强度折减法在加筋土高边坡稳定分析中的应用

在边坡稳定性分析中,极限平衡法和强度折减法得到广泛应用。相比极限平衡法,强度折减法不但可以得到边坡的安全系数,而且可以得到土体塑性应变区及应力位移等结果,但对加筋土的计算则产生较大误差。分析了加筋土加筋机理,根据等效应力法将加筋土体视为一个整体,以新的黏聚力来取代原土体黏聚力,从而实现强度折减。以山西某填土高边坡为例,利用极限平衡法计算的结果去调整加筋土的等效黏聚力,对不同高度的边坡计算得到的等效黏聚力进行对比分析,发现边坡高度会对黏聚力增量产生影响,边坡越高粘聚力增量越大。有限元结果可以用来优化边坡设计,同时为加筋土的研究提供一种手段。     

耦合强度各向异性与应变软化的边坡稳定有限元分析

在边坡稳定有限元分析中耦合了土体强度各向异性和应变软化两种特性,并考虑在Cosserat连续体理论下的Drucker-Prager本构模型中。通过对有限元软件ABAQUS的二次开发进行了数值实现,进而基于重度增加法进行了边坡稳定分析。利用微结构张量联合应力不变量的方法考虑了黏聚力各向异性,并与常用于边坡稳定分析中经典的Casagrande各向异性方法对比,在理论和数值上证明了所采用的各向异性方法更加合理。通过模拟相关算例,发现强度各向异性和应变软化对边坡超载安全系数影响较大,当坡度较缓时,这种影响会更加剧烈。对比发现,经典连续体下的有限元分析在考虑这两种特性耦合时很难通过计算得到可靠的超载安全系数,并且存在明显的网格依赖性缺陷,而在Cosserat连续体下的有限元分析能够有效克服这些问题,并且得到合理的计算结果。     

基坑土钉支护边坡有限元稳定性分析方法探讨

针对基坑土钉支护开挖边坡的稳定性,讨论了极限平衡方法的局限性,指出应用有限元方法分析评价基坑土体结构稳定性是近年来研究的新趋势。采用滑面应力分析法和强度折减法两种有限元方法对基坑边坡的稳定性进行了研究。对于无支护的基坑边坡,两种有限元方法得到的安全系数和滑动面结果一致,且滑动面形状随基坑土体强度的降低保持不变。对于采用土钉支护的基坑边坡,两种有限元方法得到的安全系数结果一致,不同阶段下滑动面形状和位置不同,这主要是由于在强度折减时,仅仅对土体强度参数进行折减,而未考虑土钉自身强度的降低。最后指出,在应用强度折减法时,是否考虑土钉自身强度的折减有待进一步研究。     

基于有限元强度折减法的单双面边坡稳定性分析

利用强度折减法和有限元分析软件ABAQUS，研究了单面和双面土体边坡的稳定性。首先，利用典型算例验证了所采用方法的可行性，然后通过模型数值模拟，分析了不同的坡体参数，如坡角、坡高、黏聚力和内摩擦角等情况下单面和双面边坡的稳定性。探讨了各参数对单面和双面边坡稳定安全系数的影响特征和规律，同时也展现了土体塑性应变区发生和扩展过程。结果表明:(1)坡角、坡高、黏聚力和内摩擦角等参数的单独变化对边坡安全性系数的影响规律基本一致、近似线性变化，对单面和双面边坡稳定性的影响规律相同；(2)双面边坡稳定性比单面边坡的有所降低，但边坡几何和物理参数取一定范围内的值时，两种趋于一致；(3)坡面顶部的位移拐点和坡体塑性应变区贯通之间并不是同时出现，土体边坡稳定性评价的不同判别准则之间存在差异。建议实际工程中边坡稳定性评价考虑采用双面边坡甚至更复杂边坡分析模型，同时需综合利用边坡稳定临界状态的不同判别准则。     

基于静动力有限元的边坡抗震稳定分析方法

由人工截断边界输入地震波,通过时程积分法确定地震荷载作用下边坡的应力和变形,在人工截断边界上采用黏-弹性人工边界条件模拟地基辐射阻尼的影响。采用有限元强度折减法求解边坡稳定安全系数,以塑性区贯通时刻特征点的位移突变作为边坡失稳的评判标准。非线性有限元和黏-弹性人工边界条件结合运用,建立了基于静动力有限元的边坡抗震稳定分析方法。该方法在稳定安全系数的定义上和传统的刚体极限平衡法是一致的。以十里铺水电站为工程实例,分析了库区边坡的抗震稳定性,得出了边坡动力位移时程和动力稳定安全系数,计算结果合理评价了实际工程在地震荷载下的稳定性。     

地震作用前后极限平衡法和强度折减法的边坡稳定分析对比

分别运用极限平衡法和ANSYS强度折减法对国内某边坡地震作用前后稳定性进行了分析,考虑地震作用时采用了拟静力法施加水平和垂直两个方向的地震力.根据地震作用前后两种方法得到的边坡稳定系数、滑动面、滑动体的对比分析发现,两种方法得出的安全系数、滑动面相差不大,说明了强度折减法运用到边坡稳定分析中是合理的.强度折减法得出安全系数均比极限平衡法略大,这是由于强度折减法考虑了土体的应力-应变关系,使得计算结果更符合实际.通过地震作用前后边坡的水平位移图的对比,总结了一些规律,为地震区边坡的锚固提出相应的建议.     

基于极限超载的无衬砌浅埋土质隧道稳定性研究

为了从理论上判别和度量无衬砌浅埋土质隧道的稳定性,考虑拱形隧道洞身范围斜向滑裂面作用,采用极限平衡法导出隧道发生整体失稳时的极限超载与稳定安全系数理论解,并通过既有典型加载试验进行验证。浅埋隧道极限超载理论解与典型加载试验结果较接近,在此基础上,将抗滑力与滑动力之比定义为整体稳定安全系数,并分析其影响因素。研究表明,稳定安全系数随黏聚力、内摩擦角的增大而增大,黏聚力对其影响显著,而内摩擦角对其影响不显著;稳定安全系数随隧道跨度、覆跨比、超载的增大而减小,但超载越大对稳定安全系数影响越小;随着高跨比的增大,若黏聚力较低则安全系数减小,若黏聚力较高则安全系数先增大后减小。通过典型的加载试验对整体稳定安全系数进行了校验,表明稳定安全系数计算值基本满足工程允许误差要求。     

土工极限平衡问题的非线性有限元数值分析

考虑非关联流动法则,采用几类低阶单元对条形基础下地基的极限承载力进行了二维有限元数值分析.计算表明,基于四节点四边形等参单元的有限元分析结果能够较好地吻合Prandtl理论解,且能保证数值计算的稳定性.同时,基于Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则和强度折减方法,对于边坡稳定性进行了有限元计算,建议采用无量纲位移Eδmax/γH2随强度折减系数变化的关系曲线上位移陡然增大时所对应的强度折减系数作为边坡的稳定安全系数,克服了当前强度折减有限元数值计算中关于收敛标准确定的人为不确定性,即使采用四节点四边形单元也能够保证数值解的良好收敛性.     

边坡稳定强度折减有限元分析中的若干问题讨论

强度折减有限元法在边坡稳定性分析中得到了广泛应用,但仍存在一些问题未能很好地解决。首先探讨了不同单元类型对边坡稳定安全系数计算精度的影响,指出采用三角形二阶单元,能够较好地模拟土坡的渐近破坏过程,且相对网格大小控制在0.1～0.15之间时能获得较精确的解;其次讨论了边坡失稳的4个判据问题,指出在合理网格大小区间内,有限元强度折减至土坡破坏时,先后出现塑性区贯通、等效塑性应变带贯通、位移陡增与数值计算不收敛等4种表征,以此分别作为边坡失稳判据,所得到的安全系数具有较好的一致性;最后讨论了边坡破坏时滑动面深浅、滑出点位置与坡体材料的黏聚力、内摩擦角及坡角间的关系,指出黏聚力越大、内摩擦角越小或坡度越小,滑动面越深,且滑出点越远离坡脚。     

考虑饱和-非饱和渗流场和应力场耦合的三维强度折减有限元程序研制

探索考虑饱和-非饱和渗流场和应力场耦合的三维强度折减有限元技术,并研制成功一个考虑饱和-非饱和渗流场和应力场耦合的三维强度折减有限元程序,通过与传统极限平衡法分析结果对比研究,对抗剪强度折减有限元法分析边坡稳定问题的适用性进行了评价,得出采用三维强度折减有限元法确定考虑饱和-非饱和渗流场的边坡稳定性安全系数是可行的结论.     

荔湾3-1气田管线路由海底峡谷段斜坡稳定性分析

针对南海荔湾3-1气田管线穿过的海底峡谷区6个典型斜坡剖面,分别采用有限元强度折减法和极限平衡法开展斜坡稳定性分析,模型考虑了土层强度随深度的变化。计算结果对比表明,有限元强度折减法与极限平衡法分析结果一致,其中与Spencer法结果最接近,稳定系数相对误差小于3.5%。重力作用下各斜坡基本处于相对稳定状态,峡谷中下部土强度较低且坡度较高的局部区域接近临界状态,峡谷头部因坡度相对较小且土体强度相对较大,其斜坡稳定系数相对较高。地震水平加速度能够明显降低该区斜坡的稳定系数,且随着加速度值的增大滑动深度逐渐变大。当水平加速度达到0.2g时峡谷中下部区域大部分会发生滑动。海底地形坡度和土层强度是影响峡谷区斜坡稳定性的主要因素,且稳定系数与滑动面对局部坡度和强度分布较为敏感,合理的稳定性评价依赖于精确的地形数据与土层力学参数。     

Numerical simulation of the undrained stability of slopes in anisotropic fine-grained soils

The undrained stability of slopes in anisotropic fine-grained soils is studied in this paper using the finite element method (FEM). A constitutive model is presented, able to account for the observed variation of undrained strength with loading direction. The model is able to encompass the different strength distributions observed in normally, slightly overconsolidated and heavily overconsolidated soils. A series of stability analyses have been performed to explore the effect of the type of undrained strength anisotropy on the stability and failure mechanisms of slopes of different inclinations. In addition, a real case study of the failure of an underwater slope is analysed with the numerical approach presented. It suggests that, by considering undrained strength anisotropy, the failure can be satisfactorily explained.     

The effect of pressure-grouted soil nails on the stability of weathered soil slopes

Pressure-grouted soil nails have been increasingly used for stabilizing slopes. The pullout resistance of a soil nail is the main factor for reinforcing the slope stability. In this study, a two-dimensional axisymmetric finite element model is developed to simulate the pullout behavior of a pressure-grouted soil nail. This model is verified with field pullout tests result of a pressure-grouted soil nails by comparing with gravity-grouted soil nails. Based on the analysis, a three-dimensional finite element model is proposed for stability analysis of a slope reinforced with pressure-grouted soil nails using the shear strength reduction method. A series of numerical slope stability analyses for a slope composed of weathered soil are performed to investigate the effects of grouting pressure on the slope stability and the behavior of the soil nails. Special attention is given to the installation effect of a pressure-grouted soil nails. It is found from the result of this study that the pressure-grouted soil nails increase the safety factor by fifty percent in a slope by increasing the stiffness of the nailed slope system. Numerical analysis results confirm the fact that the pullout resistance of a soil nail is the main factor for stabilizing slopes rather than the shear resistance of the soil nail.     

Safety factor calculation of soil slope reinforced with piles based on Hill’s model theory

How to evaluate reasonably the stability of a soil slope reinforced with piles (SSRP) still is an urgent problem. At present, the three-dimensional (3D) finite element strength reduction method has been used for the soil slope stability analysis. However, to accurately determine the global instability of soil slopes is the key to implementing the strength reduction finite element method. In this paper, the 3D finite element strength reduction algorithm (FESRA), based on Hill’s model theory, is proposed to assess the stability of SSRP and study on the relationship between the safety coefficients of SSRP and the displacements of slope mass. The results show that: (1) the relationship between the safety coefficients of SSRP and the displacements of slope mass agrees with the Hill’s model; (2) the proposed method (3D FESRA based on Hill’s model theory) in this study may take into account simultaneously the pile response and slope stability, and makes the results of SSRP stability analysis reasonable and reliable, which could be used as a reference for the evaluation of stability of the same type of slope; and (3) further study should be done to confirm whether the proposed method in this study is suitable for other types of slopes.     

On the stability of fissured slopes subject to seismic action

A set of analytical solutions achieved by the upper bound theorem of limit analysis and the pseudo‐static approach is presented for the assessment of the stability of homogeneous c, ϕ slopes manifesting vertical cracks and subject to seismic action. Rotational failure mechanisms are considered for slopes with cracks of either known or unknown depth and location. A validation exercise was carried out based on numerical limit analyses and displacement‐based finite‐element analyses with strength reduction technique. Charts providing the stability factor for fissured slopes subject to both horizontal and vertical accelerations for any combination of c, ϕ and slope inclination are provided. The effect of the direction of the vertical acceleration on slope stability is specifically analysed. Yield seismic coefficients are also provided. When the presence of cracks within the slope can be ascertained with reasonable confidence, maps showing the zones within the slope where they have no destabilising effect are provided. Finally, Newmark's method was employed to assess the effect of cracks on earthquake induced displacements. To this end, displacement coefficients are provided in chart form as a function of the slope characteristics. Two examples of slopes subjected to known earthquakes are illustrated. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

考虑张剪破坏的边坡下限原理有限元法

在工程中发生的很多边坡破坏模式不仅表现为剪切破坏,还表现为在边坡后缘产生一定深度的张拉破坏。这种既考虑剪切破坏又考虑张拉破坏的屈服准则,是经典的Mohr-Coulomb（简称M-C）屈服准则难以模拟的。从空间方位离散的角度出发,对经典的M-C屈服面线性化的方式进行改造,建立了基于方位离散的线性化屈服准则,同时在屈服准则中考虑了张拉破坏准则,并引入伪黏聚力,保证在每一个离散方位平面上既不违背屈服准则,又不违背张拉破坏准则,建立了同时考虑张拉及剪切破坏的下限原理有限元法。算例表明了该方法的有效性,同时也证明了仅考虑剪切破坏时,会过高地估计边坡的安全系数。     

基于塑性极限分析上限法理论的土质边坡可靠度分析

将极限分析的上限定理、有限元离散思想、随机规划理论和蒙特卡洛方法这四者结合起来,提出了一种土质边坡可靠度分析的上限数值方法。首先采用三节点有限单元离散土质边坡,然后将土体的抗剪参数设为随机变量,根据上限定理构建同时满足三角形单元的塑性流动约束条件、单元公共边的塑性流动约束条件和单元速度边界条件的机动许可速度场,并根据内功功率等于外功功率条件建立目标函数,构建土质边坡可靠度分析的上限法随机规划模型。采用蒙特卡洛方法求解上限法随机规划模型,同时提出了一种基于上限法速度场的边坡失效风险系数估算方法,该方法特别适用于具有多种失效模式的边坡风险分析。对2个经典算例进行了深入分析,验证了方法的正确性。     

Stability investigation of hill cut soil slopes along National highway 222 at Malshej Ghat,Maharashtra

The section of about 12 km of National highway 222 passing through the Malshej Ghat experience frequent slope failure due to complex geological condition, heavy rainfall and slope geometry. The area is part of Western Ghat Deccan trap and slope masses are made of basalt and its weathered crust (debris/soil). The soil slope failure problem mainly occur in rainy seasons due to induced pore water pressure and reduced strength of the slope mass. The present study has been carried out to investigate the slope forming material and assess the stability of soil slopes by numerical approach. For the identification of the vulnerable zones, field study has been carried out and five vulnerable soil slopes identified namely MGS1, MGS2, MGS3, MGS4 and MGS5 on the basis of degree of weathering and slope geometry. The laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the strength properties of the geomaterials. All the input variables acquired from the field and laboratory experiments have been used for numerical simulation, which was performed with the help of limit equilibrium method (LEM) and finite element method (FEM). Numerical analysis provides understanding of the slope behaviour and illustrates that MGS1 and MGS3 are stable slopes, MGS2 and MGS4 are critically stable, whereas, slope MGS5 is unstable. This study recommend the protection of soil slopes and suggest that more detailed investigation is required for long term remedial measures to prevent risk of damage in Malshej Ghat.     

Limit analysis solutions for three dimensional undrained slopes

This paper uses numerical finite element upper and lower bound limit analysis to produce stability charts for three dimensional (3D) homogeneous and inhomogeneous undrained slopes. Although the conventional limit equilibrium method (LEM) is used more often in practice for evaluating slope stability, the accuracy of the method is often questioned due to the underlying assumptions that it makes. Using the limit theorems can not only provide a simple and useful way of analysing the stability of slopes, but also avoid the shortcomings and arbitrary assumptions under pinning the LEM. The rigorous limit analysis results in this paper were found to bracket the slope stability number to within ±9% or better and therefore can be used to benchmark for solutions from other methods. In addition, it was found that using a two dimensional (2D) analysis to analyse a 3D problem will lead to a significant difference in the factors of safety depending on the slope geometries. This is of particular relevance to any back analyses of slope failure as it will lead to an unsafe estimation of material strengths.     

坡后土体推力作用下反倾节理岩质边坡次生倾倒机理分析

次生倾倒破坏是层状反倾岩质边坡的一种主要破坏模式,极限平衡理论是分析倾倒破坏的常用方法,研究反倾节理岩质边坡次生倾倒破坏机理对边坡工程众多的西南山区基础设施建设具有重要的工程指导意义。在Goodman和Bray块体倾倒破坏极限平衡分析方法的基础上,建立了考虑地下水压力、节理连通率、岩体黏聚力等影响因素的反倾岩质边坡在坡后土体推力作用下的次生倾倒地质力学模型,提出了坡后土体推力作用下的反倾节理岩质边坡次生倾倒破坏的解析分析方法,推导出了边坡各岩层下推力的解析表达式,提出了边坡倾倒破坏的综合安全系数,并编写了对应的matlab计算程序,为该类边坡的设计和加固提供了理论依据。通过算例分析表明,与单纯岩质边坡块体倾倒破坏相比,该类边坡次生倾倒破坏形式的特点是破坏基准面以上岩层自上而下依次分为滑移区、倾倒区和稳定区3个部分;地下水压力、节理连通率、底裂面岩体黏聚力对各岩层的破坏形式、稳定安全系数大小都具有明显影响,尤其是在坡体中下部及坡脚部分最为敏感;而各岩层稳定安全系数最小的区域集中于边坡中上部。