水位下降条件下黏性土边坡稳定性的图表法

库（河）岸边坡由于坡体迎水面水位下降经常造成坡体稳定性降低,建立快速评估水位变化条件下的边坡稳定性分析方法具有重要的工程实用价值。基于库（河）水位下降过程及坡体内非稳定渗流条件,通过对ABAQUS程序进行二次开发,发展了考虑地表水-地下水联动作用下的黏性土边坡强度折减有限元分析方法;在分析边坡土性参数、相对渗透比值、边界条件对边坡稳定性影响的基础上,建立了考虑土性参数、相对渗透比值、库水位下降比、坡角等一体化的相对稳定安全系数综合图表表示方法。该方法能够简便、快捷地查出实际涉水边坡在不同工况下的稳定安全系数及设计边坡坡比,可作为现有图表法的有益补充。     

渗流应力耦合作用下顺倾向层状边坡各向异性渗流特征数值模拟

渗流场与应力场耦合作用下边坡渗流规律对研究边坡稳定性至关重要,应用基于等效连续介质模型和Louis经验公式建立的各向异性岩体渗流应力耦合模型,对顺倾向层状边坡的各向异性渗流规律进行了模拟分析。研究表明：顺倾向层状边坡中水位降深随结构面倾角θ的增大先升高、后降低,呈现两头低、中间高的形态,且越靠近溢出点,结构面倾角对水位降深影响越大;θ约为42°时水位降深最大,潜水面最低,同时渗透各向异性系数达到最大值;顺倾向边坡岩层产状一定时,随着埋深的增加,岩体渗透各向异性系数逐渐减小,裂隙控渗特征由显著到逐渐变弱,表现出向各向同性渗流过渡的趋势。     

库水位下降过程中土坡稳定强度折减有限元分析

采用强度折减有限元法,考虑边坡土体的非饱和-非稳定渗流过程,从坡体内浸润线位置、土体的渗透系数、水位下降速率、下降比及基质吸力等5个方面研究了水位下降过程中岸坡的整体稳定性。结果表明,水位下降速率对高渗透性土坡内孔压的影响显著,对低渗透性土坡内孔压影响较小,对边坡安全系数的影响程度可达15%。     

Water infiltration characteristics of unsaturated soil slope and its effect on suction and stability

Rainfall has been considered the cause of the majority of slope failures and landslides that happened in regions experiencing high seasonal rainfalls. The mechanism of the failures was mainly due to the lost of matric suction of soils by rainwater. This paper presents the results of a laboratory model study on the effect of slope angle and surface cover on water infiltration into soil and soil matric suction. A field infiltration test is carried out for comparison. A parametric study is also done to examine the effect of permeability ratio, development of perched water table and rainfall intensity on the factor of safety against instability of a soil slope. Results of the model study show that different surface covers on slopes have an effect on the water infiltration. Generally the covered surface (grass or geosynthetic net) has a lower infiltration rate compared with the bare (no cover) surface. On the effect of slope angle, it was observed that water infiltration decrease with increase in the slope steepness. With regards to the movement of the wetting front, it appears that water infiltration is more at the toe compared with the top of the model slope. Based on the parametric study, it is found factor of safety of the slope against instability drops for slope with higher ratio of permeability for the permeable and impermeable stratum. As the perched water table is formed, the factor of safety decreased. The rainfall intensity also has a marked effect on the slope factor of safety. The higher the intensity of the rainfall, the higher is the infiltration rate into the soil, hence the lower is the factor of safety against slope instability.     

水位波动下非饱和心墙土坝体的渗流和稳定性

基于Richards方程,对坝体的饱和-非饱和渗流场进行了模拟,再根据饱和-非饱和渗流场和非饱和土抗剪强度公式,对坝体的稳定性进行了分析。结果表明,水位骤降过程中坝体的安全系数通常呈现先缓慢增加后迅速减小的变化过程,分析坝体失稳时塑性区和位移场发现,水位下降的初期,坝体左侧坡体的安全系数要低于坝体右侧坡体,但水位下降到一定程度,右侧坡体的安全系数迅速减小,并先于左侧坡体失稳;采用有限元强度折减法用于多坡面边坡稳定分析时,只能获得最小安全系数的包络线;心墙具有隔水防渗的作用,对水位变化渗流具有阻尼作用。     

水位涨落引起分层边坡滑坡的机理分析

基于分层边坡在水位涨落时发生滑坡的模拟实验,简要描述了实验中的主要现象,计算了实验模拟的分层坡体内与水位变化直接相关的动态渗流场、孔隙水压力场与渗透速度场分布。根据计算结果,对水位变化导致坡体变形失稳的机理进行了分析,为这类分层边坡滑坡的治理提供了依据。     

库水下降作用下滑坡动态变形机理分析以三峡库区白水河滑坡为例

在每年的库水位下降期间,三峡库区的许多滑坡都出现了较大变形。为了深入研究库水下降作用下滑坡的动态变形机理,评价和预测此类滑坡的稳定性及发展趋势,本文以白水河滑坡为例,在现场地质调查和详细地质勘查的基础上,充分利用十多年监测数据,分析其变形特征、失稳机理、影响因素及稳定性,预测了其变形发展趋势。研究结果表明在水库水位下降的过程中,由于滑坡岩土体渗透性能较差,地下水来不及及时排出,滞后于水库水位的下降,滑坡受到了坡体内地下水向外的渗透动水压力作用,从而使得滑坡稳定性降低。另外库水位下降速度越快,滑坡的位移速率也越大,表现出阶跃型动态变形特征。     

洪水浸泡和水位骤降情况下黄河下游堤防堤岸稳定性分析

水库库岸边坡稳定在水位骤降工况下的研究目前已比较成熟,但对黄河下游堤防在水位骤降工况下的堤坡稳定状态却研究甚少。通过选取黄河下游标准化堤防某段堤岸边坡为研究对象,建立有限元渗流模型,提出黄河下游堤防的水位骤降速度标准,同时分析了在水位骤降速度为2、4、5 m/d时的坡内浸润线变化、堤岸稳定性变化,以及在水位骤降组合洪水浸泡最不利工况下的堤岸稳定状态。通过分析,给出水位下降情况、水位下降组合浸泡情况下的堤岸稳定状态图,并从图中可以查出在某一水位下降速度、洪水水位降至某一高程处的堤岸稳定状态,为工程人员在堤防建设中运用和推广提供了便利。     

Determination of stability of slope using Minimax Probability Machine

This article examines the capability of Minimax Probability Machine (MPM) for the determination of stability of slope. MPM is constructed within a probabilistic framework. This study uses MPM as classification and regression tools. Unit weight (γ), cohesion (c), angle of internal friction (φ), slope angle (β), height (H) and pore water pressure coefficient (r_u) have been used as inputs of the MPM model. The outputs of MPM are stability status of slope and factor of safety (F). The results of MPM have been compared with the artificial neural network models. The experimental results demonstrate that the developed MPM is a promising tool for the determination of stability of slope.     

水位变化过程中边坡临界滑动场

库水位升降过程中,会引起边坡体内孔隙水压力分布的变化,对边坡的稳定性产生影响。对边坡临界滑动场进行改进,提出了可以考虑水位变化过程的边坡临界滑动场数值模拟方法,方便、快速地计算出边坡局部、整体安全系数在水位变化过程中的变化历程。通过对一个典型边坡在水位上升和下降过程中的稳定性分析,并和其他方法进行比较分析,结果表明,临界滑动场方法能搜索任意形状的最危险滑面,计算的安全系数是合理的。     

Coupled transient saturated–unsaturated seepage and limit equilibrium analysis for slopes: influence of rapid water level changes

This study investigates the influence of the water level fluctuation on the stability of soil slopes using coupled seepage and slope stability analysis. A simulation framework was proposed and implemented seamlessly using Python code to seek insights into three factors that have not been thoroughly studied for this issue: soil unit weight variation in the unsaturated zone, unsaturated shear strength models, and velocity of water drawdown. For this purpose, the seepage analysis was carried out by discretizing a numerical seepage analysis model using a finite element analysis platform, FEniCS. The output of the seepage analysis, i.e., pore water pressure distribution, was used as input for the slope stability analysis. Limit equilibrium methods including the Bishop Simplified method and the Ordinary Method of Slices were modified to take into consideration the unsaturated shear strength, unit weight variation in the unsaturated zone, and hydrostatic pressure changes in response to the water level fluctuation of a reservoir. Both seepage and slope analysis modules were validated against commercial programs. Analysis results obtained with the validated framework clearly revealed the distinct influences of the three factors in representative silty and sandy slopes.

     

Comprehensive analyses of the initiation and landslide-generated wave processes of the 24 June 2015 Hongyanzi landslide at the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Reservoir landslides pose a great threat to shipping safety, human lives and properties, and the operation of the hydropower station. In this paper, the 24 June 2015 Hongyanzi landslide at the Three Gorges Reservoir is considered as an example to study the initiation mechanism and landslide-generated wave process of a reservoir landslide. The finite difference method and limit equilibrium analysis are used to analyze the deformation and failure characteristics of the Hongyanzi slope. Simulation results show that a large deformation (about 358 mm) happens in the shallow deposits under intermittent rainfall condition, and the slope is in a limit state. At the same time, continuous rapid drawdown of the water level (about ?0.55 m/day during 8–24 June 2015) reduced the support and accelerated the drainage of the water for the bank slope. A coupling effect of intermittent rainfall and rapid drawdown of the water level was the triggering factor of the 24 June Hongyanzi landslide. Landslide-generated wave process was simulated using a fluid–solid coupling method by integrating the general moving object collision model. Simulation results show that the landslide-generated wave is dominated by the impulse wave, which is generated by sliding masses entering the river with high speed. The maximum wave height is about 5.90 m, and the wave would decay gradually as it spreads because of friction and energy dissipation. To prevent reservoir landslides, the speed for the rising or drawdown of the water level should be controlled, and most importantly, rapid drawdown should be avoided.     

Performance of the horizontal drains in upstream shell of earth dams on the upstream slope stability during rapid drawdown conditions

Slope stability analysis during rapid drawdown is an important consideration in the design of embankment dams. During rapid drawdown, the stabilizing effect of the water on the upstream face is lost, but the pore water pressures within the embankment may remain high. As a result, the stability of the upstream face of the dam can be much reduced. Installing horizontal drains is a very efficient and cost-effective method for reducing the pore water pressure and increasing the stability of the upstream slope. The theory of horizontal drains in the upstream shell of earth dams is well established, but there seems to be limited resources available for the design of this type of horizontal drains. Hence, this study is focused on the performance of horizontal drains in the upstream shell of the slope of earth dams on the upstream slope stability during rapid drawdown conditions. The parametric study has been conducted on the variation of horizontal drain parameters such as the number of drains, their length, and their location. In this study, ten scenarios were analyzed based on different drainage configurations and the performance of each scenario is investigated on the seepage and the upstream slope stability during rapid drawdown conditions using finite element and limit equilibrium methods. The results demonstrated that the stability of the upstream slope during rapid drawdown conditions increases by increasing the number of drains. The length of drains extending further from its intersection with the critical failure surface does not provide any significant change in the factor of safety. Finally, the study also found that installing drains in the lower region of the upstream shell of earth dams gives more stability than those installed in higher elevations.     

库水位骤降时的滑坡稳定性评价方法研究

三峡水库蓄水及水位波动,将极大地改变滑坡体内的水文地质条件,库水位骤降和暴雨入渗是导致滑坡的主要因素。库水位骤降时的滑坡稳定性评价是滑坡防治中的一个难题。根据三峡水库水位调控方案和库区滑坡地下水作用的力学模式,利用有限元模拟库水位从175 m骤降至145 m时的滑坡暂态渗流场。建立了渗透力作用下滑坡稳定性评价的不平衡推力法。研究表明：滑坡的渗透系数和库水位下降速度是影响滑坡稳定性的主要因素,当库区堆积层滑坡渗透系数小于0.864 m/d,库水位发生骤降为2 m/d。库水位骤降时滑坡稳定性降到最小的水位通常在175 m水位以下10～20 m处。其研究为库区 175 m水位滑坡治理提供了科学依据。     

降雨条件下顺倾向煤系地层边坡稳定性的影响研究

煤系地层具有岩层软硬不均,层间胶结较差,风化速度快,遇水易软化,结构易破坏导致强度丧失等特点,特别是夹层中炭质泥岩或页岩具有强度低、易活化、易变性和渗透系数相对较小的特点,这决定了其对整体边坡的稳定性具有控制作用。文章分析了煤系地层边坡饱和、非饱和渗流降雨条件（降雨强度）、土性参数（夹层饱和渗透系数）以及边坡形状尺寸（坡脚、夹层倾角、夹层埋深）等因素对边坡渗流特点及稳定性的影响,发现软弱夹层与上下岩体渗透性差异性对边坡稳定性影响明显;软弱夹层埋置越浅,边坡越易失稳;降雨强度越大,边坡越易沿软弱夹层发生滑坡;并非坡脚越大降雨之后边坡的安全系数降低幅度就大,而是随着夹层倾角的增大,边坡的安全系数逐渐降低,边坡越易沿软弱夹层发生滑坡,这些认识对煤系地层边坡的设计和治理有重要的参考意义。      

含水量对黄土边坡稳定性的影响

为了研究含水量变化对黄土边坡稳定性的影响,首先对兰州某黄土边坡的黄土试样进行了不同含水量下的直剪试验。试验结果表明,随着含水量的增加,黄土的抗剪强度以幂函数形式减小。但含水量对内摩擦角的影响更显著。因为黄土的粘聚力较小,其变化对抗剪强度的影响相对较小。其次,应用直剪试验结果对四个简单边坡模型进行了黄土边坡稳定性系数随含水量变化的分析。分析表明:随着含水量的增加,黄土边坡的稳定性系数以幂函数形式逐渐降低,当含水量较高时逐渐趋缓。实际上,边坡稳定性系数随含水量变化规律与抗剪强度随含水量变化规律相似。相同坡度时,边坡的高度对稳定性系数有不太大的影响,特别当黄土边坡含水量达到9%以上时,坡高对边坡稳定性系数的影响可以忽略。     

库水位变化对库岸边坡稳定性的影响

在假定坡体孔隙水水位为水平线且不考虑渗透作用影响的基础上,基于极限平衡法考察了水位上升及下降的快慢对边坡安全系数的影响。对比计算表明:在水位缓慢变化即坡体内外水位线等高的条件下,边坡的安全系数随着水位坡高比的增大先略减小后急剧增大,且在水位坡高比为0.3处取得最小值,在边坡完全淹没于水中时取得最大值。当边坡完全淹没于水中后,水位高于坡顶的多少对边坡安全系数没有影响;在水位骤降或陡升条件下,相同库水位对应的边坡安全系数基本上均小于水位缓慢变化情况下的安全系数,故工程实际中无论是排水还是蓄水,都应尽量保持水位缓慢变化,这样才能使边坡处于较安全的状态。     

降雨入渗下高填强夯矿渣边坡滑坡机理研究

义马煤业集团股份有限公司所属综能公司在建场地中部有一20m高矿渣边坡,矿渣为三叠系砂岩、泥岩,堆积至今已有10 ～50a.该边坡整体属软质岩石,多全风化土状和强风化状,砂岩碎块手刻可碎,结构疏松、分选性差、粒间结合力弱、透水性强.虽经强夯处理,但在2010年雨季期间在边坡中下部仍出现多处滑塌.为研究该高填强夯矿渣边坡在...     

基于非饱和土固结理论的有限元强度折减法

库水位下降使库岸坡体内产生饱和－非饱和非稳定渗流,非稳定渗流作用是边坡失稳的重要原因之一。为了分析非稳定渗流对边坡稳定性的影响,首先推导了固、液两相孔隙介质的固结方程,考虑了土体渗流与变形的耦合作用。在此基础上结合有限元强度折减法求解边坡稳定安全系数,将渗流、变形及稳定分析采用一套统一的有限元方法。并通过算例分析了库水位骤降情况下,坡体的渗透系数、水位降落比对稳定安全系数的影响,计算结果表明,所提的理论和方法是有效可行的,为饱和-非饱和非稳定渗流作用下边坡稳定问题的分析提供了实用工具。     

Liquefaction potential of coastal slopes induced by solitary waves

Tsunami runup and drawdown can cause liquefaction failure of coastal fine sand slopes due to the generation of high excess pore pressure and the reduction of the effective over burden pressure during the drawdown. The region immediately seaward of the initial shoreline is the most susceptible to tsunami-induced liquefaction failure because the water level drops significantly below the still water level during the set down phase of the drawdown. The objective of this work is to develop and validate a numerical model to assess the potential for tsunami-induced liquefaction failure of coastal sandy slopes. The transient pressure distribution acting on the slope due to wave runup and drawdown is computed by solving for the hybrid Boussinesq—nonlinear shallow water equations using a finite volume method. The subsurface pore water pressure and deformation fields are solved simultaneously using a finite element method. Two different soil constitutive models have been examined: a linear elastic model and a non-associative Mohr–Coulomb model. The numerical methods are validated by comparing the results with analytical models, and with experimental measurements from a large-scale laboratory study of breaking solitary waves over a planar fine sand beach. Good comparisons were observed from both the analytical and experimental validation studies. Numerical case studies are shown for a full-scale simulation of a 10-m solitary wave over a 1:15 and 1:5 sloped fine sand beach. The results show that the soil near the bed surface, particularly along the seepage face, is at risk to liquefaction failure. The depth of the seepage face increases and the width of the seepage face decreases with increasing bed slope. The rate of bed surface loading and unloading due to wave runup and drawdown, respectively, also increases with increasing bed slope. Consequently, the case with the steeper slope is more susceptible to liquefaction failure due to the higher hydraulic gradient. The analysis also suggests that the results are strongly influenced by the soil permeability and relative compressibility between the pore fluid and solid skeleton, and that a coupled solid/fluid formulation is needed for the soil solver. Finally, the results show the drawdown pore pressure response is strongly influenced by nonlinear material behavior for the full-scale simulation.