Method for evaluation of concrete containment structure subjected to earthquake excitation and internal pressure increase

This study evaluates capabilities of the VecTor4 computer program to assess the seismic performance of a concrete containment structure subjected to both design‐basis and beyond design‐basis earthquakes. Based on a detailed nonlinear finite element model of the nuclear power plant containment structure, the seismic performance in terms of stress and strain distributions, cracks, yielding of reinforcement bars and tendons, as well as overall failure mechanism, is thoroughly reviewed. In addition, the post‐seismic performance of the containment structure subjected to a subsequent pressure increase is also investigated. Consideration is also given to the time‐dependent parameters of creep, shrinkage, and relaxation of prestressing tendons. It is found that the time‐dependent parameters and earthquake have a non‐negligible impact on pressure‐induced structural performance but that this impact can be predicted for a given earthquake. The proposed method is useful for assessing the progressive failure behaviour of containment structure under chain events.     

Cyclic loading test of self-centering precast segmental unbonded posttensioned UHPFRC bridge columns

Three 1/3-scale precast segmental bridge columns, manufactured with ultrahigh-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) incorporating river sand and coarse aggregate, were tested under cyclic loading. Energy dissipation (ED) bars, embedded in ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC) grout, maintained continuous across segment joints and unbonded at the bottom joint. Self-centering prestressing force was provided by unbonded posttensioning (PT) tendons. The research parameters included PT force level and the amount of ED bars. Test results showed that all the specimens exhibited no less than 8% drift capacities, which were remarked with the first fracture of ED bars. No obvious cracking and limited UHPFRC spalling were observed. Both PT force level and the amount of ED bars have notable effects on stiffness, lateral strength, and ductility. Increased PT force may improve ductility with the total axial loading ratio less than 0.08. All PT tendons were elastic and no yield or rupturing was found, but the stress loss was significant. The equivalent unbonded length can be evaluated with 0.007d_bf_y for ED bars embedded in UHPC grout. The rotation of the bottom joint dominated lateral deformation and the contribution of joint sliding can be neglected. The contribution λ_ED of ED bars to lateral strength should be no more than 25% to maintain self-centering capacity.     

地震作用下夯土城墙动力响应分析——以山丹明长城为例

2022年1月8日门源M6.9地震造成山丹明长城局部破坏。为研究此次地震作用下夯土城墙的动力响应与破坏特征,基于地震现场考察结果,采用振幅等效处理后的记录地震波为输入地震动,开展双向地震荷载作用下夯土城墙的动力响应数值分析,研究不同位置测点的最大位移、峰值加速度与墙体应力分布特征,探讨地震导致夯土城墙破坏的主要内因。研究结果表明：双向地震荷载作用下,墙体位移和峰值加速度(PGA)随着高度的增加逐渐增加,但距墙体底部0.5 m高度范围内PGA放大效应不明显,最大位移、加速度均出现在墙体顶部裂缝位置处;水平地震荷载作用下墙体的地震动响应更为显著;墙体的最大主应力、最大剪应力均出现在有裂缝处的底端掏蚀悬空部位,墙体裂缝、夯筑搭接、掏蚀悬空处应力集中明显;裂缝对夯土城墙的地震动放大效应在一定高度范围内表现为弱化作用,但随高度增加逐渐过渡为强化作用;裂缝可显著增强墙体顶部地震动响应,可能是本次地震诱发城墙破坏的主要内因。研究成果可为古城墙遗址的加固修缮提供科学指导。     

An experimental study of a damage‐controllable plastic‐hinge‐supported wall structure

The reinforced concrete (RC) shear wall serves as one of the most important components sustaining lateral seismic forces. Although they allow advanced seismic performance to be achieved, RC shear walls are rather difficult to repair once the physical plastic hinge at the bottom part has been formed. To overcome this, a damage‐controllable plastic hinge with a large energy dissipation capacity is developed herein, in which the sectional forces are decoupled and sustained separately by different components. The components sustaining the axial and the shear forces all remain elastic even under a rarely occurred earthquake, while the bending components yield and dissipate seismic energy during a design‐level earthquake. This design makes the behavior of the system more predictable and thus more easily customizable to different performance demands. Moreover, the energy dissipation components can be conveniently replaced to fully restore the occupancy function of a building. To examine the seismic behavior of the newly developed component, 3 one third‐scale specimens were tested quasi‐statically, including 1 RC wall complying with the current design codes of China and 2 installed with the damage‐controllable plastic hinges. Each wall was designed to have the same strength. The experimental results demonstrated that the plastic‐hinge‐supported walls had a better energy dissipation capacity and damage controllability than the RC specimen. Both achieved drift ratios greater than 3% under a steadily increasing lateral force.     

核电厂转运-清洗间地震反应分析

转运-清洗间作为核电厂反应堆堆外换料系统中的主要设施,为反应堆换料操作提供了安全可靠的生物屏蔽空间,转运-清洗间采用的是双钢板重混凝土组合结构。本文基于有限元软件ABAQUS对转运-清洗间的抗震性能进行分析,包括地震动激励下结构的峰值应力、应变和动力特性。结果表明,在转运间的底部悬挑边缘部位存在应力集中,但是钢板、栓钉和重混凝土墙仍有充分的安全裕度。转运-清洗间的整体刚度较大,在设计基准地震动激励下结构反应的峰值加速度放大系数及峰值相对位移较小,结构具有良好的安全性和完整性,核电厂转运-清洗间的设计安全可靠。     

水平荷载作用下密肋复合墙结构的变形计算

密肋复合墙结构是近年来应用在住宅领域中的一种新型建筑结构体系,目前关于地震作用下密肋复合墙结构的变形计算方法尚不完善,采用等效剪力墙结构模型不能同时考虑密肋墙的有效弹性模量和有效面内剪切模量,导致等效模型在水平荷载作用下的变形与实际结构存在一定误差.在试验研究基础上,依据铁木辛柯剪切梁理论并考虑密肋墙体弹性常数取值和构造特点,建立了包含剪切变形在内的密肋复合墙侧移曲线方程;同匀质混凝土墙侧移方程相比,密肋墙侧移方程中的弹性常数是与墙体构造有关的变参数表达式.算例分析表明,等效混凝土墙结构模型的侧移变形计算结果较实际结构偏小,在中高层结构中表现尤为明显,可能引起不可忽略的误差而导致结构存在安全隐患;建议对等效混凝土墙模型的侧移变形结果进行修正,给出了初步的修正系数供工程设计参考.     

新型混合结构体系在超高层建筑的应用研究

结合广州珠江新城西塔实际工程,对巨型钢管混凝土斜交网格外筒+钢筋混凝土内筒的新型混合结构体系进行了比例为1:50的微粒混凝土模型振动台试验及4根钢管混凝土柱"X"形相贯节点试验,探讨了体外预应力的施加对结构整体受力性能的影响。研究结果表明,结构模型在7度罕遇地震作用下基本可保持弹性,在8度罕遇地震作用后稍有损伤;交角对节点最终破坏形成区域及承载力影响较大,各节点的承载力均能满足设计要求;体外预应力的施加能有效地抵抗节点层平面内向外的推力,充分利用构件的受力性能。     

无粘结部分预应力混凝土框架抗震性能试验研究

本文通过两榀框架梁按不同预应力度配置无粘结预应力盘和非预应力筋的“强柱弱梁”型无粘结部分预应力混凝土框架在水平低周反复荷载作用下的试验研究，探讨其包括裂缝分布、破坏形态。极限承载力、无粘结筋应力变化、位移延性、耗能能力、恢复力特性等工作性能，并进一步分析了影响此类结构抗震性能的主要因素，为无粘结部分预应力混凝土框架在地震设防区域的应用提供参考。     

极限安全地震动下考虑土-结构相互作用的核电站安全壳响应分析

根据黏弹性人工边界的基本原理,结合有限元分析软件ABAQUS和MATLAB辅助程序,在地基有限区域上添加黏弹性人工边界并实现极限安全地震动的输入。基于ABAQUS软件平台,对CPR1000安全壳构建了土-结构相互作用体系的数值模拟模型,分析其在极限地震动下的动力响应,并将计算结果与考虑刚性基础的安全壳结构响应数据进行对比。结果表明:核电站CPR1000安全壳结构在极限安全地震动下仍能保持良好的密闭性。考虑土-结构相互作用后分析所得安全壳结构受到的应力、加速度峰值和相对位移均有所增大,使用刚性地基模型要偏于危险。     

中国强震前兆地震活动图像机理的三维数值模拟研究

建立了含有母体岩石、硬包体和随机分布的小裂纹的三维有限元模型，计算了包体和各层实体中的应力分布. 利用最高应力破裂准则、释放破裂单元刚度生与死的方法，模拟强震前岩石的破裂和小震的空间分布特征. 结果表明，文中三种模型都显示出强震前在孕震体即包体附近出现了高应力集中单元. 它们是形成小震空区、条带和地震空间丛集图像的基础. 随机裂纹的存在，有利于在孕震体（包体）外的裂纹端部应力集中，先发生小震，形成包围孕震包体的前兆地震活动图像，而包体中的应力逐渐增加，为发生强震提供了条件. 包体的形状和几何位置是影响强震前兆地震活动图像形态的重要因素. 引入材料的黏弹性，导致了其中应力随时间迅速减小和弹性层某些部位应力随时间的增加. 但在本文设定的构造模型框架和介质参数下，下层黏弹性的存在对上层母体的应力随时间的增加影响不大.     

Remote structural health monitoring with serially multiplexed fiber optic acoustic emission sensors

Development and testing of a serially multiplexed fiber optic sensor system is described. The sensor differs from conventional fiber optic acoustic systems, as it is capable of sensing AE emissions at several points along the length of a single fiber. Multiplexing provides for single channel detection of cracks and their locations in large structural systems. An algorithm was developed for signal recognition and tagging of the AE waveforms for detection of crack locations. Laboratory experiments on plain concrete beams and post-tensioned FRP tendons were performed to evaluate the crack detection capability of the sensor system. The acoustic emission sensor was able to detect initiation, growth and location of the cracks in concrete as well as in the FRP tendons. The AE system is potentially suitable for applications involving health monitoring of structures following an earthquake Supported by: National Science Foundation, Grant number CMS-9900338     

ASEISMIC CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN METHOD FOR MULTI-STOREY COMPOSITE STRUCTURES

Using a newly introduced ductile low-rise shear wall with vertical keyways, a seismic resistance design approach for a practical type of composite structure, which consists of a reinforced concrete frame in the bottom floors and masonry structures in the upper floors, has been presented. The purpose of the new design approach is to improve the earthquake resistance of the whole structure by increasing the energy dissipation capacity in the bottom part of the structure. Non-linear analysis shows that, by adopting the newly proposed ductile low-rise shear wall in the bottom of the structure, the lateral deflection of the structure is not much more than that of a structure using conventional solid low-rise shear walls under a small or moderate earthquake excitation, and that even under the attack of a severe earthquake, a stable structural response can be expected for the proposed structure. Thus it is easy for such a structure to achieve the design objective of ‘minor damage in a small earthquake and prevention of collapse in a severe earthquake’ and the design method is of practical value for similar types of composite structures.     

近断层地震动下摇摆-自复位桥墩连续梁地震反应

为讨论近断层地震动下摇摆-自复位(Rocking Self-Centering, RSC)桥墩连续梁的地震反应及其抗震优缺点。基于OpenSees有限元分析平台讨论了RSC桥墩三维建模方法,通过对6个试验构件的模拟,比较模拟与试验桥墩滞回曲线、预应力筋最大应力等指标,验证了模型准确性。建立设置RSC桥墩和普通钢筋混凝土(Reinforced Concrete, RC)桥墩的上部结构相同的两座连续梁桥,输入3组含有强速度脉冲的近断层地震波进行非线性动力时程分析,对比其抗震性能。结果表明：在0.4 g近断层地震动下,RSC桥墩与普通RC桥墩相比,RSC桥墩的最大位移角为普通RC桥墩的78.1%～97.6%,墩底曲率延性系数仅为普通RC桥墩的24.0%～34.0%,减小了桥墩的最大变形,也减轻了桥墩地震损伤,不利的一点是使用RSC桥墩会导致支座位移增大。RSC桥墩震后的残余位移较小,且预应力筋处于弹性受力阶段,为实现震后桥梁功能的快速恢复提供了条件。     

Shake-table testing of a self-centering precast reinforced concrete frame with shear walls

The seismic performance of a self-centering precast reinforced concrete (RC) frame with shear walls was investigated in this paper. The lateral force resistance was provided by self-centering precast RC shear walls (SPCW), which utilize a combination of unbonded prestressed post-tensioned (PT) tendons and mild steel reinforcing bars for flexural resistance across base joints. The structures concentrated deformations at the bottom joints and the unbonded PT tendons provided the self-centering restoring force. A 1/3-scale model of a five-story self-centering RC frame with shear walls was designed and tested on a shake-table under a series of bi-directional earthquake excitations with increasing intensity. The acceleration response, roof displacement, inter-story drifts, residual drifts, shear force ratios, hysteresis curves, and local behaviour of the test specimen were analysed and evaluated. The results demonstrated that seismic performance of the test specimen was satisfactory in the plane of the shear wall; however, the structure sustained inter-story drift levels up to 2.45%. Negligible residual drifts were recorded after all applied earthquake excitations. Based on the shake-table test results, it is feasible to apply and popularize a self-centering precast RC frame with shear walls as a structural system in seismic regions.     

深厚库底回填料上面板堆石坝动力反应分析

深厚库底回填料是影响面板堆石坝动力响应的重要因素之一。为深入研究深厚库底回填料对面板堆石坝动力响应的影响,基于某拟建抽水蓄能电站,采用三维动力有限元分析系统研究其上库面板坝的地震反应,主要包括坝体加速度、面板动力响应、接缝变位情况以及库底防渗土工膜的动应变等。计算结果表明:由于库底回填料的存在,坝体加速度放大效应被明显削弱;面板周边以受拉为主,中部大部分区域受压;垂直缝呈现出周边张开、中间闭合的趋势;土工膜的顺河向和坝轴向的动拉应变皆小于屈服应变,最大应变出现在库底材料分界处,为提高坝体渗透安全性,建议对主堆石区与连接板相接处的回填料进行适当范围换填的处理措施。研究成果可以为类似工程提供参考。     

配筋混凝土空心小砌块墙抗震性能试验研究

通过对配筋混凝土空心砌块墙体在水平低周反复荷载作用下的试验研究,探讨了配筋混凝土空心砌块墙体的破坏形态、裂缝分布、极限承载力、位移延性与钢筋效应等工作性能,为以配筋砌块为承重材料的房屋城地震区的应用提供科学的依据。     

某核电站结构-设备相互作用的地震反应分析

为研究核电站结构-设备相互作用的地震反应,针对某高温气冷堆核电站反应堆进行结构与设备相互作用的地震反应分析研究,通过对考虑与不考虑结构-设备相互作用的模型进行对比,开展模态分析、设计基准地震动下和超设计基准地震动下的动力特性分析以及楼层反应谱分析,结果表明:考虑剪力墙主体结构与设备的相互作用后,结构的地震反应减小,层间剪力最大减小60%,水平向楼层反应谱峰值减小为不考虑相互作用时的40%,提高了结构与设备的安全性,并为设备抗震设计提供依据。但竖向楼层反应谱在结构竖向周期附近有放大作用,建议在设备抗震设计时予以注意。     

钢-聚乙烯醇混杂纤维混凝土剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

本文设计了1片普通混凝土剪力墙试件和5片混杂纤维混凝土剪力墙试件,进行低周往复加载试验,研究混杂纤维混凝土分布位置和高度对剪力墙抗震性能的影响。根据拟静力试验数据,分析了墙体试件的滞回曲线、骨架曲线及关键点、位移延性、刚度退化性能、耗能能力以及关键位置钢筋应力应变分布情况。结果表明:（1）剪力墙试件中采用混杂纤维混凝土的区域以均匀的水平裂缝为主,有效控制了剪力墙的斜裂缝的产生,最终表现出弯曲破坏模式。（2）相比混杂纤维混凝土分布在约束边缘区域,混杂纤维混凝土分布在底部的试件滞回曲线更加饱满,耗能能力更好。（3）混杂纤维混凝土分布高度越高,滞回曲线越饱满。当分布高度大于0.3h （h为全长）时,混杂纤维混凝土分布高度的提升对承载能力和变形能力的影响较小。（4）混杂纤维混凝土的掺入提高了剪力墙的抗剪性能,在一定程度上可替代水平分布筋。     

动载下无筋砌体墙的应力场及裂隙分布

为探索动载下建筑物墙体失稳的力学机制,基于弹性力学理论,分析一端刚性固定无筋砌体墙受垂直地震波扰动时的应力场分布规律,得到墙体的应力解析表达式,结果显示应力特征由墙体质点振速、墙体恒载、墙体密度及其几何尺寸等因素共同决定。结合具体算例发现:墙体水平应力、垂直应力与剪应力具有不同的分布特征。水平应力值分别是剪切和垂直应力值的5倍和25倍,为墙体应力场的主控应力,其应力集中区位于刚性固定侧墙体的顶、底角,应力变化梯度为180MPa/m,且随地震强度增加,其应力场进一步向墙体刚性固定侧集中。在此基础上,基于主应力主导墙体裂隙的原则,预测了墙体张开型裂隙的分布位置、长度及角度,获得了墙体最易出现破坏失稳的部位。通过模型计算可为掌握动载下墙体力学行为提供参考。     

钢管混凝土柱带钢板耗能键组合剪力墙抗震研究

提出了连排钢管混凝土柱带钢板耗能键组合剪力墙,它由钢管混凝土连排柱、柱间钢板耗能键、钢板耗能键外包混凝土条带三种单元组合而成。进行了4个不同设计参数试件的低周反复荷载试验研究。分析了各试件的承载力、刚度及其退化过程、滞回特性、延性和破坏特征,探讨了分灾耗能机制。研究表明:连排钢管混凝土柱带钢板耗能键组合剪力墙,承载力较大,后期刚度较稳定;混凝土条带在开裂与闭合过程中消耗地震能量,钢板耗能键通过弯剪变形消耗地震能量,钢管与混凝土条带共同工作协同耗能,具有良好的抗震耗能机制;这种新型组合剪力墙具有较强综合抗震耗能能力。