An experimental study on static and dynamic bending behaviour of piles in soft clay

Static and dynamic lateral load tests were carried out on model aluminium single piles embedded in soft clay to study its bending behaviour. Model aluminium piles with length to diameter ratios of 10, 20, 30 and 40 were used. Static lateral load tests were conducted on piles by rope and pulley arrangement upto failure and load–deflection curves were obtained. Dynamic lateral load tests were carried out for different magnitudes of load ranging from 7 to 30 N at wide range of frequencies from 2 to 50 Hz. The load transferred to the pile, pile head displacement and the strain variation along the pile length were measured using a Data Acquisition System. Safe static lateral load capacity for all piles is interpreted from load–deflection curves. Dynamic characteristics of the soil–pile system were arrived from the acquired experimental data. The soil–pile system behaves predominantly in nonlinear fashion even at low frequency under dynamic load. The displacement amplitude under dynamic load is magnified by 4.5–6.5 times the static deflection for all piles embedded in soft clay. But, the peak magnification factor reduces with an increase in the magnitude of lateral load mainly because of increase of hysteretic damping at very soft consistency. The maximum BM occurs at the fundamental frequency of the soil–pile system. Even the lower part of the pile affects the pile head response to the inertial load applied at the pile head. The maximum dynamic BM is magnified by about 1.5 times the maximum static BM for model piles in tested consistency of clay. The maximum dynamic BM occurs at a depth of about 1.5 times the depth of maximum static BM for model piles, which indicates an increase of active pile length under dynamic load.     

Response of Pile Groups Driven in Sand Subjected to Combined Loads

Although the loads applied on piles are usually a combination of both vertical and lateral loads, very limited experimental research has been done on the response of pile groups subjected to combined loads. Due to pile–soil–pile interaction in pile groups, the response of a pile group may differ substantially from that of a single pile. This difference depends on soil state and pile spacing. This paper presents results of experiments designed to investigate pile interaction effects on the response of pile groups subjected to both axial and lateral loads. The experiments were load tests performed on model pile groups (2 × 2 pile groups) in calibration chamber sand samples. The model piles were driven into the sand samples prepared with different relative densities using a sand pluviator. The combined load tests were performed on the model pile groups subjected to different axial load levels, i.e., 0 (pure lateral loading), 25, 50, and 75% of the ultimate axial load capacity of the pile groups, defined as the load corresponding to a settlement of 10% of the model pile diameter. The combined load test results showed that the bending moment and lateral deflection at the head of the piles increased substantially for tests performed in the presence of axial loads, suggesting that the presence of axial loads on groups of piles driven in sand is detrimental to their lateral capacity.     

Static Equilibrium of Screw Anchor Pile Under Lateral Load in Sands

The screw anchor piles are installed in ground by screwing which is done with the help of torque motors. In this paper, the lateral load capacity of screw anchor piles is examined through an experimental investigation carried on model piles embedded in dry sand. The tests were carried on screw anchor piles with different number of helices provided in continuation. Lateral loads were applied at different height above the soil surface. The embedment length of screw anchor piles was also varied to study the behaviour of screw anchor piles under lateral loads. Some tests were conducted on plain shaft pile to compare the lateral load capacity of screw anchor piles with that of plain shaft piles. An empirical equation for computation of lateral loads has been developed considering lateral resistance, bearing resistance, uplift resistance and lateral resistance offered by soil in pile on the basis of experimental results. A theoretical model for predicting lateral load capacity of screw anchor piles in dry sand, consistent with the experimental findings has been developed in this study.     

软土地区超长抗拔桩成桩选型研究

对软土地区长抗拔桩中常用的常规直桩、扩底桩、注浆直桩的承载力性状进行了比较分析,研究了不同桩型的荷载传递规律和承载力提高机理,并引出其荷载一位移的理论计算公式,认为抗拔桩存在“有效桩长”。通过对某沿海城市不同超长抗拔桩的现场抗拔试验,分析比较了各种桩型在30mm上拔位移控制值下的单桩承载力和桩侧摩阻力分布规律,认为超过“有效桩长”的设计是不经济的,注浆直桩可以提高安全系数,宜优先选用注浆直桩。     

静钻根植桩水平承载性能试验研究

静钻根植桩是在水泥土中插入预应力管桩而形成的复合桩。为了认识其在水平荷载作用下的变形性能,实施了3组共6根桩的水平静载试验。第一组是? 600～? 750 mm静钻根植桩（SDRP）,第二组是 800～? 900 mm静钻根植桩,第三组是? 1 000 mm的钻孔灌注桩,第二组与第三组属于几何尺寸十分接近而组成材料不同,第一组与第二组属于组成材料相同而几何尺寸不同。对比水平力-水平位移、水平力-水平位移梯度以及水平变形比后发现,弹性阶段钻孔灌注桩的水平承载性能优于静钻根植桩,而弹性阶段以后则逐渐相反;静钻根植桩变形复原能力强于钻孔灌注桩;桩在弹性阶段的变形量与截面抗弯刚度成近似线性关系;如果只考察弹性阶段,为提高水平承载能力宜将静钻根植桩改为同直径的钻孔灌注桩,不宜单纯扩大静钻根植桩的桩径。     

轴向荷载对斜桩水平承载特性影响试验及理论研究

斜群桩受水平荷载作用时,群桩中的基桩受到径向荷载、轴向荷载和弯矩的共同作用。为研究轴向荷载对斜桩水平承载特性的影响,完成了3根单桩以及1组1×2斜桩的大尺寸模型试验。试验结果表明：轴向拉力作用会降低斜桩的水平刚度和极限承载力;而轴向压力作用则会使其水平刚度和极限承载力提高。基于桩侧浅层土体楔形破坏假定,推导了考虑轴向荷载影响的斜桩水平极限土抗力计算公式,提出了桩侧土抗力的p-y曲线方法,并通过模型试验及现场试验验证其合理性。     

PHC管桩水平承载力试验研究

在统计福州地区56根预应力高强混凝土（PHC）管桩单桩水平静载荷试验资料基础上,结合《建筑桩基技术规范》规范推荐的m法计算,讨论了福州地区PHC管桩的水平承载力取值问题。对不同桩型的单桩水平静载试验进行m值反算,与规范推荐的m值相比较,探讨了福州地区不同桩周土层的m值取值范围。用规范推荐的两种力学模型分别计算了某试桩的弯矩曲线,与ABAQUS有限元软件模拟得到的弯矩曲线对比,验证了规范推荐的两种模型的适用性。结果表明,本地区采用m法确定PHC管桩的单桩水平承载力是适用的;上覆填土层的物理力学性状对淤泥层中PHC管桩水平承载力影响较大,宜采取规范附录中的“桩端支撑在非岩石类土中或基岩面”的模型计算本地区PHC管桩的水平承载力。     

基于扁铲侧胀试验的桩基水平承载力分析

依据扁铲侧胀试验的结果,对桩侧土水平抗力系数的比例系数进行了估算,并估算出单桩水平承载力设计值;根据单桩水平载荷试验的成果,计算出试验桩的水平临界荷载平均值,并得到桩侧土水平抗力系数的比例系数;在此基础上,对两者进行了对比分析,其单桩水平承载力非常接近,但比例系数存在差异。认为不宜将试桩的结果直接应用于工程桩的水平承载力计算,应根据工程桩的实际情况,考虑承台、桩群、土相互作用产生的群桩效应。     

成层土中倾斜荷载作用下桩承载力有限元分析

利用有限元方法对现场单桩水平载荷试验进行模拟,在此基础上,分析了成层土中桩在倾斜荷载作用下其竖向分量的有利作用和横向土抗力分布特点。计算结果表明,在地面下一定范围内,倾斜荷载作用下的桩侧摩阻力比水平荷载作用下的桩侧摩阻力大。在土层分界处土抗力分布有明显的跳跃。达到一定深度后,横向土抗力主要是静止土压力,而由荷载引起的横向土抗力很小。承台能有效减小土体及桩的水平位移。模拟的灌注桩和钢管桩桩顶在地面以上的自由长度较小,竖向分量由于桩身挠曲变形而产生的P-Δ效应较小,所以就算例中的灌注桩和钢管桩而言,荷载倾斜度不大时,荷载竖向分量提高了桩的侧阻并由此增大桩侧土竖向应力,对桩水平承载力总体上起到了有利的作用。     

Development of p–y curves for undrained response of piles near slopes

The response of laterally loaded piles placed near the crest of clay slopes is analysed. Three-dimensional finite element analyses are presented for piles of different geometries, installed at several distances from slopes of various inclinations. The results of these analyses are used to establish the pattern of lateral load distribution along the pile length in relation to slope inclination and pile to slope distance. Subsequently, p–y curves are developed for the case of undrained lateral loading of piles near the crest of clay slopes, a case for which no such curves exist so far. The proposed p–y curves are implemented into a commercial subgrade reaction computer code and used to perform a series of parametric numerical analyses. The results of these analyses show that the predicted response of piles near slopes with the proposed p–y curves is in good agreement with the response observed in some pile tests reported in the literature.     

On the influence of vertical loads on the lateral response of pile foundation

The influence of vertical loads on the lateral response of group piles installed in sandy soil and connected together by a concrete cap is studied through finite elements analyses. The analyses focus on the five piles in the middle row of 3 × 5 pile groups. The vertical load is applied by enforcing a vertical displacement equivalent to 2% of the pile diameter through the pile cap prior to the application of the lateral loads. The results have shown that the lateral resistance of the leading pile (pile 1) does not appear to vary considerably with the vertical load. However, the vertical load leads to 23%, 36%, 64%, and 82% increase in the lateral resistance of piles 2–5, respectively. The increase in the lateral pressures in the sand deposit is the major driving factor to contribute the change in the lateral resistance of piles, depending on the position of the pile in the group. The distribution of lateral loads among piles in the group tends to be more uniform when vertical loads were considered leading to a more economical pile foundation design.     

高速铁路超长桥桩承载特性试验研究

超长桩广泛已应用于土木工程各个领域,但黄土地区超长桩的承载性状和变形特性尚不十分清楚,需要进一步研究。通过对郑西铁路客运专线某特大桥的4根超长桩现场测试项目的资料分析,得出了超长桩桩身轴力及侧阻力的变化规律,对超长桩的承载特性有了更为清晰的了解。试验结果表明,在桩顶竖向荷载作用下,桩身轴力随荷载的增加发生了局部调整,砂性土层的桩侧摩阻力具有增强效应,黏性土层的桩侧摩阻力具有退化效应;单桩竖向刚度随桩顶荷载的增加而减小,单桩竖向刚度降低40 %～70 %。     

竖向高荷载作用下大直径超长钻孔灌注桩承载性能试验

通过机场—西华高速大直径超长钻孔灌注桩大吨位竖向单桩静载试验,分析了该地区大直径超长钻孔灌注桩的承载性状以及荷载传递机理。试验结果表明:试桩的Q-S曲线呈缓变型,桩端承载力占总荷载的比例均<10%,即均表现为摩擦桩特性;试桩的侧摩阻力自上而下逐步发挥,侧摩阻力和桩端阻力异步发挥且互相耦合;大直径超长钻孔灌注桩桩侧摩阻力的发挥与土层性质、土层埋深及桩顶荷载水平有关;在高荷载作用下桩侧上部土层摩阻力具有不同程度的软化现象,而中下部土层侧摩阻力具有不同程度的强化现象,甚至即使在最大加载情况下,桩身下部土层的侧摩阻力也并未完全发挥,因此在根据规范计算超长桩承载力时,不同深度土层的侧摩阻力应乘以相应不同的修正系数。     

超长PHC管桩轴向受力试验研究

通过高应变动测试验和静载荷试验,对深厚软土地基中PHC管桩的受力特性进行了研究,探讨了深厚软土地基中超长PHC管桩的竖向承载特性和荷载传递机理.结果表明,高应变动测试验和静载荷试验得出的极限承载力结果很接近.在深度小于30 m时,动静试验所得的侧摩阻力比较接近,但是随着深度的加深,动测试验所得的侧摩阻力比静载试验要大.     

大直径深长钻孔灌注桩竖向承载力特性试验研究

在唐山LNG罐区对9根大直径钢筋混凝土灌注桩进行了竖向荷载现场试验,其中桩端后注浆工艺试桩3根,三岔双向挤扩工艺试桩3根,挤扩支盘工艺试桩3根。基于现场静荷载和桩身应力测试结果,分析了3种不同施工工艺钻孔灌注桩竖向荷载传递规律。试验结果表明：3种不同施工工艺的大直径深长钻孔灌注桩试桩荷载-沉降曲线没有明显拐点,后注浆工艺试桩荷载传递过程表现为摩擦桩的特性,桩侧阻力几乎承担全部荷载,而三岔双向挤扩支盘工艺和挤扩支盘工艺试桩荷载传递过程表现为端承摩擦桩的特性,桩端阻力占总荷载的20%～30%;3种不同施工工艺试桩的轴力及桩-土相对位移变化规律基本相似,桩侧桩端阻力非同步发挥且相互影响,桩侧摩阻力均表现出强化现象。对整个罐区要求单桩承载力特征值不小于8 100 kN。3种施工工艺的钻孔灌注桩承载力均能满足要求。     

基于cut-off方法刚性承台下群桩基础优化分析

针对刚性筏板下群桩基础优化设计问题进行分析,通过改变桩长分布来调整各桩的荷载分担,群桩分析采用基于弹性理论的积分方程方法,并通过cut-off方法来反映桩的弹塑性特性,实现群桩基础的弹塑性优化分析,改进了常规弹性分析方法的缺陷。算例分析表明,随着外荷载的不断增加,角桩首先达到极限荷载,对角桩超出极限荷载的部分进行重新分布,继而使得边桩逐渐达到极限承载状态,继续加载直至内桩也达到极限承载状态,从而引起桩筏基础的整体破坏。采用cut-off方法可以改进基础变刚度优化设计,使之与实际情况更为吻合。     

竖向力与水平向力同时作用下管桩的性状研究

用解析方法研究了管桩在轴向力和水平向力（倾斜力）联合作用下的受力及变形性状。在高层建筑、桥梁工程、海洋工程、新型海堤护岸等工程中桩基自由长度上作用土压力、风荷载、波浪荷载等荷载型式,基桩经常在竖向、水平向荷载同时作用下工作。国内外学者通过大量试验和理论研究得出了计算竖向、水平向荷载下基桩内力和挠度的半经验公式以及张氏法公式。为了分析竖向、水平向荷载同时作用下自由荷载的作用,在现行m法假设的基础上,从弹性桩的挠曲微分方程出发,导出了任意自由荷载作用下桩任意截面的水平变位、倾角、弯矩、剪力和地基反力计算表达式。桩的挠曲微分方程是分段函数,包括地上部分和地下部分桩,相应的内力和变位求解也分为两段。最后通过一个算例分析了桩顶竖向荷载、桩顶水平力和自由荷载对桩身的受力性状各参数的影响。计算结果表明, 桩顶水平力对桩身最大弯矩和桩顶水平变位的影响最大,而桩周内外摩阻力及桩身自重对桩身受力性状影响较小。     

Depth of Fixity of Piles in Clay Under Dynamic Lateral Load

Dynamic experiments were carried out on instrumented model aluminium single piles embedded in clay of different consistencies to study its bending behaviour under lateral loads. Piles with different length to diameter ratios were used. Dynamic lateral load of different magnitudes ranging from 7 to 30 N at wide range of frequencies from 2 to 50 Hz were applied. The load transferred to the pile, pile head displacement and the strain variation along the pile length were measured using a dedicated data acquisition system. Static lateral load tests were also performed to investigate the magnification of dynamic response of piles in clay. It is found that the maximum bending moment due to dynamic load is magnified by about 1.5–4 times in comparison to the static load for short piles but about 9 times for long piles. Depth of fixity and effective pile length is also largely amplified under dynamic loads, thus indicating that a pile which behaves as a flexible pile under static load, may not exhibit flexible behaviour under dynamic load.     

软土地基中PHC管桩水平受荷性状的试验研究

桩在水平荷载作用下的受力性状是一个复杂的桩土相互作用过程。针对软土地集中预应力管桩受水平荷载的问题,结合工程实例,通过水平静载试验,实测得到了水平荷载作用下PHC（超长预应力）桩与土共同作用时的工作性状,分析了PHC桩受水平力作用时的内力、变形和临界承载力以及地基土的水平抗力比例系数。试验结果可为今后同类地区水平受荷桩的设计与研究提供参考。     

局部冲刷下群桩水平承载试验研究

基于典型冲刷坑形态,通过改变冲刷深度来模拟不同局部冲刷作用,对典型的9桩群桩进行了冲刷前、后水平承载试验,对相同参数的单桩进行了平行对比试验,详细分析了荷载-位移特性、桩身弯矩分布、群桩效率系数以及荷载分担比的变化规律。结果表明,随着冲刷深度增加,单桩和9桩基础水平承载力均呈现减弱趋势,水平群桩效率系数逐渐增大,承台约束作用效应更加明显,桩身弯矩增大,最大弯矩点位置向桩端移动,前排桩荷载分担比增大,中、后排桩荷载分担比减小;前排角桩受冲刷深度和水平荷载影响最大,设计时需采取有效的加强措施。