A Late Archean foreland fold and thrust belt in the North China Craton: Implications for early collisional tectonics

The Archean North China craton is divided into the Western and Eastern blocks along the Central Orogenic belt. A 1600 km long Archean foreland basin and thrust belt fringes the eastern side of the Central Orogenic belt. Rocks in the orogen form tectonically-stacked east-vergent fold and thrust sheets including foreland basin sediments, 2.50 Ga ophiolitic mélange, and an island arc complex. Foreland basin sediments overlie a passive margin sequence, and include a 2.50 Ga deep-water turbidite sequence that grades upward and westward into shallow-water molasse, now disposed in structurally imbricated east-verging thrusts and asymmetric folds that gradually migrated craton-ward with deformation, uplift, and erosion of the orogen. There is a strong linked relationship of the formation of the foreland basin to collision of the east and west blocks of the North China craton along the Central Orogenic belt at 2.50 Ga. The Qinglong foreland basin and Central Orogenic belt of the North China craton represents one of the best-preserved Archean orogen-to-craton transitions in the world. Its classic internal to external zonation, and flexural response to loading, demonstrate that convergent tectonics in the Archean were broadly similar to Phanerozoic convergent margin processes.     

北祁连造山带晚奥陶世-泥盆纪构造演化: 碎屑锆石年代学证据

北祁连造山带晚奥陶世-泥盆纪处于同造山的构造背景.上奥陶统-泥盆系沿造山带不对称分布.上奥陶统-泥盆系碎屑锆石年代学特征显示, 造山带东段武威一带上奥陶统底部沉积物主要来自北祁连岛弧, 南部中祁连地块和北部华北板块的沉积物在上奥陶统上部才出现, 根据同沉积锆石年龄将中祁连地块和华北板块在东段初始碰撞的时间限定在470~450 Ma之间; 中祁连地块和华北板块的物质在造山带西段肃南一带被保存在下志留统, 地层中也有大量来自早古生代北祁连岛弧和同碰撞花岗岩的物质, 暗示造山带西段的碰撞时间在早志留世.而造山带东段下志留统中却仅有来自中祁连地块和华北板块的物质, 缺乏代表北祁连岛弧的早古生代碎屑锆石年龄, 对比上奥陶统-下志留统岩相分布和碎屑锆石年代学特征, 北祁连造山带的碰撞具有"东早西晚"的"斜向碰撞、不规则边缘碰撞"的特征, 而这种碰撞方式导致中祁连地块在造山带东段仰冲到北祁连岛弧之上, 阻止北祁连岛弧为盆地提供沉积物; 泥盆纪早期, 北祁连岛弧年龄在东段下、中泥盆统中重新出现, 结合志留系和泥盆系在造山带东、西两段的分布和变形特征推断, 泥盆纪早期北祁连造山带具有"东强西弱"的不均一隆升特征, 这种差异隆升特征是由"东早西晚"的"斜向碰撞、不规则边缘碰撞"引起的, 它导致了北祁连岛弧在造山带东段被重新剥露出地表, 同时来自早期中、上志留统以及同碰撞花岗岩的物质也被汇入盆地.河西走廊盆地性质经历了弧后盆地-弧后残留洋盆-前陆盆地的转换过程.      

Silurian Sedimentation in the South Qilian Belt: Arc-Continent Collision-related Deposition in the NE Tibet Plateau?

The South Qilian belt mainly comprises an early Paleozoic arc-ophiolite complex, accretionary prism, microcontinental block, and foreland basin. These elements represent accretion-collision during Cambrian to Silurian time in response to closure of the Proto-Tethyan Ocean in the NE of the present-day Tibet Plateau. Closure of the Proto-Tethyan Ocean between the Central Qilian block and the Oulongbuluke block and the associated collision took place from NE to SW in a zipper-like style. Sediment would have been dispersed longitudinally SW-ward with a progressive facies migration from marginal alluvial sediments toward slope deep-water and deep-sea turbidites. This migration path indicates an ocean basin that shrank toward the SW. The Balonggongga'er Formation in the western South Qilian belt represents the fill of a latest Ordovician-Silurian remnant ocean basin that separated the Oulongbuluke block from the Central Qilian block, and records Silurian closure of the Proto-Tethyan Ocean and subduction beneath the Central Qilian block. However, alluvial deposits in the Lajishan area were accumulated in a retro-foreland basin, indicating that continent-continent collision in the eastern South Qilian belt occurred at c. 450–440 Ma. These results demonstrate that the Proto-Tethyan Ocean closed diachronously during early Paleozoic time.     

关于古亚洲洋构造演化研究的几点思考

古亚洲洋不是西伯利亚陆台和华北地台间的一个简单洋盆,而是在不同时间、不同地区打开和封闭的多个大小不一的洋盆复杂活动(包括远距离运移)的综合体.其北部洋盆起始于新元古代末-寒武纪初(573~522Ma)冈瓦纳古陆裂解形成的寒武纪洋盆.寒武纪末-奥陶纪初(510~480Ma),冈瓦纳古陆裂解的碎块、寒武纪洋壳碎块和陆缘过渡壳碎块相互碰撞、联合形成原中亚-蒙古古陆.奥陶纪时,原中亚-蒙古古陆南边形成活动陆缘,志留纪形成稳定大陆.泥盆纪初原中亚-蒙古古陆裂解,裂解的碎块在新形成的泥盆纪洋内沿左旋断裂向北运动,于晚泥盆世末到达西伯利亚陆台南缘,重新联合形成现在的中亚-蒙古古陆.晚古生代时,在现在的中亚-蒙古古陆内发生晚石炭世(318~316Ma)和早二叠世(295~285Ma)裂谷岩浆活动,形成双峰式火山岩和碱性花岗岩类.蒙古-鄂霍次克带是西伯利亚古陆和中亚-蒙古古陆之间的泥盆纪洋盆,向东与古太平洋连通,洋盆发展到中晚侏罗世,与古太平洋同时结束,其洋壳移动到西伯利亚陆台边缘受阻而向陆台下俯冲,在陆台南缘形成广泛的陆缘岩浆岩带,从中泥盆世到晚侏罗世都非常活跃.古亚洲洋的南部洋盆始于晚寒武世.此时,华北古陆从冈瓦纳古陆裂解出来,在其北缘形成晚寒武世-早奥陶世的被动陆缘和中奥陶世-早志留世的沟弧盆系.志留纪腕足类生物群的分布表明,华北地台北缘洋盆与塔里木地台北缘、以及川西、云南、东澳大利亚有联系,而与上述的古亚洲洋北部洋盆没有关连,两洋盆之间有松嫩-图兰地块间隔.晚志留世-早泥盆世,华北地台北部发生弧-陆碰撞运动,泥盆纪时,在松嫩地块南缘形成陆缘火山岩带,晚二叠世-早三叠世华北地台与松嫩地块碰撞,至此古亚洲洋盆封闭.古亚洲洋的南、北洋盆最后的褶皱构造,以及与塔里木地台之间发生的直接关系,很可能是后期的构造运动所造成的.     

Geochemistry of Sandstones from the Silurian Hanxia Formation,North Qilian Belt,China: Implication for Provenance,Weathering and Tectonic Setting

The North Qilian orogenic belt is the key to figure out the evolution and assembly of Asia. The Upper Silurian Hanxia Formation which is deposited in the north area of North Qilian Orogenic Belt is of utmost important to reveal the architecture and orogenic process of the North Qilian belt. So provenance analysis of the Hanxia Formation is of significance to reveal not only that the tectonic evolution of the central orogenic belt China, but also that Paleozoic Asia plate reconstruction. The ratios of elements and some discrimination diagrams based on geochemistry indicate that felsic rocks constitute their main source rocks. The chemical index of alteration is less than 80, indicating that the source rocks are relatively fresh and of low maturity. On the Th/Sc versus Zr/Sc scatter plot, samples from Hanxia Formation occur along the magmatic compositional variation trend of rocks, indicating that the rocks did not undergo obvious sedimentary sorting and recycling. The major and trace elements discrimination diagrams imply that Hanxia Formation rocks were derived from continental island arc. Recent studies show that the North China plate subducted southwards and produced subduction-related arc magmatism along the southern margin of the North Qilian Terrane during the Silurian. Therefore, we infer that in the late Silurian period the subduction-related arc became accreted to the Central Qilian terrane to the south, forming a composite continental arc, and the North Qilian belt accumulated in a fore-arc basin.     

Provenance and paleogeography of the Early Paleozoic basin in the northern Yangtze Block: Constraints from detrital zircon U-Pb-Hf data

The Proto-Tethys was a significant post-Rodinia breakup ocean that eventually vanished during the Paleozoic. The closure timing and amalgamation history of numerous microblocks within this ocean remain uncertain, while the Early Paleozoic strata on the northern margin of the Yangtze Block archive valuable information about the evolution of the Shangdan Ocean, the branch of the Proto-Tethys. By comparing the detrital zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopic data from Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian sedimentary rocks in the northern Yangtze Block with adjacent blocks, it was found that detrital zircons in Cambrian strata exhibit a prominent age peak at ∼ 900–700 Ma, which indicates that the primary source of clastic material in the basin was the uplifted inner and margin regions of the Yangtze Block. In the Silurian, abundant detrital material from the North Qinling Block was transported to the basin due to the continuous subduction and eventual closure of the Shangdan Ocean. This process led to two distinct age peaks at ∼500–400 Ma and ∼900–700 Ma, indicating a bidirectional provenance contribution from both the North Qinling Block and the Yangtze Block. This shift demonstrates that the initial collision between these two blocks occurred no later than the Silurian. The northern Yangtze Basin transitioned from a passive continental margin basin in the Cambrian to a peripheral foreland basin in the Silurian. Major blocks in East Asia, including South Tarim, North Qilian, North Qinling, and North Yangtze, underwent peripheral subduction and magmatic activity to varying degrees during the late Early Paleozoic, signifying the convergence and rapid contraction of microplates within northern Gondwana and the Proto-Tethys Ocean. These findings provide new insights on the tectonic evolution of the Proto-Tethys Ocean.     

Elemental and Sm-Nd isotopic geochemistry on detrital sedimentary rocks in the Ganzi-Songpan block and Longmen Mountains

Systematic results of major and trace element geochemistry and Sm-Nd isotopic geochemistry on detrital sedimentary rocks of Precambrian to Triassic in the Ganzi-Songpan block and Longmen Mountains are presented. The rocks are classified into greywackes or feldspar sandstones, grains of which are the mixtures of mafic rocks, felsic rocks, and quartz+calcite. Total rare earth elements (REE) contents of the rocks increase gradually and negative Eu anomalies become more obvious from Precambrian to Triassic, which may indicate intensifying crustal anatexis. Tectonic setting was stable during the Late Paleozoic, therefore there are obvious negative Ce anomalies. Nd model ages are between 1.6 Ga and 2.4 Ga, which are very similar to those of the Yangtze craton, South Qinling and North Qinling belts and quite different from those of the North China craton. Therefore, provenance of the sedimentary rocks in the Ganzi-Songpan block and Longmen Mountains was the Yangtze craton and/or the Qinling orogen, which evolved on the basis of the Yangtze craton. The correlation between provenances and tectonostratigraphic strata of the western Yangtze craton shows that the source materials should be primarily from Neoproterozoic. Secondary sources were Archean and Paleoproterozoic strata. Triassic clastic sedimentary rocks contain Late Paleozoic mantle-derived materials, represented by the Emeishan Permian flood basalts. Spatial distribution of initial Nd isotopic compositions indicates that denudating areas were in the east and the north and depositing areas of deep water were in the west and the south for the Ganzi-Songpan basin during Triassic. Translated from Geology in China, 2006, 33(1): 109–118 [译自: 中国地质]     

东亚原特提斯洋(Ⅴ):北界西段陆缘属性及微陆块拼合

早古生代原特提斯洋在祁连造山带的分支本文称为古祁连洋。其洋内及邻区存在中祁连、阿拉善、柴达木、华北、扬子、塔里木等多个陆块、微陆块,处在一个复杂的多岛洋的环境中。祁连地区早古生代经历了较为复杂的俯冲拼合、碰撞造山过程。本文探讨了祁连造山带的几个构造单元构造属性,认为早古生代阿拉善微陆块南缘为被动大陆边缘,中祁连北缘为活动大陆边缘。阿拉善南部与之平行的龙首山构造单元为俯冲造山形成的增生楔体;北祁连构造带为一套俯冲增生杂岩,包含高压变质岩带、蛇绿岩带、岛弧岩浆和部分洋壳残片等,记录了古祁连洋壳从大陆裂解,洋壳形成,俯冲拼合,碰撞造山的造山过程。495Ma左右南祁连南部柴达木微陆块向北俯冲的影响,古祁连洋壳俯冲受阻,俯冲带向北后退,形成大岔大坂岛弧。弧前地区发生洋-洋俯冲事件,堆积增生大岔大坂、白泉门、九个泉等SSZ型北祁连蛇绿岩北带,并伴随第二期清水沟、牛心山、野牛滩等地岩浆事件。460Ma左右阿拉善微陆块和中祁连微陆块开始碰撞拼合,古祁连洋开始闭合。值得注意的是拼合过程不是均一的,存在自西向东斜向"剪刀式"的拼合方式,产生了由西向东年代变新的"S"型同碰撞岩浆岩。约440Ma古祁连洋闭合,进入陆内造山阶段。440Ma之后,拼合陆块处在一种拉伸的构造环境之下,金佛寺、牛心山、老虎山等地产生碰撞后岩浆岩。422~406Ma发生俯冲折返、高压榴辉岩和高压低温蓝片岩退变质作用,形成以紧闭不对褶皱为特征的第二幕变形。根据各陆块、微陆块碎屑锆石年龄谱分析对比,中祁连基底应与华北不同,而可能与扬子有关。Rodinia超大陆聚合之前,中祁连微陆块作为一个独立的微陆块与华北、扬子保持一定距离。1.0~0.8Ga Rodinia超大陆聚合过程中祁连微陆块与冈瓦纳北缘拼贴在一起,而距华北较远。随着Rodinia超大陆裂解,中祁连微陆块远离冈瓦纳,逐渐向华北靠近,500~400Ma原特提斯洋闭合,华北、阿拉善与中祁连拼合,并整体拼合到冈瓦纳大陆北缘。     

The Paleoproterozoic North Hebei Orogen: North China craton's collisional suture with the Columbia supercontinent

Understanding the geologic history and position of the North China craton in the Paleoproterozoic Columbia supercontinent has proven elusive. Paleoproterozoic orogenic episodes (2.00–1.85 Ga) are temporally associated with ultimate stabilization of the North China craton (NCC), followed by the development of extensive craton-wide rift systems at 1.85–1.80 Ga. The age difference between the sedimentary cover and the metamorphic basement is up to 500–700 Ma, suggesting that uplift and doming of cratonic basement occurred in the latest Paleoproterozoic. Mafic dike swarms (1.80–1.77 Ga) and anorogenic magmatism (1.80–1.70 Ga) record the extensional breakup and dispersal of the North China craton during this stage. The late Paleoproterozoic tectonic framework and geological events documented provide important constraints for reconstruction of the NCC within the Late Paleoproterozoic supercontinent of Columbia.An east-west striking thousand kilometer long belt of khondalites (granulite facies metapelites) stretches along the northern margin of the North China craton, on the cratonward side of the Northern Hebei orogenic belt. This granulite belt includes Mg–Al (sapphirine bearing) granulites that reached ultrahigh-temperature “peak” metamorphic conditions of  1000 °C at 10 kbars at 1927 ± 11 Ma. Following peak ultrahigh-temperature conditions, the rocks underwent initial isobaric cooling and subsequent isothermal decompression, and these trajectories are interpreted to be part of an overall anti-clockwise P-T evolution indicating that the northern margin of the craton experienced continental collision at 1.93–1.92 Ga. The position of the khondalite belt south of the Northern Hebei orogenic belt makes it analogous to Tibet, a continental collision-related plateau characterized by double crustal thicknesses and granulite facies metamorphism at depth. We suggest that the tectonic evolution of the NCC during this period was closely related to the assembly and break-up of the Columbia supercontinent, and that the NCC was adjacent to the Baltic and Amazonian cratons in the period 2.00–1.70 Ga. Craton-wide extension occurred within 100–150 Ma of collision along the northern margin of the craton at 1.93–1.92 Ga. It is concluded that mantle upwellings are chiefly responsible for the breakup of the NCC from the Paleoproterozoic supercontinent.     

Lithospheric architecture and tectonic evolution of the Hudson Bay region

Hudson Bay conceals several fundamental tectonic elements of the North American continent, including most of the ca. 1.9–1.8 Ga Trans-Hudson orogen (THO) and the Paleozoic Hudson Bay basin. Formed due to a collision between two cratons, the THO is similar in scale and tectonic style to the modern Himalayan–Karakorum orogen. During collision, the lobate shape of the indentor (Superior craton) formed an orogenic template that, along with the smaller Sask craton, exerted a persistent influence on the tectonic evolution of the region resulting in anomalous preservation of juvenile Proterozoic crust. Extensive products of 2.72–2.68 Ga and 1.9–1.8 Ga episodes of subduction are preserved, but the spatial scale of corresponding domains increases by roughly an order-of-magnitude (to 1000 km, comparable to modern subduction environments) from the Archean to the Proterozoic. Based on analysis of gravity and magnetic data and published field evidence, we propose a new tectonic model in which Proterozoic crust in the southeastern third of Hudson Bay formed within an oceanic or marginal-basin setting proximal to the Superior craton, whereas the northwestern third is underlain by Archean crust. An intervening central belt truncates the southeastern domains and is interpreted to be a continental magmatic arc.Thick, cold and refractory lithosphere that underlies the Bay is well imaged by surface-wave studies and comprises a large component of the cratonic mantle keel beneath North America. The existence of an unusually thick mantle root indicates that subduction and plate collision during the Trans-Hudson orogeny were ‘root-preserving’ (if not ‘root-forming’) processes. Although the Hudson Bay basin is the largest by surface area of four major intracratonic basins in North America, it is also the shallowest. Available evidence suggests that basin subsidence may have been triggered by eclogitization of lower-crustal material. Compared to other basins of similar age in North America, the relatively stiff lithospheric root may have inhibited subsidence of the Hudson Bay basin.     

试论新疆东准噶尔早古生代岩石圈板块构造演化

本文根据近年对新疆东准噶尔地层古生物、蛇绿岩和岛弧型岩浆岩等的野外调查和室内综合研究,系统阐述了该区早古生代期间岩石圈板块构造演化的前奥陶纪板内、奥陶纪至中志留世洋盆和晚志留世陆表海3个构造阶段,并把该区奥陶纪至中志留世的大地构造单元分为阿尔泰被动陆缘区、扎河坝北塔山缝合带(前身为东准噶尔洋盆)和准噶尔地块北部活动陆缘区(包括索尔巴斯他乌-纸房岛弧和库布苏弧后盆地),对各构造单元的特征及演化做了比较详细的论述。同时,对东准噶尔早古生代的大地构造背景及与邻区的关系亦进行了探讨。     

U–Pb detrital zircon geochronology and its implications: The early Late Triassic Yanchang Formation,south Ordos Basin,China

U–Pb detrital zircon geochronology has been used to identify provenance and document sediment delivery systems during the deposition of the early Late Triassic Yanchang Formation in the south Ordos Basin. Two outcrop samples of the Yanchang Formation were collected from the southern and southwestern basin margin respectively. U–Pb detrital zircon geochronology of 158 single grains (out of 258 analyzed grains) shows that there are six distinct age populations, 250–300 Ma, 320–380 Ma, 380–420 Ma, 420–500 Ma, 1.7–2.1 Ga, and 2.3–2.6 Ga. The majority of grains with the two oldest age populations are interpreted as recycled from previous sediments. Multiple sources match the Paleozoic age populations of 380–420 and 420–500 Ma, including the Qilian–Qaidam terranes and the North Qilian orogenic belt to the west, and the Qinling orogenic belt to the south. However, the fact that both samples do not have the Neoproterozoic age populations, which are ubiquitous in these above source areas, suggests that the Late Triassic Yanchang Formation in the south Ordos Basin was not derived from the Qilian–Qaidam terranes, the North Qilian orogenic belt, and the Qinling orogenic belt. Very similar age distribution between the Proterozoic to Paleozoic sedimentary rocks and the early Late Triassic Yanchang Formation in the south Ordos Basin suggests that it was most likely recycled from previous sedimentary rocks from the North China block instead of sediments directly from two basin marginal deformation belts.     

柴北缘超高压变质带变质泥质岩碎屑锆石年代学研究及其地质意义

柴北缘超高压变质带作为中国西部深俯冲的一个研究热点,对其变质泥质岩的碎屑锆石年龄研究对了解此区内深俯冲大陆的前寒武纪演化历史,及与华北克拉通及华南克拉通的亲缘性讨论具有重要意义。本文选取柴北缘超高压变质带中绿梁山和都兰的变质泥质岩,筛选锆石利用LA-ICP-MS进行定年并讨论其地质意义。实验结果表明碎屑锆石年龄分为三个组别集中,分别是1100Ma、1000~800Ma和800~500Ma,并分别代表了古老的结晶基底、与Rodinia超大陆相关的碰撞和裂解事件以及古祁连洋的演化。板块亲缘性分析表明柴达木-祁连地区可能与扬子克拉通西缘具有亲缘性,可能作为扬子克拉通西缘的延伸而与扬子克拉通相连。通过结合碎屑锆石数据及板块亲缘性分析并对比现今西太平洋边缘的演化模式,本文提出了一个在早古生代北祁连为主动大陆边缘,柴北缘为被动大陆边缘;在祁连地体北侧的古祁连洋闭合后柴北缘转变为主动大陆边缘的构造演化模式。     

塔里木地块与古亚洲/特提斯构造体系的对接

塔里木盆地为环形山链所环绕,北缘为古亚洲体系的天山弧形山链,南缘为特提斯体系的西昆仑-阿尔金弧形山链。自新元古代晚期以来,塔里木地块及周缘地区经历了古亚洲洋盆和特提斯洋盆的开启、俯冲、闭合以及微陆块多次碰撞造山,发生多期的构造、岩浆及成矿作用。特别是受印度/亚洲碰撞(60~50Ma)以来的近程效应和远程效应影响,使塔里木盆地周缘发生强烈的隆升、缩短及走滑变形,形成了现今复杂的环型造山系,完成了古亚洲体系和特提斯体系与塔里木地块的最终对接。塔里木地块与周缘两大构造体系的焊接是从早古生代开始的。研究表明,早古生代末期塔里木已与西昆仑-阿尔金始特提斯造山系链接一起。此时,塔里木地块东段与中天山增生弧地体碰撞,而西段在晚古生代与中天山增生弧地体碰撞。塔里木盆地周缘早古生代造山系中存在早古生代中期和早古生代晚期的两次造山事件,致使塔里木盆地内映现两个早古生代构造不整合面:晚奥陶世-志留纪之间的角度不整合和中晚泥盆世与早古生代之间的角度不整合。塔里木盆地早古生代的古地理、古环境和古构造研究表明,塔里木早古生代台地位于盆地的中西部,盆地东部为陆缘斜坡和深海/半深海沉积盆地,与南天山早古生代被动陆缘链接。印度/亚洲碰撞导致塔里木盆地西南缘的喜马拉雅西构造结的形成与不断推进,使特提斯构造体系与古亚洲构造体系在西构造结处靠拢及对接,终使塔里木盆地最后定型。     

塔里木盆地东南缘(阿尔金山)"变质基底"记录的多期构造热事件:锆石U-Pb年代学的制约

塔里木盆地东南缘的阿尔金山被认为是塔里木克拉通变质基底的主要出露地区之一。 本文通过阿尔金山北坡不整合在太古代-古元古代变质基底之上的安南坝群中的碎屑岩和中南阿尔金中深变质岩石(原定为阿尔金岩群)的锆石U-Pb年代学研究,来确定塔里木盆地东南缘变质基底的性质及所经历的多期构造热历史。研究结果显示,塔里木盆地东南缘的安南坝群中含砾砂岩的碎屑锆石年龄集中在1.92Ga左右,少量在2.0~2.4Ga,表明其碎屑物质主要来源于下伏的太古代-早元古代米兰岩群和相关的深成侵入体。在中阿尔金地块和南阿尔金俯冲碰撞杂岩带的深变质岩石中,锆石U-Pb年代学数据表明其记录有新元古代早期(920~940Ma)、新元古代晚期(760Ma左右)和早古生代(450~500Ma)三期构造热事件,新元古代早期的构造热事件与塔里木(或晋宁)造山作用有关,它普遍存在于塔里木盆地周缘的和南中国地块(扬子克拉通)的变质基底岩石中,与Rodinia超级大陆汇聚相关;新元古代晚期的构造热事件也同样广泛存在于塔里木盆地周缘和扬子克拉通之中,被认为与Rodinia超大陆的裂解作用有关。因此,在新元古代时期,阿尔金的地质演化历史与扬子克拉通非常相似,而与华北则有很大的不同,锆石U-Pb测定还表明中南阿尔金的深变质岩石普遍遭受了早古生代的变质作用的改造,显示它们普遍卷入了早古生代的碰撞造山事件之中,成为早古生代碰撞造山带的组成部分。     

Continuity of the North Qilian and North Qinling orogenic belts, Central Orogenic System of China: Evidence from newly discovered Paleozoic adakitic rocks

Adakitic intrusive rocks of  430–450 Ma were discovered in the North Qilian orogenic belt, the western section of the Central Orogenic System (COS) in China. These adakitic rocks were lower crust melts rather than slab melts as indicated by their crustal Ce/Pb, Nb/U, Ti/Eu, and Nd/Sm ratios and radiogenically enriched (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i of 0.7053–0.7066 and ε_Nd(t) of − 0.9 to − 1.7. While they are all characterized by low Yb (< 1.1 ppm) and Y (< 11.5 ppm) abundances with high Sr/Y (> 65) and (La/Yb)_N (> 13.7) ratios, these adakitic rocks are classified into the low-MgO–Ni–Cr and high-MgO–Ni–Cr groups. The low-MgO samples were derived from partial melting of thickened lower crust, whereas the high-MgO samples were melts from delaminated lower crust, which subsequently interacted with mantle peridotite upon ascent. Adakitic rocks from the adjacent North Qinling orogenic belt also originated from thickened lower crust at  430 Ma. In addition, the North Qilian and North Qinling orogenic belts both consist of lithological assemblages varying from subduction-accretionary complexes at south to central arc assemblages, which include adakitic rocks, then to backarc phases at north. Such a sequence reflects northward subduction of the Qilian and Qinling oceans. In these two orogenic belts, the occurrence of adakitic rocks of common origin and ages together with the similarities in tectonic configurations and lithological assemblages are considered to be the evidence for the continuity between eastern Qilian and western Qinling, forming a > 1000 km Early Paleozoic orogenic belt. In such a tectonic configuration, the Qilian and Qinling oceans that subducted from south possibly represent parts of the large “Proto-Tethyan Ocean”. This inference is supported by the coexistence of Early Paleozoic coral and trilobite specimens from Asia, America and Australia in the North Qilian orogenic belt. Post-400 Ma volcanic rocks occur in the North Qinling orogenic belt but are absent in the North Qilian orogenic belt, indicating that these two orogenic belts underwent distinct evolution history after the closure of the Proto-Tethyan Ocean ( 420 Ma).     

祁连山及其邻区大地构造基本特征──兼论早古生代海相火山岩的成因环境

作者对中、南祁连的大地构造属性提出了新的见解，认为它们和柴达木地块具有同一前震旦纪基底，三者共同构成了柴达木板块。北祁连山的主体是介于中朝板块和柴达木板块间的早古生代缝合带。中朝板块的南缘有一个活动陆缘，由走廊弧后盆地和走廊南山北缘岛弧构成。从中寒武世以来，祁连山及其邻区构造演化经历了古大陆克拉通裂解，大洋克拉通演化阶段和新大陆克拉通演化阶段。现今的祁连山是这些构造演化共同作用的结果。早古生代海相火山岩的生成环境在南祁连为单一的裂谷环境。而在北祁连及走廊带，则不同时期具有不同的生成环境：（１）中寒武世为初始大洋裂谷环境，（２）早中奥陶世为具沟弧盆体系的政熟大洋，（３）晚奥陶世为残留洋盆，（４）志留纪为前陆盆地环境。     

Late Archean to Paleoproterozoic evolution of the North China Craton: key issues revisited

A recently proposed model for the evolution of the North China Craton envisages discrete Eastern and Western Blocks that developed independently during the Archean and collided along the Trans-North China Orogen during a Paleoproterozoic orogenic event. This model has been further refined and modified by new structural, petrological and geochronological data obtained over the past few years. These new data indicate that the Western Block formed by amalgamation of the Ordos Block in the south and the Yinshan Block in the north along the east-west-trending Khondalite Belt some time before the collision of the Western and Eastern Blocks. The data also suggest that the Eastern Block underwent Paleoproterozoic rifting along its eastern continental margin in the period 2.2–1.9 Ga, and was accompanied by deposition of the Fenzishan and Jingshan Groups in Eastern Shandong, South and North Liaohe Groups in Liaoning, Laoling and Ji’an Groups in Southern Jilin, and possibly the Macheonayeong Group in North Korea. The final closure of this rift system at ∼1.9 Ga led to the formation of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt. In the late Archean to early Paleoproterozoic, the western margin of the Eastern Block faced a major ocean, and the east-dipping subduction beneath the western margin of the Eastern Block led to the formation of magmatic arcs that were subsequently incorporated into the Trans-North China Orogen. Continued subduction resulted in a major continent-continent collision, leading to extensive thrusting and high-pressure metamorphism. The available age data for metamorphism and deformation in the Trans-North China Orogen indicate that this collisional event occurred at about 1.85 Ga ago, resulting in the formation of the Trans-North China Orogen and final amalgamation of the North China Craton.     

Sedimentary and Tectonic History of the Terranes in the Corridor of the GolmudEjin Qi Geotransect and Its Adjacent Areas

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Revised Mesozoic–Cenozoic orogenic architecture and gold metallogeny in the northern Circum-Pacific

The orogenic collages of the northern Circum-Pacific between Japan and Alaska revealed an endowment of about 450 Moz Au in various deposit types and diverse Mesozoic–Cenozoic tectonic settings. The area consists of predominantly late Paleozoic to Cenozoic turbidite to island arc terranes as well as Precambrian cratonic terranes that can be grouped into the Kolyma–Alaska, Kamchatka–Aleutian, and Nipponide collages. The latter can be linked via the Mongol–Okhotsk suture with the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic terranes in the Mongolides.The early Yanshanian magmatic arc terranes in the fossil Kolyma–Alaska collage host copper–gold porphyry deposits, which have only recently received much attention. Exploration has revealed a large and growing gold endowment of more than 30 Moz Au in some individual deposits, with smaller role of epithermal deposits. This mineralization, formed at 140–125 Ma, is partly coeval with the collisions of magmatic arcs with the passive margin sequences of the Siberian craton and related granitoid magmatism. About 200 Moz of gold is known in the Kolyma–Alaska collage in the Mesozoic orogenic gold deposits and related Quaternary placers. The Central Kolyma, Indigirka, South Verkhoyansk, and North Chukotka subprovinces of the collage revealed an endowment of more than 10 Moz Au each. A similar and coeval event in the Mongolides in relation to the collision between Siberia and North China is largely reflected in still poorly dated intrusion-related gold deposits clustered along the Mongol–Okhotsk suture.The overlapping Yanshanian magmatic arcs in Transbaikalia and northeast China and the Okhotsk–Chukotka magmatic arc in the Russian Far East stitch the Kolyma–Alaska collage with the Paleozoic Central Asian supercollage and adjacent cratons. While the Okhotsk–Chukotka arc reveals a relatively simple and broad oroclinal pattern, the Yanshanian arcs in Mongolia, and NE China form a tightly deformed giant Z-shaped feature that was bent in response to the southward movement of the Siberian craton and northward translation of the Nipponides and North China craton to close the Mongol–Okhotsk suture in late Jurassic to Cretaceous times. The Yanshanian arcs host mostly small to medium-sized 100–70 Ma Au–Ag deposits, with the largest endowment discovered in the Baley district in Transbaikalia and at Kupol in the northern part of the Okhotsk–Chukotka arc. Some intrusion-related gold deposits were formed synchronously with this arc magmatism, with the largest known examples in the Tintina belt in Alaska formed at 104 and 93–91 Ma.The Kamchatka–Aleutian collage is still evolving in front of the westward-subducting Pacific plate. It's late Cretaceous to Paleogene magmatic arc rocks form immature island arc terranes, extending from the Aleutian islands towards the Nipponides via Kamchatka peninsula, Kuril islands and eastern Sakhalin. However, in the Nipponides, the Sikhote–Alin portion of the magmatic arc overlaps the Mesozoic turbidite terranes. The oroclinal pattern of this more than 8000 km-long magmatic arc indicates its westward translation in agreement with the movement of the Pacific plate so that the arc is presently colliding with itself along the island of Sakhalin, a seismically active intraplate lineament and a boundary between the Nipponide and Kamchatka–Aleutian collages. This magmatic arc is usually interpreted to be of intra-oceanic origin, with subsequent docking to Asia from the south; however, presence of the Sea of Okhotsk cratonic terrane between Sakhalin and Kamchatka suggests that it may be rather considered as an external arc system that separated from the rest of Asia due to backarc spreading events, therefore, forming the most external arc system at the active margin with the Pacific plate. The subduction-related events in the collage produced numerous late Mesozoic to Cenozoic 1–3 Moz gold epithermal deposit in Kamchatka and Sikhote–Alin as well as Au–Cu porphyry deposits, with currently largest gold endowment in the pre-Tertiary Pebble Copper deposit in Alaska. The westward translation of the Kamchatka–Aleutian collage might have controlled the emplacement of this porphyry deposit, as well as up to 30 Moz into intrusion-related gold deposits at 70–65 Ma in the Kuskokwim belt, immediately north from the porphyry cluster.