基于CityGML的城市建筑物三维建模研究

城市建筑物三维建模是虚拟3D城市建模的基础和重要组成部分。本文对基于CityGML1.0（City Geography Markup Language 1.0,城市地理标记语言）的城市建筑物三维建模技术进行了深入的研究,主要内容包含了CityGML1.0的简介、城市建筑物三维建模的方法和内容等,并给出了一个实际建模的例...     

CityGML应用领域三维建模研究

传统三维城市建模局限于可视化和信息共享困难,OGC为此推出CityGML.本文以房产领域为例,研究基于CityCML的应用领域三维建模方法,探讨CityGML框架下的应用领域专题模型设计方法,分析三维空间对象的信息描述及可视化机制,并以一小区域数据验证了本文方法的可行性.     

Shell model representation as a substitute of LoD3 for 3D modeling in CityGML

The OGC standard for 3D city modeling is widely used in an increasing number of applications.It defines five consecutive Levels of Detail(LoD0 to LoD4 with increasing accuracy and structural complexity),in which LoD3 includes all exterior appearances and geometrical details and subsequently requires much storage space.A new LoD is introduced as shell model with the exterior shell of the LoD3 model and the opening objects like windows,doors as well as smaller faade objects are projected onto walls.In this paper,a user survey is presented.The results of this survey show that the shell model can give users almost the same visual impression as the LoD3 model.Furthermroe,algorithms are developed to extract the shell model from LoD3 model.Experiments show that this shell model can reduce up to 90% storage of the original LoD3 model.Therefore,on one hand it can be used as a substitute for a LoD3 model for the visualization on small displays.On the other hand,it can be treated as a sub-level of detail(SLoD3) in CityGML,since it retains almost the same amount of information but requires much less storage space.     

一种基于CityGML的三维模型单体化方法

实景三维中国建设应满足自然资源管理与社会经济发展需求,因此需要对基础地理信息产品进行实体化改造,三维模型单体化正是实体化改造的关键环节。本文提出了一种基于CityGML的三维模型单体化方法,首先根据地物实体轮廓的二维矢量面提供的顶点坐标及高程信息,构造墙面、屋顶等多边形平面组成地物的简单三维表达,然后配合渲染到纹理技术（RTT）进行纹理贴图,基于CityGML为每个二维矢量面对应的地物重构出有语义、有LOD层级的三维模型。该方法能够高效地实现三维模型单体化,且成果模型容量小,可满足各种实景三维应用需求。     

粒度与结构统一的多层次三维城市模型数据组织方法

提出了一种高效的磁盘、内存、显存三级数据存储粒度与结构一致的数据组织方法。首先,根据城市空间对象数据内容,建立层次嵌套、多类型混合的空间索引结构,以空间索引节点统一磁盘存储、内存场景管理与绘制缓存的基本操作单元;其次,以绘制缓存对象的紧凑存储结构为基础,统一内存场景管理对象与磁盘存储对象的数据块结构,并将数据布局方法扩展到对象粒度进行磁盘存储组织。实验结果表明,所提方法大幅度减少了I/O次数,提高了数据调度效率,为大规模三维城市模型的实时绘制奠定了基础。     

A virtual globe-based time-critical adaptive visualization method for 3D city models

3D city models, which are important items of content on the virtual globe, are characterized by complicated structures and large amounts of data. These factors make the visualization of 3D city models highly dependent upon the performance of computer hardware. Thus, achieving the efficient rendering of 3D city models using different hardware performance levels represents one of the key problems currently facing researchers. This paper proposes a time-critical adaptive visualization method that first estimates the possible rendering time for each model according to the data structure of the model in addition to the CPU/GPU performance of the computer. It then dynamically adjusts the rendering level for each model based on the results of an estimation of the rendering time to ensure that the final scene can be completed within a given time. To verify the effectiveness and flexibility of this method, it is applied using different computers. The results show that the adaptive visualization method presented in this paper not only can adapt to computers with different levels of performances but also demonstrates an obvious improvement in the time estimation precision, visual effects, and optimization speed relative to existing adaptive visualization methods.     

基于CityGML的城市三维模型的描述方法

传统的三维城市空间数据库中,在实现空间数据共享、互操作以及满足各应用者对数据的特殊要求方面存在着诸多未能解决的问题。通过对OGC标准中CityGML三维模型描述方法的研究,从LOD、坐标系统、拓扑定义方面进行分析研究,从而为城市三维模型信息的描述与管理提供更优的方法。     

GIS中三维模型的视觉变量

视觉变量是作为平面图形符号设计的理论基础而提出来的,在平面地图的符号化中起着非常重要的作用。然而,平面地图符号中的视觉变量并不能完全适用于GIS中三维模型的视觉变量,本文首先对比分析了平面地图表达和三维GIS表达的特点和异同,然后提出了GIS中三维模型的视觉变量,即:形状、空间姿态、尺寸、纹理、明暗度(光照)、阴影和清晰度。     

城市三维管网建库及高效可视化

针对二维管线信息系统对于城市综合管网的展示缺乏直观化和综合化的问题,该文在构建三维管网数据库的基础上,提出了一种城市三维管网实时建模方法。无需事先建模,通过整合多种GIS和非GIS的管网数据,并结合三维管网数据库中的三维管网符号模型库和可视化参数配置,实现高效三维管网的实时建模和可视化。以重庆市某区域为例,生成的三维管网具有顾及LOD级别、效率高、仿真性好、保持GIS数据特性、支持动态更新等特点,结合三维城市模型和三维地质模型,可以实现地上地下一体化的三维效果。     

基于CityGML的城市3维空间数据组织

当前的3维GIS重视3维空间方面的研究。重点是研究3维空间的几何对象的数据组织、操作方法以及查询分析等内容。本文通过对3维空间数据模型的研究,建立了一种基于CityGML语义的以建筑物为主的城市目标3维空间数据组织方法。这种方法丰富了城市3维空间数据建模,尤其对3维中的城市目标查询、统计和分析奠定了良好的基础。     

3维城市模型理论及技术方法研究

主要研究了3维城市模型的相关理论与技术,提出了拓扑关系、尺度及可视化等问题,讨论了3维城市模型的建设方法及关键技术,并对3维城市模型的发展进行了展望。     

Web-based visualization of large 3D urban building models

Adaptive rendering of large urban building models has become an important research issue in three-dimensional (3D) geographic information system (GIS) applications. This study explores a way for rendering web-based 3D urban building models. A client–server hybrid rendering approach is presented for large 3D city models, stored on a remote server through a network. The approach combines an efficient multi-hierarchical building representation with a novel image-based method, 3D image impostor generated on demand by a remote server. This approach allows transferring complex scenes progressively while keeping high visualization quality. We also evaluated the rendering and data transferring performance of the proposed approach.     

GIS中三维模型的设计

研究了三维GIS中的空间信息传输模式,探讨了平面地图符号与三维模型的区别与联系,阐述了三维模型的确立、定位、简化描述和逻辑性设计。     

Building modeling for 3D city model

New development in urban planning, cityscape, real estate management and the like, calls for new demands for 3D city model. There are so many objects in 3D city model such as building, river, road, and so on. The building model is very important in 3D city model. In recent years, a lot of research work about visualization has been done. In our opinions, visualization is only a part of 3D city model, while interactive operation about buildings is rather important as well. In order to implement interactive operation (create, edit, query, etc.), good data structure and model must be developed.     

Building modeling for 3D city model

New development in urban planning, cityscape, real estate management and the like, calls for new demands for 3D city model. There are so many objects in 3D city model such as building, river, road, and so on. The building model is very important in 3D city model. In recent years,a lot of research work about visualization has been done. In our opinions,visualization is only a part of 313 city model, while interactive operation about buildings is rather important as well. In order to implement interactive operation (create , edit, query,etc. ), good data structure and model must be developed.     

一种实时大数据动态三维可视化技术

提出了一种面向海量实时模型数据的三维可视化方法.通过多线程技术实现实时数据的传输、加载和显存写入;通过GPU实现模型的平滑变化和反抖动处理;通过建立多层LOD简化和实例化技术实现海量数据的渲染性能优化.实验证明,采用本文提出的方法可以有效地提升海量实时数据的渲染性能和渲染效果.     

基于Java3D的城市三维景观的网络可视化

在网络环境下实现城市三维景观可视化，具有重要的研究意义和广泛的应用价值。本文利用Java3D技术实现基于Web的城市三维景观可视化技术方案，并成功实现了原型系统。实验表明。在三层B／S结构下采用Java3D进行场景建模和交互，是在网络环境下实现城市三维景观可视化的有效途径。     

基于OGRE的高精度三维城市建模技术分析

三维城市模型作为城市三维地理信息系统的重要组成部分,已广泛应用于城市规划、城市建设、建筑设计等领域。随着计算机图形学技术以及虚拟现实技术的不断发展,为快速、自动化生成高精度的三维城市模型提供了条件。本文基于OGRE引擎,阐述了三维城市建模技术的整体架构及关键技术,开发了自动化建模工具及三维可视化平台,实现了城市建筑自动建模及模型实时渲染显示。     

扬州经济开发区三维演示系统研制

提出建立城市三维演示系统的一套技术流程,并针对其中的主要环节提出了可行的优化解决方案。该流程从房产数据、国土数据和规划数据等基本数据出发,利用数据分层存储的特性抽取有关建筑物、道路、水系及地形的空间数据和属性数据,并与实际采集的纹理数据结合起来,生成高分辨率城市三维演示数据。以此为基础建立城市三维演示模型。并利用VisualC 6．0和Open GL开发了三维演示模块。实现城市三维数据的逼真演示。在该流程的支持下,建立了扬州经济开发区三维演示系统,验证了技术的可行性和有效性。     

三维空间测量数据体视化技术研究

介绍体视化的基本流程,着重阐述两类不同的三维空间测量数据体视化原理与方法,并对体视化技术在三维空间测量数据可视化中的应用做了介绍,得出了一些有益的结论和建议。