基于加权Voronoi图的城市腹地界定方法研究——以成渝经济圈为例

中心城市腹地合理地划分对区域的资源整合、协调发展起到关键性的作用。本文立足于加权Voronoi图,将城市的中心性强度及综合交通可达性作为权重引入断裂点模型中,修正了断裂点模型中的城市人口规模,构建了加权Voronoi图城市腹地界定新模型;并以成渝经济圈36个中心城市为例,对模型进行验证。研究表明,成渝经济圈各中心城市腹地与行政区范围吻合度较差。根据腹地与行政区范围大小的比值将城市划分为3类:比值大于100%的城市具有良好的适合腹地向外扩展的条件,对周边城市的发展有较大影响;比值在60%~100%之间的城市对周边城市的发展起到一定作用;比值小于60%的城市则说明周边城市的影响力远远大于本市。而四川省的成都市和重庆市的主城作为区域实力最强的城市,其腹地范围并不是最大的,这表明城市腹地的范围及大小主要由中心城市的综合实力和周边城市的综合实力共同决定。这是对成渝经济圈各城市腹地的重新界定,对成渝经济圈城市规划有一定参考意义。     

Empirical study on effect of industrial structure change on regional economic growth of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region

Based on the data of gross domestic product (GDP), industrial added value and the proportion of industrial employees from 2000 to 2008, this paper studies the effect of industrial structure change on the regional economic growth of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region in China using the shift-share method. The results show that: 1) In the 21st century, the industrial output of three industries, namely, primary, secondary, and tertiary, and the GDP grew rapidly in the study period. The tertiary industry grew the fastest; it had the largest contribution to the GDP and meanwhile had become the most competitive industry in the metropolitan region. 2) The development of cities within the region was not balanced. Firstly, compared with Tianjin, Beijing, as one of the two core cities, was more rational in the industrial structure. Secondly, the surrounding eight cities, which are Shijiazhuang, Qinhuangdao, Tangshan, Langfang, Baoding, Cangzhou, Zhangjiakou, and Chengde, were all uncompetitive than the two core cities. 3) There was a great industrial gradient in the region (especially between the two core cities and the cities of Tangshan, Baoding, Zhangjiakou, Chengde, Cangzhou, and Langfang). As a result, it is foreseeable that the industry transfer in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region will be one of the trends in regional development, and the industry transfer is inevitably to promote the regional integration.     

Field Modeling Method for Identifying Urban Sphere of Influence： A Case Study on Central China

With rapid development of urbanization and regional interaction and interdependence, regional urban agglomeration planning becomes more and more important in China, in order to promote integrated development of various cities with close interrelationship. However, it is still arguable academically on how to define the boundary or which cities to be included for the urban agglomeration of a region. This paper aims to shed lights on how to identify urban spheres of influence scientifically by introducing field modeling method and by practicing a case study on 168 cities in Central China. In our field modeling method, the influence intensities of cities were measured by a comprehensive index and urban spheres of influence were represented spatially by field intensity. Then, their classification and spatial distribution characteristics of study area in 2007 were identified and explored by using GIS and statistical methods. The result showed that: 1) Wuhan is the absolute dominant city in Central China; 2) the provincial capital cities dominate their own provinces and there are no other lower grade agglomeration centers; and 3) the basic types of organization form of urban sphere of influence are single-polar type, agglomeration type, close-related group type and loose-related group type.     

Urban Agglomeration Formation and Its Spatiotemporal Expansion Process in China: From the Perspective of Industrial Evolution

Urban agglomeration research has received increasing attention in China's national development strategies, and has become a hot topic in academic research. This study develops a theoretical framework that explores the formation mechanism and expansion process of urban agglomerations from the perspective of industrial evolution, and identifies the development issues and their causes by taking Yangtze Delta and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomerations as case studies. In the process of urban agglomeration formation within a free market, as has happened in Yangtze Delta region, the central city develops first, its secondary industry is then transferred to its neighboring cities, and the work division and cooperation with the neighboring cities is gradually established. However, in the 1990 s, aiming to become an international metropolis, Beijing implemented a series of administrative policies to encourage the reduction of the secondary industry and the development of the tertiary industry, before its secondary industry were fully developed and transferred to its neighboring cities. This delayed the integration process and the development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration. This study builds a good foundation for the construction of the theoretical system's urban agglomeration study, and provides references for decision making in an urban agglomeration development.     

Evolution and spatial patterns of spheres of urban influence in China

This article presents the findings of a study of the spheres of urban influence with regard to all cities in China（not including Hong Kong,Macau and Taiwan Province of China）in the years 1990,2000 and 2009.An optimized gravity model with comprehensive time distance was used to carry out a detailed analysis of the spatial patterns of Chinese spheres of urban influence and the spatial characteristics of urban agglomerations.Such urban agglomerations are characterized by high density population and a developed economy,which are also considered as the national competition unit.This paper initially identifies four spatial patterns of urban agglomerations based on the spatial layout of city groups during their evolution.Some basic characteristics of urban agglomerations are outlined,including the number of cities,the size of cities and the functions of urban centers.These characteristics are examined by using statistical methods and Geographic Information System（GIS）.The main findings from this research are that the development stages and structures of urban agglomerations in China vary significantly.It is also clear that the stages and evolution of spatial patterns are strongly affected and dominated by both policy and location factors.     

City size distribution and its spatiotemporal evolution in China

Based on the National Land Use/Cover Database of China(NLUD-C) in the end of the 1980s(the 1980s,hereafter), 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010, 665 cities were selected to study the size distribution and its changes of urban lands in China. In this study, the spatiotemporal evolutions of urban land size distribution as well as the influence of administrative-level on these cities were explored by combining urban spatial positions and administrative-levels. Results indicate that: 1) City size distribution using urban lands was more practical and reasonable than using non-agricultural population. 2) In the 1980s, cities with ascending urban land rank were centralized in Eastern China, specially the Changjiang(Yangtze) River Delta, the Zhujiang(Pearl) River Delta, and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Cities in Central, Western, and Northeast China mainly indicated descending urban land rank. 3) The transfer of national development focus resulted in cities with ascending urban land rank becoming evenly distributed nationwide; however, this trend was slightly centralized around Chengdu, Chongqing, and Wuhan in different periods. 4) During the 1980s to 2010, the proportion of cities with ascending urban land rank in provincial capitals, municipalities, and special administrative regions(high-level cities, hereafter) was consistently higher than those in prefecture- and county-level cities except for 2005–2010. The ranks of the majority of the prefecture- and county-level cities were mainly descending, supported by ascending; the proportion of cities with unchanged rank is small. This study breaks through the bottleneck of traditional research in the area of city size distribution by examining urban land replacing the non-agricultural population. The current study also provides scientific explanation for the healthy and reasonable development of urban land as well as the coordinated development of population urbanization and land urbanization.     

京津冀都市圈人口集疏过程与空间格局分析

人口集疏过程及其空间格局变化是人口空间分布最直观的表现。以1982-2010年4期人口普查数据为基础,采用人口总量和人口密度指标,结合人口增减变化分级、人口商度等方法,定量分析了京津冀都市圈人口集疏过程及其空间格局变化。研究表明:近30年来,京津冀都市圈人口总量呈现持续增长趋势,人口空间分布日益不均衡,区域人口分布存在明显的南北、东西差异;人口增加是主要特征,人口集聚效应凸显,人口增加地区的县域单元比例在80%以上,以人口显著增加为主;人口减少只是零星分布,人口减少地区的县域单元比例占不到20%;人口流动比较频繁,以人口流入为主,主要流向北京、天津和河北的市辖区,人口流出地区仅是散落分布在张家口和承德的山区贫困县域;无论从静态人口指标还是动态人口分析方法,都表明京津冀都市圈人口地域集疏特征十分明显,已形成以北京、天津、石家庄为中心,其他地市(县域)人口分别向外依次扩展的人口多中心分布的圈层结构。     

Approach to delimiting metropolitan regions’ boundary and grading urban hierarchy within a metropolitan region—A case study of Shanghai metropolitan region

In metropolitan regions, the change in the strength of＂flows＂ between a core city and surrounding cities reflects the range of the core city＇s influence, while the gravity between core city and other cities reflects the strength of potential relation between them. This article firstly attempts to delimit the boundary of metropolitan regions with the two dimensions measure combining ＂flows＂ and gravitation. The former is measured through the flow of people between the core city and surrounding cities, and the latter is measured through both population and gross domestic products （GDP） of the core city and surrounding cities. The hierarchy of the cities within a metropolitan region is classified in order to emphasize the roles of the cities belonging to the metropolitan regions, different from the general way through population scale and administrative level, and is typical in China. This paper uses the Shanghai metropolitan region as a research case, determining boundary of this metropolitan region clearly and classifying hierarchy of the cities within the region. The final results are significantly different to previous work, even overthrowing the traditional system of urban hierarchy partly. It is helpful to highlight the function of cities in organizing the regional economy, the level structure of metropolitan regions, and each city＇s relative importance in a metropolitan region, which can be taken as scientific basis for planning integrated regions or urban systems.     

基于多源数据的中国智慧城市发展状态评价

随着移动互联网、云计算、大数据等新一轮信息通信技术的发展,智慧城市逐渐成为城市建设的重要发展趋势。“十三五”期间,全国各城市纷纷制定智慧城市建设或发展规划,并将其定位为城市中长期发展战略的重要组成部分。由于智慧城市涉及范围广泛、内容体系庞杂,目前还在不断发展完善之中,尚未形成统一的评价标准。基于此,本文对比了国内外智慧城市评价重点与趋势,以提高城市可持续发展能力、实现高效、公平的城市管理、保障民生福祉为目标,构建了包括智慧经济、智慧交通、智慧医疗、智慧教育、智慧管理等多子系统的智慧城市评价指标体系;运用文本、网页、统计等多源数据,本文开展了全面的、统一的、多层次、模块化的全国智慧城市发展状态评估,并从子系统协调程度对智慧城市发展提出了建设性意见。研究发现：① 从整体评价结果分析,除北京、上海、广州、武汉、成都、杭州、天津和南京8个城市综合得分及各子系统得分都较高外,绝大部分城市的智慧建设水平不高;② 在空间分布上,沿海地区的智慧城市建设水平普遍高于内陆地区,直辖市和省会城市高于其他城市;③ 从协调关系分析,70%以上城市的5个子系统为中度甚至低度协调,80%以上城市以智慧教育或智慧医疗成为发展短板,这也是未来政府应关注的重点。本文通过构建指标体系,探讨了中国智慧城市的发展状态,为城市未来的发展和管理提供了借鉴与参考。     

近20年京津唐地区不透水面变化的遥感监测

不透水面是衡量城市化程度的重要指标之一,对京津唐城市群的不透水面进行深入研究,可以量化城市群扩张过程及其影响,对该区域多城市协调发展及规划布局具有重要意义。本文结合高分辨遥感影像、生长季及落叶季的Landsat TM遥感影像和夜间灯光数据等,采用分类和回归树（Classification and rRegression Tree, CART）算法,构建了适于京津唐地区不透水面盖度提取的技术方案,获取了京津唐地区1995-2016年共5期地表不透水面盖度专题信息,并分析了地表不透水面的时空演变规律,结论为：① 适于京津唐地区不透水面盖度提取的CART算法的最佳输入变量组合为：生长季和落叶季的Landsat TM图像以及对应的夜间灯光数据;其次为生长季Landsat TM遥感图像和夜间灯光数据组合方案。利用该组合方案,ISP估算输出结果的交叉验证精度R值可以达到约0.85,可以满足地表不透水面纵向对比分析的需要。② 从地表不透水面总面积数量值来看,1995-2016年京津唐主体城市区域整体上呈增长趋势,其中2011-2016年地表不透水面积增加愈加明显;③ 从地表不透水面盖度值的高低来看,1995-2016年京津唐中、高盖度不透水面的占比都是在不断增长的,低盖度不透水面占比存在少量下降现象,且京、津、唐3城市的主体城区各阶段变化差异较大,反映出了各城市扩张具有各自不同的时空演变特征。     

THE UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT AND SPATIAL DIFFUSION OF CHINESE CENTRAL CITIES

ＴＨＥ ＵＮＥＶＥＮ ＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴ ＡＮＤ ＳＰＡＴＩＡＬ ＤＩＦＦＵＳＩＯＮ ＯＦ ＣＨＩＮＥＳＥ ＣＥＮＴＲＡＬ ＣＩＴＩＥＳ ＮｉｎｇＹｕｅＡｎｎ（宁越敏）；ＹａｎＺｈｏｎｇｍｉｎ（严重敏）（ＴｈｅＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｇｒａｐ...     

Spatio-temporal Analysis of Urban Spatial Interaction in Globalizing China —— A Case Study of Beijing-Shanghai Corridor

This paper aims to explore urban geography with a new perspective. Endowed with the urban geography connotations, an improved data field model is employed to integrate temporal dimension into spatial process of cities in a typical region in this article. Taking the Beijing-Shanghai Corridor including 18 cities as an example, the authors chose the city centricity index (CCI) and the spatial data field model to analyze the evolution process and features of sub-region and urban spatial interaction in this corridor based on the data of 1991, 1996 and 2002. Through the analysis, we found that: 1) with the improvement of the urbanization level and the development of urban economy, the cities' CCI grew, the urban spatial radiative potential enhanced and the radiative range expanded gradually, which reflects the urban spatial interaction's intensity has been increasing greatly; 2) although the spatial interaction intensity among the cities and sub-regions in the Beijing-Shanghai Corridor was growing constantly, the gap of the spatial interaction strength among different cities and sub-regions was widening, and the spatial division between the developed areas and the less developed areas was obvious; and 3) the intensity of the spatial interaction of Beijing, Shanghai and their urban agglomerations was far greater than that in small cities of other parts of the corridor, and it may have a strong drive force on the choice of spatial location of the economic activities.     

The Interaction of Population,Industry and Land in Process of Urbanization in China: A Case Study in Jilin Province

Urbanization is a complex process that covers a wide range of topics, of which population, industry and land urbanization are three important aspects. Jilin Province is an important agricultural province in China. The contradiction between population, industry and land urbanization is especially prominent here, and its coupling development is of great practical significance. In this paper, the coupling degree of population-industry-land urbanization in Jilin Province in 1990, 2000 and 2010 is measured by coupling mode. The spatial pattern of the coupling degree is analyzed by trend surface analysis and global and local spatial autocorrelation. The influence factors and their spatial differentiation are discussed using multiple linear regression (MLR) model and geographic weighted regression (GWR) model. The results show that: 1) the coupling degree of population-industry-land urbanization in Jilin Province is at a low level. Judging from the change of time scale, the urbanization of most research units is becoming more and more coordinated. From the comparison of spatial scales, there is significant spatial difference in the research units of different administrative levels. 2) Judging from the global change trend, the coupling degree of population-industry-land urbanization in the central region is higher than that in western and eastern regions. The coordination of urbanization in the central region is relatively good, and the distribution of the cold and hot spots is basically the same as that overall. 3) The spatial pattern of the coupling degree is related to the cold and hot spot distribution of the influence coefficient of urban population density and per capita urban construction land. The variation of the coupling degree spatial pattern is synchronous with the spatial change of the urban population density influence coefficient. 4) The degree of agglomeration of the urban population is the main factor promoting the coupling pattern of population-industry-land urbanization in Jilin Province, and the extent of its influence is gradually increasing. In addition, the level of city administrative, the efficiency of urban expansion and the capacity of market consumption also have an important influence on the coupling pattern.     

基于百度迁徙数据的中国城市网络结构特征研究

迁徙流作为互联网时代的新产物,信息流、资本流、交通流等流空间的基本载体,能客观地反映城市间地理行为关系,对于刻画城市网络结构具有重要意义。基于地级以上城市的百度迁徙大数据,本文尝试从全域和净迁徙的视角探索研究中国城市网络结构特征,对其网络的层级、关联关系和影响因素等进行挖掘提取。研究发现：① 全国城市网络呈现出稳定的、层级明确的三棱锥四顶点“钻石型”结构,与主要城市群的经济规模空间分布相吻合;② 区域网络表现出向高级别行政中心集聚的“核心—外围”放射状结构;③ 以省会城市为核心的典型小世界特征比较凸出,小世界网络的可达性和连通性较高;周口、阜阳、赣州、上饶、重庆等作为主要劳动力输出型城市,深圳、东莞、广州、北京、上海等城市成为了主要的外来人口聚集地,并形成了对应的人口就近输送网络关系;④ 城市的行政地位、经济规模、交通枢纽建设、劳动力资源等因素都对其网络控制力和影响力起到了决定性作用。最后,研究结合中国城市网络结构特征及其主要影响因素,提出相关政策建议,以期为中国城市网络结构均衡发展与建设提供借鉴依据。     

Suburbanization and subcentering of population in Beijing metropolitan area: A nonparametric analysis

This study focuses on the suburbanization and subcentering of population and examines the nature of spatial restructuring in terms of the population distribution in the Beijing metropolitan area.Instead of the classic density function approach,we employ the nonparametric analysis to characterize the spatial pattern of population densities in the Beijing metropolitan area and identify the suburban subcenters.Our findings suggest that the population has spread with rapid urban growth in the Beijing metropolitan area,and the compact urban form has been replaced by a more dispersed polycentric spatial distribution.However,compared with the decentralization of western cities,the spatial extent of the decentralization of population in the Beijing metropolitan area is quite limited.The rapid growth of population in the near suburbs has expedited the sprawl of the central city,with a larger central agglomeration of population dominating the metropolitan area.In this sense,the spatial pattern of the Beijing metropolitan area is still characterized by the continuous compactness.However,our findings do provide the evidence that the city has been turning to a polycentric structure.We find significant population subcenters have emerged in the suburbs of Beijing since the 1980s.But the polycentricity emerged in the Beijing metropolitan area is very different by nature from that observed in Western cities.The subcenters emerged are adherent to the development scheme planned for the city,so it can be referred to as the so called ’planned polycentricity’.     

凝聚中国,走向全球——北京交通通信总枢纽,金融科技优势分析

新中国北京建都60年,特别是改革开放30周年来,北京作为全国政治、文化中心,立足全国,放眼世界。城市辐射能力和凝聚能力建设不断增强;联手天津、上海、海港城市,航空、铁路、公路、通讯网络高度发达;人流、物流、信息流、资金流四通八达,全方位畅通;同时北京城市建设日新月异,高新技术开发区,商务中心区,金融中心就如雨后春笋,在京畿郊区形成卫星城镇,别墅区或生态度假园区,以现代化国际大都市的全新姿态,承办2008年奥林匹克运动大会。     

Spatial-temporal Evolution of the Urban-rural Coordination Relationship in Northeast China in 1990–2018

To comprehensively understand the law of urban-rural relationship and propose scientific measures of urban-rural coordinated development in Northeast China, this study uses the coupling coordination degree model and geographically and temporally weighted regression(GTWR) model to analyze the spatial-temporal patterns and the corresponding driving mechanisms of its urban-rural coordination since 1990. The results are as follows. First, the urban-rural coupling coordination degree in Northeast China was very low and improved slowly, but its stages of evolution is a good interpretation of the strategic arrangements of China's urbanization.Second, the urban-rural coupling coordination degree in Northeast China had spatial differences and was characterized by central polarization, converging on urban agglomeration, which was high in the south and low in the north. Moreover, the gap between the north and south weakened. Third, the spatial-temporal evolution of the urban-rural coordination relationship in Northeast China was influenced by pulling from the central cities, pushing from rural transformation, and government regulations. The influence intensity of the three mechanisms was weak, but the pulling from the central cities was stronger than that of the other two mechanisms. Furthermore, the spatial difference between the three mechanisms determines the spatial pattern and its evolution of the urban-rural coordination relationship in Northeast China. Fourth, to promote the development of urban-rural coordination in Northeast China, it is essential to advance urbanrural economic correlation, enhance the government's role in regulating and guiding, and adopt different policies for each region in Northeast China.     

近21 a来京津冀城市发展空间特征及其与宏观地貌的关系分析

基于全国1:100万数字地貌数据库和1992-2012年的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据,从城市重心迁移变化、城市内部变异度和城市相对发展速率3方面,对近21 a来京津冀城市发展的空间特征,以及不同宏观地貌下城市发展的差异性进行了对比分析。结果表明：1992-2012年京津冀重心迁移方向大致经历西南-东北-西南3个阶段,不同城市重心迁移的轨迹和方向不同;京津冀整体发展水平不断提高,各城市间的差距呈减小趋势;不同地貌类型城市,其城市内部各辖区间的差异随时间变化的规律不同,平原型城市基本稳定不变,山地-平原型或平原-山地型城市有所下降,山地型城市各辖区间的差异随时间大幅减小;山地型城市相比其他地貌类型城市,城市重心偏移明显,城市整体发展水平较低。最后讨论了长时间序列下,城市发展与地貌间存在关联性。