REMOTE SENSING OF ATMOSPHERIC CONSTITUENTS AND THE MULTI-FUNCTION SPECTROPHOTOMETER

A multi-functional solar and skylight spectrophotometer has been developed for the study of atmosphericconstituents and aerosols. The instrument and its performance are described. Due to telescope structure andlock-in amplification technique adopted,the sensitivity of the instrument is high enough to conduct direct sunmoon and twilight measurement for several atmospheric species and the degree of polarization and intensityobservation for sky light. From measured results, the total column abundance of atmospheric species and theoptical characteristics of aerosol can be retrieved. In this paper, the daily averaged column abundance of O_3measured in Beijing by direct sun was compared with Dobson spectrophotometer nearby. The two did notshow significant difference.     

Doppler detection of hydroxyl column abundance in the middle atmosphere

The hydroxyl column abundance in the middle atmosphere is measured with ground-based uv spectroscopy using the sun as a light source. The present method is distinctive in that it utilizes the Doppler shift of the solar spectrum due to the solar rotation to discriminate the slight terrestrial hydroxyl absorption from prominent solar features. By comparing the spectra measured on the east and the west edges of the solar disk, it is possible to cancel out most of the solar structures and to make the terrestrial features much more evident.     

A study on absorption characteristics of the atmospheric window in microwave band

The absorption characteristics of the atmospheric window in the microwave band (λ=8.5 mm and 3.2 cm) are studied. The results measured in Beijing by using both solar radiation method and atmospheric radiation method are compared with the values calculated from the radiosonde data so as to analyze their correlativity. The relationship between atmospheric window absorption and total column water vapour content is also discussed. The effects of clouds on the absorption are described.     

整层大气甲烷总量季节变化的遥测

利用自行研制的一台用于探测大气成分的太阳红外光谱仪 ,在地面连续自动地记录了晴天的太阳红外光谱。用逐线积分法计算了整层大气的吸收 ,发现在 3.42 8μm波段主要是大气甲烷的吸收 ,从记录的该波段的太阳红外光谱中反演出整层大气中甲烷的总含量 ,经过近一年半的观测 ,得到了合肥地区大气甲烷垂直柱含量的季节变化规律。发现其变化规律与北半球背景对流层空气采样分析法测量的甲烷季节变化规律基本相同。文中详细介绍了测量仪器、测量原理和部分测量结果 ,并对结果进行了简单的讨论。     

内蒙古自治区太阳总辐射的气候学计算及其时空分布特征

通过对比分析国内外太阳总辐射的气候学计算方法,最终给出内蒙古太阳辐射最佳计算公式。根据内蒙古及周边地区24个太阳辐射观测站历年各月的总辐射和日照百分率,采用最小二乘法拟合出公式中的经验系数,并在分区基础上通过内插将a、b系数推广到内蒙古108个气象站点上,从而建立了内蒙古太阳总辐射计算模型。结果表明：内蒙古太阳总辐射年际变化总体呈下降趋势,但不显著,而且不同区域在减小速率上差异明显。年变化则表现为单峰型变化趋势,以5月辐射量最大,6、7月次之,12月最小。全年和各月总辐射的空间分布形态一致,总的分布趋势由东北向西南逐渐递增。全区年总辐射在4633～6616 MJ·m^-2之间,太阳能资源丰富程度均在丰富级别以上,而且大部分地区属于资源最丰富区和很丰富区,太阳能开发利用潜力巨大。     

我国的大气透明状况

根据全国65个甲种日射站自建站起至1978年9:30,12:30,15:30各时次直接辐射的观测资料,计算了大气透明系数。为了便于各地间的比较和绘制全国分布图,所有各时次的资料都统一订正到M=2的情况下,计算中太阳常数取值S_0=1.98卡厘米~(-2)分~(-1)。 就我国的具体情况而论,地势对大气透明度的影响最为显著,直接的结果是:高原为透明度高值区,盆地为低值区。 分析了影响大气透明度的两个重要因子——水汽和气溶胶的分布特点,以及它们之间的比例关系。水汽对辐射的吸收系根据探空资料求得的整层大气的含水量按Mugge和Muller的公式计算的。     

1961-2010年黑龙江省太阳能资源特征分析与评估

利用1961-2010年黑龙江省5个辐射站和32个地面基准站资料,分析黑龙江省太阳能资源的时空分布特征,并从太阳能资源丰富度及资源稳定性等方面进行资源评估。结果表明：黑龙江省年均太阳总辐射显著减少,1月和12月减少最明显,20世纪70年代太阳辐射最强,80年代最弱;总辐射和日照时数的空间分布呈西丰(多)东贫(少)的趋势。全省太阳能资源的稳定性较高,其中松嫩平原西部的太阳能资源最丰富、稳定性最高,适合集中建设大型太阳能电站。     

The effect of ozone and aerosols on the surface erythemal UV radiation estimated from OMI measurements

Surface erythemal UV radiation is mainly affected by total column ozone, aerosols, clouds, and solar zenith angle. The effect of ozone on the surface UV radiation has been explored many times in the previous studies due to the decrease of ozone layer. In this study, we calculated the effect of aerosols on the surface UV radiation as well as that of ozone using data acquired from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). First, ozone, aerosol optical depth (AOD), and surface erythemal UVB radiation measured from satellite are compared with those from ground measurements. The results showed that the comparison for ozone was good with r ² of 0.92. For aerosol, there was difference between satellite measurements and surface measurements due to the insufficient information on aerosol in the retrieval algorithm. The r ² for surface erythemal UV radiation was high (～0.94) but satellite measurements showed about 30% larger values than surface measurements on average by not considering the effect of absorbing aerosols in the retrieval process from satellite measurements. Radiative amplification factor (RAF) is used to access the effect of ozone and aerosol quantitatively. RAF for ozone was 0.97～1.49 with solar zenith angle. To evaluate the effect of aerosol on the surface UV radiation, only clear-sky pixel data were used and solar zenith angle and total column amount of ozone were fixed. Also, RAF for aerosol was assessed according to the single scattering albedo (SSA) of aerosols. The results showed that RAF for aerosol with smaller SSA (< 0.90) was larger than that for with larger SSA (> 0.90). The RAF for aerosol was 0.09～0.22 for the given conditions which was relatively small compared to that for ozone. However, considering the fact that aerosol optical depth can change largely in time and space while the total column amount of ozone does not change very much, it needs to include the effect of aerosol to predict the variations of surface UV radiation more correctly.     

北京等7个气象台站太阳总辐射观测资料的准确度评估

基于地面太阳短波总辐射对气溶胶光学特性和地表反照率的敏感性, 该文提出了一个评估我国气象台站总辐射资料准确度的方法。该方法选用气溶胶光学厚度和太阳天顶角较小情形下的晴天辐射资料, 从太阳直射辐射反演气溶胶光学厚度, 用于计算宽带透过率, 再从该透过率和总辐射资料反演太阳常数E0, P, 并采用E0, P对世界辐射基准 (WRR) 的偏差表示总辐射资料的不确定性。模拟结果表明:气溶胶折射率虚部和大气柱水汽含量的输入误差是两个主要的评估不确定因子。用于准确度评估的资料越多, 越有利于平滑气溶胶、水汽含量等输入参数随机误差的效应, 评估结果越合理。应用这一方法, 该文评估了2000— 2004年我国沈阳、额济纳旗、北京、乌鲁木齐、格尔木、上海和广州7个气象台站总辐射资料的准确度。7个站共有1161个太阳常数反演值, 都满足太阳天顶角余弦 (μ0) 大于0.7的条件。这些E0, P值对WRR的最大偏差为7.33%, 97.78%的E0, P值对WRR的偏差小于5%, 总平均E0, P值对WRR偏差只有-1.15 %。依据这些结果, 当μ0≥0.7时, 这些台站的晴天总辐射资料的不确定度估计为5%。     

Interrelation between QBO and 11-year solar cycle effects in total column ozone over Europe

On the basis of total column ozone (TO) data obtained in the period of 1957–2007 at 10 ground-based European stations, characterized by long and highly reliable measurements, the effects of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and 11-year solar cycle (11-year SC), manifesting in TO are investigated. The results of comparative analysis of seasonal differences between different QBO/solar extremes convincingly demonstrate interrelation between the QBO and 11-year SC effects. It is shown that solar activity modulates the phase of the QBO effect so that the quasi-biennial TO signals during solar maximum and solar minimum are nearly in opposite phase. It is also demonstrated that isolated under permanent conditions of solar minimum or solar maximum the QBO effects in TO have the time scale of about 20 months. Solar modulation of the QBO effect makes the QBO a conductor of the solar cycle impact on TO over Europe. The mechanism of influence of the 11-year SC on the QBO and probably includes its impact on the QBO amplitude in the equatorial lower stratosphere, mainly through weakening of the equatorial easterlies during solar maximum.     

北京地面紫外辐射（光谱）的观测与分析

通过对北京大气物理研究所与长春光机所合作研制的地基太阳紫外辐射光谱仪观测资料的分析，和用辐射传输模式UVSS计算的结果，对影响到达地面的UVB辐照度的主要因子太阳高度角（SZA）、臭氧总量和地表反照率进行了分析研究。最后对紫外光谱仪的观测资料做了总量和谱分析。     

河西走廊太阳辐射时空分布特征及太阳能资源评估研究

利用1961—2020年河西走廊3个太阳辐射站和19个气象站资料,推算河西走廊各站太阳总辐射量,得出该地区太阳总辐射空间分布和时间变化特征,进一步采用相关系数法分析了太阳总辐射的气候影响因素。结果表明：(1)太阳总辐射空间分布在年及春、夏、秋季呈西北向东南递减,冬季呈西北向东南增加。(2)太阳总辐射在月际和季节分布上呈单峰型,5月最强,12月最弱,夏季最强,冬季最弱。(3)年太阳总辐射呈增加趋势,其线型倾向率为6.3 MJ/(m²·10 a),其中夏、秋、冬季总辐射呈减少趋势,夏季下降最明显,而春季呈明显增加趋势。(4)年、季总辐射都表现出2～3、5～6 a短周期及8～10 a长周期振荡。(5)太阳总辐射量与相对湿度、降水量、总云量、低云量及浮尘、扬沙、沙尘暴日数总体呈负相关,与气温和日照时数呈正相关。(6)河西走廊太阳能资源丰富程度和稳定度表现一致,都呈现为由西北向东南递减的趋势,资源相对丰富的地区稳定度也相对较高。     

DOAS Zenith Sky Observations: 1. BrO Measurements over Bremen (53°N) 1993–1994

Observations of stratospheric BrO over Bremen (53°N) are reported for winter and early spring periods of 1993 and 1993/94. The BrO was observed by ground-based near-UV absorption spectroscopy of sunlight scattered in the zenith. Differential slant column densities for solar zenith angles 90°/80° in the range of9× 10¹³ (detection limit) to 4.5×10¹⁴ molecules/cm² having a high day-to-day variability were found. For the majority of the measurements no significant difference was observed between the morning and evening behaviour of BrO. Exceptions are the morning measurements from the winter of 1992/93 where an accelerated production of BrO was observed. We believe the latter best to be explained by the early morning rapid photolysis of elevated amounts of photo-labile Br-reservoirs formed during the night. The largest differential slant column densities of BrO were measured in December 1993 when the temperatures at 30 hPa dropped below 205 K. This might be an indication of heterogeneous conversion of bromine compounds on sulfate and other aerosols.     

Variations of aerosol optical thickness of the atmosphere in Russia in 1976–2003

Space-time variations of aerosol optical thickness of the atmospheric column are analyzed on the basis of observational data of the Russian actinometric network in 1976–2003. From the measured direct solar radiation flux and air humidity for 44 stations in European and Asian Russia, spectral aerosol optical thickness (AOT) of the atmosphere is estimated for a wavelength λ ?0.55 μm. Interannual, seasonal, and space variations of AOT are estimated. Effects of eruptions of the volcanoes El Chichon (April 1982) and Pinatubo (June 1991) are considered. For most stations, a negative tendency is found in the AOT interannual changes, which is more pronounced in spring and summer. It is shown that the period after the Pinatubo eruption is characterized by “purification” of the atmosphere from aerosol.     

Satellite Measurements of Tropospheric Column O<Subscript>3</Subscript> and NO<Subscript>2</Subscript> in Eastern and Southeastern Asia: Comparison with a Global Model (MOZART-2)

Satellite measurements of tropospheric column O₃ and NO₂ in eastern and southeastern Asia are analyzed to study the spatial and seasonal characteristics of pollution in these regions. Tropospheric column O₃ is derived from differential measurements of total column ozone from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), and stratospheric column ozone from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). The tropospheric column NO₂ is measured by Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME). A global chemical and transport model (Model of Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers, version 2; MOZART-2) is applied to analyze and interpret the satellite measurements. The study, which is based on spring, summer, and fall months of 1997 shows generally good agreement between the model and satellite data with respect to seasonal and spatial characteristics of O₃ and NO₂ fields. The analysis of the model results show that the industrial emission of NO_x (NO + NO₂) contributes about 50%–80% to tropospheric column NO₂ in eastern Asia and about 20%–50% in southeastern Asia. The contribution of industrial emission of NO_x to tropospheric column O₃ ranges from 10% to 30% in eastern Asia. Biomass burning and lightning NO_x emissions have a small effect on tropospheric O₃ in central and eastern Asia, but they have a significant impact in southeastern Asia. The varying effects of NO_x on tropospheric column ozone are attributed to differences in relative abundance of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with respect to total nitrogen in the two regions.     

Vertical column abundances and seasonal cycle of acetylene,C2H2, above the Jungfraujoch station,derived from IR solar observations

Monthly mean total vertical column abundances of acetylene have been determined from series of infrared solar spectra recorded at the Jungfraujoch station, Switzerland, between June 1986 and April 1991. The data have been obtained by nonlinear least-squares fittings of the ₅ band R19 transition of C₂H₂ at 776.0818 cm^-1. The average of 22 monthly mean total vertical columns of C₂H₂ retrieved during that time interval of almost 5 years was found to be equal to (1.81±0.12)×10¹⁵ molec/cm², which corresponds to an average mixing ratio of (0,22±0.013) ppbv (parts per billion by volume) in a troposphere extending from the altitude of the station (3.58 km), up to 10.5 km. Despite the large variability found from year to year, a least-squares sine fit to the data reveals a seasonal variation with an amplitude of about ±40% of the mean; the maximum occurs during mid-winter and the minimum in the summer. The present results are compared critically with similar in-situ data found in the literature. A sinusoidal fit to all such free troposphere measurements made in-situ between 30°N and 60°N indicates good agreement in shape and phase with the seasonal variation derived above the Jungfraujoch, but their average column abundance, 2.3×10¹⁵ molec/cm², is about 30% higher; this difference is explained on the basis of non-upwelling meteorological conditions generally prevailing during ground-based remote solar observations.     

敦煌地区晴空散射辐射影响因子的统计特征

利用敦煌地区1981—1983年全年及1984年与1985年1～2月的日射观测资料,统计分析了敦煌地区晴空下散射辐射与太阳高度角、大气柱气溶胶垂直光学厚度等影响因子的关系,用最小二乘法拟合得到了相应的函数关系式。拟合结果表明：晴空下散射辐射与太阳高度角符合幂函数关系;晴空下散射辐射随大气柱气溶胶光学厚度线性增长。     

南极长城站大气臭氧和NO2的观测研究

在中国第五次南极考察社长城站的科学研究活动中,开展了与南极臭氧洞有关的大气臭氧和NO_2柱含量的观测。观测采用地面吸收光谱的原理进行。从1988年12月到1989年2月的观测结果表明,长城站区臭氧柱含量平均值为341DU,与常年平均结果相当。NO_2的平均柱含量为2.16×10~(18)cm~(-2)。无论是臭氧或NO_2的柱含量都有明显的日变化。