as to real-world settlement classifications differing in growth dynamics and patterns.     

油松毛虫灾害遥感监测及其影响因子分析

辽宁西部大面积的油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)人工林长期受到油松毛虫(Dendrolimus tabulaeformis)的危害,通过遥感技术,可以及时、高效、精准地对此大面积灾害进行监测,并获知地形、气象因子对其的影响。本文利用遥感和地理信息系统(GIS)技术,使用TM、ETM+数据,通过近红外与红光波段反射率的比值RVI,对油松的受灾程度进行了有效监测。前人的研究发现:油松毛虫易在干燥、温暖的环境爆发,本文将监测分类结果与地形、气象数据叠加后,分析发现结果亦与油松毛虫的生物学特性相吻合,由此逆向证明了监测结果的可靠性。通过对影像灰度直方图的分析,发现近红外波段对轻度的虫害敏感;红光波段对重度的虫害敏感。对影响因子的分析发现:油松毛虫在阳坡,坡度缓的地区危害更剧烈;在日照时数长、降雨少、积温低的地区,油松的受灾程度更重。此结论为预测虫害爆发的概率提供了依据。本研究表明:在森林灾害的遥感工作中,利用监测对象的生物生态学特性,可以在实地调查数据不足,难以直接对监测结果进行评价的情况下,判断结果的可靠性。利用此方法,一定程度上可以减少调查的工作量,降低外业的难度。     

岷江上游典型流域植被覆盖度的遥感模型及反演

本文在对岷江上游典型流域研究区实地踏勘和定位观测的基础上,综合利用Aster和ETM遥感数据、地面实测数据和常规观测数据等资料,研究了植被指数与植被覆盖度之间的相关性,确定了岷江上游典型流域植被覆盖度模型。以遥感图像中单个像元作为测算单位,对植被指数NDVI进行了计算,并对岷江上游毛儿盖地区植被覆盖度进行了反演。利用研究区实测数据、生态环境本底遥感调查数据和水文气象数据,对上述模型反演结果进行验证和精度分析。结果表明,模型反演结果精度较高,能较真实的反应研究区植被覆盖度实际状况。     

基于空间分析的徐州市居民点分布模式研究

居民点空间分布的研究是聚落地理学的主要内容之一,运用空间分析的方法研究居民点的分布能更准确地刻画出其空间分布的本质规律。本文根据2004年TM遥感图像和城市地图得到徐州市城乡居民点空间分布的信息,继而运用样方分析(QA)法、最近邻距离指数(NNI)、K(d)函数、热点探测技术(NNH)研究了徐州市居民点空间分布格局与模式。结果显示:徐州市居民点的空间分布具有明显的空间依赖性,总体上呈现出集聚分布的特点;随着研究尺度的变大,居民点空间分布的集聚性指数也增大;居民点空间分布的热点区域在微观尺度上具有空间随机性、在中观尺度上具有轴带延伸性、宏观尺度上具有面状集中性的特点。     

中国东海叶绿素浓度变化分析及其海水温度响应

海洋叶绿素浓度时空格局分析及与海水温度的响应研究对于海洋资源的开发和保护及赤潮的预防具有重要意义。本文基于2004—2018年东海叶绿素浓度和海水温度数据运用趋势分析及ArcGIS10.2软件,对东海叶绿素浓度作了时空分析研究,并结合海水温度进行了回归分析,以探究叶绿素对海水温度变化的响应机制。结果表明：①东海叶绿素浓度在2004—2018年间没有明显的年际变化特征。年内则随时间上下波动,冬季为波峰,夏季为波谷。离海岸带越近,叶绿素浓度越高。②东海海域海水温度在年际尺度上呈波动式起伏变化。在季节尺度上夏秋两季温度较高,春季次之,冬季最低。从沿海到外海海域海温逐渐升高。③就空间相关性而言,东海海域叶绿素浓度与海水温度整体呈负相关,在不同海域相关程度不同。长江口和外海区域叶绿素浓度与海水温度具有很强的相关性;在沿海区域,由于受到城市环境、经济发展及人类生产生活的影响,海水温度与叶绿素浓度的相关性不明显。     

Variographic analysis of tropical forest cover from multi-scale remotely sensed imagery

Tropical forest mapping is one of the major environmental concerns at global and regional scales in which remote sensing techniques are firmly involved. This study examines the use of the variogram function to analyse forest cover fragmentation at different image scales. Two main aspects are considered here: (1) analysis of the spatial variability structure of the forest cover observed at three different scales using fine, medium and coarse spatial resolution images; and (2) the study of the relationship between rescaled images from the finest spatial resolution and those of the medium and coarse spatial resolutions. Both aspects are analysed using the variogram function as a basic tool to calculate and interpret the spatial variability of the forest cover. An example is presented for a Brazilian tropical forest zone using satellite images of different spatial resolutions acquired by Landsat TM (30 m), Resurs MSU (160 m) and ERS ATSR (1000 m). The results of this study contribute to establishing a suitable spatial resolution of remotely sensed data for tropical forest cover monitoring.     

Land change attribution based on Landsat time series and integration of ancillary disturbance data in the Athabasca oil sands region of Canada

The Alberta Oil Sands (AOS) is a unique area in Canada undergoing significant disturbance and recovery due to a variety of anthropogenic and natural factors. Accurately quantifying these changes in space and time is important for assessing ecosystem status and trends. In this research, we implemented an approach to combine Landsat time series for the period 1984–2012 with ancillary change datasets to derive detailed change attribution in the AOS. Detected changes were attributed to causes including fire, forest harvest, surface mining, insect damage, flooding, regeneration, and several generic change classes (abrupt/gradual, with/without regeneration) with accuracies ranging from 74% to 100% for classes that occurred frequently. Lower accuracies were found for the generic gradual change classes which accounted for less than 3% of the affected area. Timing of abrupt change events were generally well captured to within ±1 year. For gradual changes timing was less accurate and variable by change type. A land-cover time series was also created to provide information on “from-to” change. A basic accuracy assessment of the land cover showed it to be of moderate accuracy, approximately 69%. Results show that fire was the major cause of change in the region. As expected, surface mine development and related activities have increased since 2000. Insect damage has become a more significant agent of change in the region. Further investigation is required to determine if insect damage is greater than past historical events and to determine if industrial development is linked to the increasing trend observed.     

GIS- and RS-based spatial decision support: structure of a spatial environmental information system (SEIS)

Abstract

The development of spatial decision support for environmental resource management, e.g. forest and agroecosystem management, biodiversity conservation, or hydrological planning, started in the 1980s and was the focus of many research groups in the 1990s. The combined availability of spatial data and communication, computing, positioning, geographic information system (GIS)- and remote sensing (RS)-technologies has been responsible for the implementation of complex SDSS since the late 1990s. The regional GIS-based modelling of environmental resources, and therefore ecosystems in general, requires setting-up an extensive geo and model database. Spatial data on topography, soil, climate, land use, hydrology, flora, fauna and anthropogenic activities have to be available. Therefore, GIS- and RS-technologies are of central importance for spatial data handling and analysis. In this context, the structure of spatial environmental information systems (SEIS) is introduced. In SEIS, the input data for environmental resource management are organised in at least seven sub-information systems: base geodata information system (BGDIS), climate information system (CIS), soil information system (SIS), land use information system (LUIS), hydrological information system (HIS), spatial/temporal biodiversity information system (STBIS), forest/agricultural management information system (FAMIS). The major tasks of a SEIS are to (i) provide environmental resource information on a regional level, (ii) analyse the impact of anthropogenic activities and (iii) simulate scenarios of different impacts.     

2000—2016年广西防城金花茶自然保护区关键生态环境参数时空变化

植被覆盖度(FVC)和叶面积指数(LAI)作为关键生态环境参数,其时空动态变化的遥感监测对揭示陆地生态环境演变规律与科学监管生态环境具有重要意义.本文基于2000—2016年GLASS产品的植被覆盖度和叶面积指数数据,对广西防城金花茶国家级自然保护区FVC和LAI的时空动态变化进行监测.研究结果表明:①2000—201...     

云南漾弓江流域城乡聚落形态信息提取与分形分析

利用 1996年 2月和 1999年 11月的TM影像 ,通过对漾弓江流域的遥感影像的光谱特征分析 ,建立地物光谱模型 ,提取区域城乡聚落的时空分布信息。在此基础上 ,根据分形几何理论计算漾弓江流域城乡聚落不同时段空间形态的分形维数 ,从其变化分析流域内聚落空间形态的特征。结果表明 ,欠发达地区城乡聚落空间形态具有分形现象 ,并且城市与农村集镇的分形维数变化不一致 ,1996年丽江地震和 1998年大丽线的开通加速了丽江城和鹤庆城的发展 ,使其形态趋于复杂、不稳定性增大。     

Biophysical factors of remote sensing approach in urban green analysis

Greenery in an urban environment is an important consideration when studying temperature, and such enquiry can benefit human health. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how ambient temperature in urban areas is affected by forests and parks. The focus is on biophysical parameters related to these green areas, such as impervious surface percentages, albedo, areal coverage, elevation, and leaf area index (LAI). Geographic information systems and remote sensing were used to quantify green spaces using a pixel-based method. It was found that coverage area has little correlation with temperature. Factor analysis was used to determine the minimum number of independent factors, which explained 63% of the variance of that temperature. Only elevation, LAI and albedo were significant biophysical factors. Guidelines for greenery programmes should include these significant data-sets to understand the influence of green areas on heat reduction.     

Applications of remote sensing and GIS to the assessment of riparian zones for environmental restoration in agricultural watersheds

Geographical design of riparian buffers with long-term vegetation cover for environmental restoration in agricultural watersheds needs to assess how much farmland is located in the buffers of a concerned watershed. Traditionally, this assessment was done by field surveying and manual mapping, which was a time-consuming and costly process for a large region. In this paper, remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) as cost-effective techniques were used to develop a catchments-based approach for identifying critical sites of agricultural riparian buffer restoration. The method was explained through a case study of watershed with 11 catchments and results showed that only four of the catchments were eligible in terms of higher priority for riparian buffer restoration. This research has methodological contributions to the spatial assessment of farming intensities in catchments-based riparian buffers across a watershed and to the geographical designs of variable buffering scenarios within catchments. The former makes the catchments-based management strategy possible, and the latter provides alternative restoration scenarios to meet different management purposes, both of which have direct implementations to the environmental restoration of riparian buffers in the real world. This study, thus, highlights the great potential of RS and GIS applications to the planning and management of riparian buffer restoration in agricultural watersheds.     

旱情遥感监测研究进展与应用案例分析

在大范围、长时序的旱情监测中,遥感技术以其快速、经济和大空间范围获取的特点,弥补了基于台站气象数据旱情监测的不足,为防旱和抗旱决策提供了实时、动态、宏观的辅助决策数据。本文对已有旱情遥感监测方法进行分析和整理,将其总结为基于土壤热惯量、基于土壤波谱特征、基于蒸散模型和基于植被指数的旱情监测方法,并对各类方法从监测原理、适用范围和应用进展等方面进行了阐述。在此基础之上,详细介绍一种结合了全球植被水分指数和短波角度归一化指数的优势建立的旱情遥感监测模型和方法。以2010年春季西南地区旱情为应用案例,从监测模型方法、数据处理流程和应用分析等方面,介绍一种基于植被水分指数的旱情监测方法,并对其监测结果进行统计分析与评价。     

Applications of remote sensing and GIS to the assessment of riparian zones for environmental restoration in agricultural watersheds

Geographical design of riparian buffers with long-term vegetation cover for environmental restoration in agricultural watersheds needs to assess how much farmland is located in the buffers of a concerned watershed.Traditionally,this assessment was done by field surveying and manual mapping,which was a time-consuming and costly process for a large region.In this paper,remote sensing(RS) and geographical information system(GIS) as cost-effective techniques were used to develop a catchments-based approach for ...     

Sentinel-1和SBAS-InSAR分析钻井水溶岩盐矿山时序沉降

利用小基线集(SBAS)InSAR技术对钻井水溶岩盐矿山地表沉降开展时空分析。实验选取湖南常德某典型钻井水溶岩盐矿区为测试区,时间跨度为2016年2月—2017年2月的21景Sentinel-1影像数据,获取了测区的时序沉降序列。实验结果显示,矿区地表大量级沉降在2016年9月才开始呈现,沉降漏斗横向出现多峰值,矿区沉降整体空间分布上出现西南部整体片状、中部偏北离散带状沉降。这些沉降特征均与钻井水溶法开采特征保持一致。将实地水准测量形变数据和DInSAR形变结果与本文结果进行对比以评估结果可靠性。结果表明,SBAS技术获取结果与水准结果表现出较高一致性,从而为钻井水溶岩盐矿山地表沉降提供了一种更为有效的监测手段,也可为此类矿山地表形变时空演化规律分析提供参考。     

RS与GIS技术在库区地质灾害调查中的应用研究

本文以黄河班多一级水电站库区地质灾害调查为例,利用RS与GIS技术进行地质灾害信息提取与分析。在对卫星影像信息进行增强处理的基础上,通过GIS数据管理和空间分析功能对多源数据进行叠加分析,利用可视化工具—虚拟地理信息系统(VirtualGIS)构建研究区三维场景,多方位、多角度挖掘地质灾害信息。结果表明:采用RS与GIS技术可以快速、准确、高效地提取地质灾害信息和与之相关的地表信息,实现地质灾害调查与分析的目的。     

统计遥感空间基础框架的研究与应用

研究通过建立多尺度、多分辨率,多种类的空间基础框架数据库体系,根据地理空间位置实现统计信息资源的整合与共享.针对统计遥感业务对空间基础框架的需求,提出了统计遥感空间基础框架建设的目标与任务,研究了框架建设中框架构成,数据体系、标准体系、技术体系和组织运行体系等关键技术,并展示了统计遥感空间基础框架在国家统计遥感粮食作物...     

应用遥感和GIS技术提取城市建成区及驱动力分析——以南京市为例

本文以南京市为例,应用2001年11月16日Landsat7 ETM+和2005年中巴资源卫星遥感影像(校正后的4、3、2波段假彩色合成影像),采用遥感和GIS相结合的技术,对南京市建成区进行动态监测,并结合相关资料分析南京市建成区扩张特点以及驱动力。结果表明,南京市建成区主要是向西南和东北方向扩展,扩张特点为近郊城市化、郊区近郊化、农村城镇化。这种变化主要是受区位因素、社会经济和政策等因素影响。     

NDSI与NDFSI结合的山区林地积雪制图方法

积雪是冰冻圈的重要组成部分,因其在可见光波段的高反射率、低导热率的特性以及大面积的覆盖,成为全球辐射平衡的重要决定因子。在中纬度的干旱和半干旱山区,季节性的冰雪融水是春季河川径流的主要补给水源,山区积雪分布的变化对融雪期河流径流量的波动具有重要影响。当前的积雪产品在下垫面为山区林地时会低估积雪面积,从而影响了山区水文过程模拟的精度。本文基于Landsat OLI影像,采用归一化差值积雪指数NDSI和归一化差值林地积雪指数NDFSI相结合的方法,对春季融雪期的阿尔泰山区泰加林地进行积雪识别,并采用海拔高度、温度、以及对应的高分数据对提取结果进行了定量分析。结果表明,采用NDSI进行积雪识别时,山区林地的积雪会被大量漏分;对林地像元采用NDFSI阈值法可以区分林地中是否有积雪分布。NDSI和NDFSI相结合的积雪识别方法操作简单,不需要提供森林分布图等辅助数据,可以有效提高山区林地复杂环境下积雪制图的精度。