基于性能的地震工程研究的新进展及对结构非线性分析的要求

结合国际地震工程界提出的新一代基于性能的地震工程的框架方法,重点阐述了性能评估中涉及的主要问题。对性能评估使用的静力非线性分析、动力非线性分析方法进行了总结,在此基础上详细阐述了在基于概率的性能评估中有应用前景的增量动力分析方法的概念、相关问题及其应用,并简要介绍了基于增量动力分析思想提出的一些简化方法。最后提出了今后研究的建议,特别是结构非线性分析方面的研究重点。     

Frequency domain modal analysis of earthquake input energy to highly damped passive control structures

A new complex modal analysis‐based method is developed in the frequency domain for efficient computation of the earthquake input energy to a highly damped linear elastic passive control structure. The input energy to the structure during an earthquake is an important measure of seismic demand. Because of generality and applicability to non‐linear structures, the earthquake input energy has usually been computed in the time domain. It is shown here that the formulation of the earthquake input energy in the frequency domain is essential for deriving a bound on the earthquake input energy for a class of ground motions and for understanding the robustness of passively controlled structures to disturbances with various frequency contents. From the viewpoint of computational efficiency, a modal analysis‐based method is developed. The importance of overdamped modes in the energy computation of specific non‐proportionally damped models is demonstrated by comparing the energy transfer functions and the displacement transfer functions. Through numerical examinations for four recorded ground motions, it is shown that the modal analysis‐based method in the frequency domain is very efficient in the computation of the earthquake input energy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Selection of earthquake ground motion records: A state-of-the-art review from a structural engineering perspective

This paper reviews alternative selection procedures based on established methods for incorporating strong ground motion records within the framework of seismic design of structures. Given the fact that time history signals recorded at a given site constitute a random process which is practically impossible to reproduce, considerable effort has been expended in recent years on processing actual records so as to become ‘representative’ of future input histories to existing as well as planned construction in earthquake-prone regions. Moreover, considerable effort has been expended to ensure that dispersion in the structural response due to usage of different earthquake records is minimized. Along these lines, the aim of this paper is to present the most recent methods developed for selecting an ‘appropriate’ set of records that can be used for dynamic analysis of structural systems in the context of performance-based design. A comparative evaluation of the various alternatives available indicates that the current seismic code framework is rather simplified compared to what has actually been observed, thus highlighting both the uncertainties and challenges related to the selection of earthquake records.     

Accounting for directionality as a function of structural typology in performance‐based earthquake engineering design

For the seismic design of a structure, horizontal ground shaking is usually considered in two perpendicular directions, even though real horizontal ground motions are complex two‐dimensional phenomena that impose different demands at different orientations. While the issue of ground motion dependence on the orientation of the recording devices has been the focus of many significant developments during the last decade, the effects of directionality on the characteristics of the structure have received less attention. This work presents a proposal to calculate the probability of exceedance of elastic spectral displacements accounting for structural typology and illustrates its relevance by means of its application to two case‐study buildings. In order to ease its implementation in seismic design codes, a simplification is developed by means of a detailed statistical analysis of the results obtained using four sets of real hazard curves. The framework presented herein is considered to represent an important contribution to the field of performance‐based earthquake engineering, permitting improved treatment of directionality effects within seismic risk design and assessment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Approximate formulas for rotational effects in earthquake engineering

The paper addresses the issue of researching into the engineering characteristics of rotational strong ground motion components and rotational effects in structural response. In this regard, at first, the acceleration response spectra of rotational components are estimated in terms of translational ones. Next, new methods in order to consider the effects of rotational components in seismic design codes are presented by determining the effective structural parameters in the rotational loading of structures due only to the earthquake rotational components. Numerical results show that according to the frequency content of rotational components, the contribution of the rocking components to the seismic excitation of short period structures can never be ignored. During strong earthquakes, these rotational motions may lead to the unexpected overturning or local structural damages for the low-rise multi-story buildings located on soft soil. The arrangement of lateral-load resisting system in the plan, period, and aspect ratio of the system can severely change the seismic loading of wide symmetric buildings under the earthquake torsional component.     

地震前兆监测中水氡测量方法浅析

从氡的地球物理特性、氡气测量方法的原理,阐述氡气测量技术在地震前兆观测的应用研究现状.通过对下关温泉水样和氡气固体源在不同静置时间下的测值试验,认为水氡观测中静置时间在80-100min的测值,观测结果要比静置时间1h合理,而且测值明显增大.     

高台地震台的监测能力估计

引言 台站是构成台网的基本元素,台站单台监控能力直接影响着整个台网的监控能力,同时,单台监控能力又是考虑台网建设、布局的基本依据。高台地震台是国家I类基准地震台,“九五”期间又建成国家数字地震台,与原模拟地震仪进行工作,高台地震台在国家地震台网中属监测能力和质量最好的台站之一。那么,高台地震台模拟地震仪器的监测能力达到什么水平？数字地震仪的监测水平又如何？数字地震仪能否代替模拟仪器？为此,本文利用高台地震台模拟仪器和数字化仪器观测的资料,进行对比研究,试图给出一个定量结果。 1 台站基本情况 高台地…     

基于有限测点模态信息的结构物理参数识别

研究了测试信息不完备情况下的结构参数识别问题,针对稀疏模态的结构系统,提出了基于有限测点模态信息的优化识别算法。该算法通过有限测点上的模态参数构造关于结构物理参数的目标函数,然后采用遗传算法进行参数识别。最后一数值算例说明了该算法的可行性。     

浅谈我国地震工程专业软件的发展

本文明确提出了地震工程专业软件的概念,说明了它的作用;在总结我国地震工程专业软件发展概况的基础上,剖析了其发展缓慢的主客观原因;提出了现阶段我国地震工程专业软件的发展策略,并对其研发工作给出了几条具体的建议。     

A modal superposition pseudo-force method for dynamic analysis of structural systems with non-proportional damping

A modal superposition pseudo-force method for the dynamic analysis of structural systems with non-proportional damping is presented. The method combines the advantages of the classical modal superposition method and the pseudo-force method. When the system damping is non-proportional, the dynamic equilibrium equations in generalized coordinates are coupled through the damping terms. In the present method, these coupled equations are solved by an iterative process in which the coupling terms are treated as pseudo-forces. A proof of the convergence of the iterative process is given. Numerical examples show the good convergence characteristics of the process and the good accuracy of the obtained results.     

On citation rates in earthquake engineering

The data on citations of 51 academics in earthquake engineering are analyzed to estimate their relative standing within the category of engineering, as used by HighlyCited.com of the Thomson Institute for Scientific Information. HighlyCited.com publishes names of up to 250 of the world's most cited researchers in each of 21 categories including life sciences, medicine, physical sciences, engineering and medical sciences. At present, there are no earthquake engineers in their category of engineering. In terms of an approximate metric used in this paper, citation threshold for engineering academics who work in related fields of mechanics and finite elements, and who are included in HiglyCited.com list, is about 6000 total citations. The most cited earthquake engineers in our sample have about half that many citations. It appears that the absence of earthquake engineers from the engineering category of HighlyCited.com is mainly the consequence of 2 facts, that (1) near 80% of journal papers in civil engineering are not cited within 5 years after publication, and (2) that the cohort of earthquake engineers is very small relative to the membership of all other engineering disciplines combined.     

A critical examination of seismic response uncertainty analysis in earthquake engineering

The last decade of performance‐based earthquake engineering (PBEE) research has seen a rapidly increasing emphasis placed on the explicit quantification of uncertainties. This paper examines uncertainty consideration in input ground‐motion and numerical seismic response analyses as part of PBEE, with particular attention given to the physical consistency and completeness of uncertainty consideration. It is argued that the use of the commonly adopted incremental dynamic analysis leads to a biased representation of the seismic intensity and that when considering the number of ground motions to be used in seismic response analyses, attention should be given to both reducing parameter estimation uncertainty and also limiting ground‐motion selection bias. Research into uncertainties in system‐specific numerical seismic response analysis models to date has been largely restricted to the consideration of ‘low‐level’ constitutive model parameter uncertainties. However, ‘high‐level’ constitutive model and model methodology uncertainties are likely significant and therefore represent a key research area in the coming years. It is also argued that the common omission of high‐level seismic response analysis modelling uncertainties leads to a fallacy that ground‐motion uncertainty is more significant than numerical modelling uncertainty. The author's opinion of the role of uncertainty analysis in PBEE is also presented. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Neural network for earthquake selection in structural time history analysis

A neural network is employed to select earthquake waves in a time history approach for structural dynamics. The neural network is a preferable alternative to an expert system because knowledge can easily be renewed. It involves a back propagation model having three layers (one input, one hidden and one output layer) and is used to avoid inappropriate earthquake input prior to practical numerical computations. Knowledge to categorize the earthquake waves is acquired through network training with earthquake response spectra and structural responses. The trained network is tested by categorizing the responses of three types of unknown structures caused by 50 previously recorded earthquakes. Comparisons are made with analogous data from the traditional site dominant period method. Results demonstrate that, unlike the latter method, a neural network is generally more successful as the number of training patterns increases.     

Conceptual seismic design in performance-based earthquake engineering

A principal aspect of seismic design is the verification of performance limit states, which help ensure satisfactory behaviour within a performance-based earthquake engineering framework. However, it is increasingly acknowledged that while ensuring life safety is a suitable basic design requirement, more meaningful metrics of seismic performance exist. Expected annual loss (EAL) has gained attention in recent years but tends to be limited to seismic assessment. This article proposes a novel conceptual design framework that employs EAL as a design tool and requires very little building information at the design outset. This means that designers may commence from a definition of required EAL and arrive at a number of feasible structural solutions without the need for any detailed design calculations or numerical analysis. This works by transforming the building performance definition to a design solution space using a number of simplifying assumptions. A suitable structural response backbone is subsequently determined and used to identify feasible building typologies and associated structural geometries. The assumptions made to implement such a conceptual design framework are discussed and justified herein followed by a case study application. This proposed design framework is intended to form the first step in seismic design to identify suitable typologies and layouts before subsequent member detailing and design verification. This way, engineers, architects, and clients can make more informed decisions that target certain performance goals at the beginning of design before further refinement.     

Local measurement for structural health monitoring

Localized nature of damage in structures requires local measurements for structural health monitoring. The local measurement means to measure the local, usually higher modes of the vibration in a structure. Three fundamental issues about the local measurement for structural health monitoring including (1) the necessity of making local measurement, (2) the difficulty of making local measurement and (3) how to make local measurement are addressed in this paper. The results from both the analysis and the tests show that the local measurement can successfully monitor the structural health status as longas the local mod es are excited. Unfortunately, the results also illustrate that it is difficult to excite local modes in a structure. Therefore, in order to carry structural health monitoring into effect, we must ( 1 ) ensure that the local modes are excited, and (2) deploy enough sensors in a structure so that the local modes can be monitored.     

地震工程研究的科学大平台

始于十九世纪末的地震工程研究,在其100多年的历史中积累了大量的理论和实践经验,随之而建设起来的各类地震工程实验设施分布于世界各地。近20年来,信息技术的飞速发展使得分布于世界各地的实验设施通过网络实现协同实验和资源共享。基于以上的信息,为了更好更快地和国际接轨,本文提出了建设一个地震工程研究领域的科学大平台设想。这个大平台包括三个方面的内容:数值模拟,网络协同实验系统和基础信息系统,将形成本领域开放性的综合科学平台。在数值模拟方面,这个科学平台将利用最新的信息技术将本领域的科学研究结果和方法集成起来,形成一个模块式的科学研究平台系统。在网络协同实验方面,将采纳美国NEES的思路,并对其改进和提高之后应用于中国。在基础数据方面,将利用最为先进的数据仓储技术,建设一个可以服务于地震工程科学研究的数据平台。最后,文章给出了建设这个科学平台的规划,以及目前的进展和资金支持等情况。