Combined Bearing Capacity of Spudcans on a Double Layer Deposit of Strong-Over-Weak Clays

An extreme sea storm process can lead to a jack-up rig under the combined loading condition of vertical load(V), horizontal load(H), and moment(M) to have stability problems. This paper presents the analysis of combined bearing capacities of a circular spudcan on layered clays with a strong layer overlying a comparatively weaker layer. Numerical models combined with displacement-based load tests, swipe tests, and constant ratio displacement probe tests are adopted to calculate the uniaxial bearing capacities, failure envelopes in combined V-H, V-M planes, and failure envelopes in a combined V-H-M load space, respectively. A parametric study on the effects of vertical load level V, the layer strength ratio s_u,t/s_u,b, and the hard layer thickness t_1 on the bearing capacities is then performed. Results show that the vertical load level is a key factor that influences the values of H and M and the size of the H-M failure envelope. The existence of the underlying weak clay decreases the bearing capacities in all directions, and the vertical capacity Vult is affected more than the horizontal(H_ult) and moment(M_ult) capacities based on a single uniform deposit. The influence of the underlying weak clay on H-M failure envelope is mainly shown where H and M are coupled in the same direction. In contrast, little difference is observed when H and M are coupled in opposite directions.     

恐龙化石在风化破坏过程中内部裂隙扩展的试验模拟研究

在理论分析的基础上,利用试验结果模拟分析单轴压力作用下含裂隙恐龙化石断裂损伤过程。在FLAC3D中采用FISH语言编写了基于体元分析的计算程序,采用弹脆性本构模型,分析了试验过程中恐龙化石的裂纹萌生→扩展→贯通规律和裂隙化石的断裂损伤机制。在单轴压缩作用下,含有裂隙的恐龙化石试件的破坏过程主要分三个阶段:即线性变形阶段、非线性变形阶段和软化阶段,当载荷超过应变峰值强度后,化石内部将生成大量新的诱导裂隙,导致化石内部结构发生剧烈变化。值得注意的是,恐龙化石峰后的强度软化过程非常不稳定,峰值附近的材料力学行为对化石试件内部缺陷的分布十分敏感。试验表明,有裂隙恐龙化石的抗压强度值比无裂隙恐龙化石的抗压强度值小30%,最终的残余抗压强度也略小,在加载应力作用下,相比不含内部裂隙的恐龙化石,内含裂隙的恐龙化石其内部裂隙会迅速大量扩展,加重了恐龙化石的风化程度和破坏速度。     

冻融循环作用下砂岩单轴压缩破坏断口特征分形研究

寒区岩石的力学特征往往受到冻融循环和荷载的共同影响,冻融岩石单轴压缩破坏断口蕴含着与冻融循环和荷载有关的损伤演化信息,冻融岩石单轴压缩破坏断口研究对冻融岩石断裂破坏机理分析有重要价值。为研究冻融岩石单轴压缩破坏断口形貌特征及其与宏观力学参数之间的关联性,通过摄影观测经历不同次数冻融循环的砂岩单轴压缩破坏断口形貌,采用像素点覆盖法计算断口分维值,探究了断口分维值与宏观力学参数之间的关系。结果表明:随着冻融次数的增加,冻融砂岩的力学性能劣化,单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、断口分维值、耗散能密度逐渐减小,峰值应变增大;单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、耗散能密度均与断口分维值之间存在指数关系,断口分维值越大,对应的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、耗散能密度越大。冻融岩石单轴压缩破坏断口分维值可作为寒区岩体断裂破坏机理分析的有效参数。      

浅议非饱和土基坑无支护开挖深度的确定

在D.G.Fredlund等的非饱和土抗剪强度理论及其延伸的Rankine土压力公式以及国内学者卢肇钧等近年来的研究成果(用膨胀力代替基质吸力来刻画非饱和土的抗剪强度)的基础上,推导了含膨胀力的非饱和土竖直边坡临界高度的计算公式,初步探讨了非饱和土基坑无支护开挖深度的确定方法。     

龙马溪组层状页岩微观非均质性及力学各向异性特征

层状页岩的微观非均质性及力学各向异性对研究井壁稳定以及水力裂缝扩展形态具有重要意义。为了向页岩优化钻井、压裂工艺参数提供一定的理论和试验依据,对沿不同角度取心的页岩试样开展单轴压缩实验,配合场发射扫描电镜、原子力显微镜观测实验和波速测试等,研究龙马溪组层状页岩微观非均质性及力学各向异性特征,并讨论这些物理力学特征对水力裂缝形态的影响规律。结果表明:受层理面的影响,龙马溪组页岩呈现出较强的微观非均质性和宏观力学各向异性特征。具体的,微观孔隙结构特征方面,随着观测方向与层理方向之间夹角β的增大,微观孔隙结构的发育程度逐渐增加,说明气体的储集和空间呈增加趋势;宏观力学特征方面,单轴压缩条件下,随着加载方向与层理方向间夹角θ的增加,页岩试样的破坏模式从贯穿层理面的张拉破坏,先转变为剪切破坏,再变为劈裂-剪切混合破坏;龙马溪组层状页岩的单轴抗压强度、泊松比随着θ的增加呈现出先减小后增大的"U"形各向异性模式,弹性模量、横纵波速则逐渐减小,胶结程度较弱的页岩层理面会先于基质体发生破坏,进而显著影响岩石整体的力学性质;页岩微观非均质性及力学各向异性特征在一定程度上影响压裂过程中水力裂缝的扩展行为,以及停泵后压裂液的渗流路径。研究结果可为页岩压裂工艺参数优选提供一定依据。      

沿山脊走向长输油气管道强震动力响应特征

沿山脊走向的长输油气管道在我国西部山区常有分布,强震作用下其动力响应直接关系到管道的安全运营,实际管道工程建设中亟需相关研究结果提供指导。依托云南玉溪龙马槽村段此类输油管道工程,考虑山坡的工程地质特征,对管道与坡体进行整体三维数值建模,采用有限差分方法FLAC3D进行数值模拟,基于汶川地震波,计算得到了水平地震加速度峰值、震后等典型时刻的管道位移、轴力、剪力和弯矩及坡体稳定性等地震动力响应特征。结果表明,管道内力最大值出现于震后时刻,地震作用使管道轴力达到较高水平,而剪力与弯矩值的量级仅占最大轴力的约1%;竖向地震波对管道内力影响较小,管道受力的不利部位出现在其与断层交界附近。地震过程中管道水平方向存在较多的弹性变形,竖向则存在较多的塑性变形,管道累计变形是影响其内力的主要因素,管道内力最大值出现于震后时刻。      

Study on deformation law of circular foundation under combined loading

The foundations of some ocean engineering structures are built to withstand not only the vertical gravity load V, but also the horizontal load H induced by sea waves and current. The horizontal load includes the concentrated force load, the moment load M, and the torque load T termed also as combined loading. It is of academic and engineering significance to study the deformation law of submarine seabed due to combined loading. On the basis of the three-dimensional elastic mechanics solution of circular foundation, numerical methods are used to analyze the deformation law of submarine soil under circular foundation with six degrees of freedom. The finite element analysis results give the elastic deformation law of soil in three dimensional spaces, modify the theoretical elasticity solution, and presents nonlinear soil deformation mechanism under the circular foundation with six degrees of freedom.     

Variations of suction and suction stress of unsaturated loess due to changes in lignin content and sample preparation method

Unsaturated loess in natural sites loses stability as the overburden load continuously increases. Traditional soil modifiers such as cement and fly ash affect the surrounding environment. A new type of material, i.e., lignin, is environmentally friendly and able to increase the strength of loess. However, the engineering characteristics of the improved loess under unsaturated conditions are not yet clear. In this study, the soil-water characteristic curves(SWCCs) of lignin-improved loess samples were determined from 0 k Pa to 700 k Pa using a pressure plate instrument, and then, they were fitted using the van Genuchten(VG) model and the Fredlund and Xing(FX) model. In addition, the effects of the lignin content and sample preparation methods on the SWCCs were investigated to determine the optimal lignin content and a suitable sample preparation method for loess foundations. As the lignin content increases, the matric suction and residual water content of the improved loess increase. The suction stress increases with the increasing lignin contents of 1%-2%. At lignin contents of 3%-4%, the suction stress begins to decrease and the samples prepared using the slurry method has a lower suction stress than that prepared using the wet mixing method. The air entry value(AEV) increases with increasing lignin content. In addition, scanning electron microscopy(SEM) was used to investigate the microstructural variations. It was found that after the addition of lignin, the entrapment of the loess particles by the lignin fibers created some larger particles and smaller pore diameters, which in turn led to poor connectivity of the loess pores. These changes cause the matric suction of the modified loess to increase.     

Influence of root suction on tensile strength of Chrysopogon zizanioides roots and its implication on bioslope stabilization

Root tensile strength is an important factor controlling the performance of bio-slope stabilization works. Due to evapotranspiration and climate factors, the root moisture content and its suction can vary seasonally in practice and may not equal soil suction. The influences of suction and root moisture contents were investigated on Chrysopogon zizanioides(vetiver grass) root tensile strength. The root specimens were equilibrated with moist air in different suction conditions(0, 10, 20, and 50 kPa), prior to root tension tests. The root-water characteristic curve or relationship between root moisture and suction, was determined. The increase in suction resulted in decreased tensile strengths of the grass roots, particularly those with diameter of about 0.2 mm, which constituted 50.7% of all roots. For 1 mm roots, the tensile strength appeared to be unaffected by suction increase. The average root tensile strengths were used to estimate the root cohesion in slope stability analysis to find variation of safety factors of a bioengineered slope in different suction conditions. The analysis showed that the critical condition of slope with the lowest factor of safety would happen when the soil suction was zero and the root suction was high. Such condition may occur during a heavy rain period after a prolonged drought.     

单轴压缩条件下不同含水率黑云母二长花岗岩破坏特征与机制

花岗岩在不同含水率条件下的变形破坏特征和机制对此类工程岩体稳定性评价具有重要的意义。开展不同含水率黑云母二长花岗岩单轴压缩试验,分析破坏特征和应力-应变曲线特征,开展断口扫描电镜试验,分析微观形貌特征,研究破坏机制。试验结果表明:黑云母二长花岗岩具有明显的应变软化特征;随含水率增大,曲线上微裂隙压密阶段长度逐渐增加,稳定破裂阶段及非稳定破裂阶段长度均逐渐缩短,但所占比例增大,曲线上峰前阶段涨落交替现象加剧;饱和时单轴抗压强度和弹性模量相比干燥时分别降低了40.68%,20.3%;变形破坏过程可大致分为以下5个阶段:平静期、裂纹萌生期、裂纹扩展伴随颗粒弹射期、片状碎片剥落伴随颗粒弹射期及崩落式破坏期;随含水率增大,花岗岩破坏时的剧烈程度、发出的声响及脆性程度均逐渐降低;花岗岩破坏机制为拉-剪复合破坏,低含水率时以压致拉张破坏为主,随含水率增大呈现拉张破坏减少而剪切破坏增多的趋势,饱和时以剪破坏为主。研究结果可为黑云二长花岗岩与水之间的耦合模型构建提供理论支撑,对水-岩耦合环境下工程岩体稳定性分析具有重要科学意义。      

Mechanisms and factors affecting the adsorption of sodium alginate onto modified clays

Algal organic materials (AOMs) are one critical factor affecting the efficiency of modified clays used for the mitigation of harmful algal blooms (HABs). This study was conducted to develop a deeper understanding of the mechanisms and factors affecting the adsorption of AOMs onto modified clays. Sodium alginate (polysaccharide) and kaolinite modified with polyaluminium chloride (PACl) were used as AOMs and modified clay model substances, respectively, and the effects of modifier dosage, contact time, solution pH and ionic strength were investigated through batch adsorption experiments. Kinetics revealed that the alginate adsorption rate was described well by a pseudo-second order model. PACl effectively enhanced the adsorption capacity of kaolinite and increased the adsorption rate, and the optimum additive amount of PACl was 5%. The experimental data fitted both the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption equations well. The adsorption thermodynamics for alginate onto modified clays suggests that alginate adsorption is a spontaneous process. The adsorption of alginate onto modified clays was highly dependent on pH, with a decrease in adsorption observed with increased pH to 9.48, but the opposite was true above pH 9.48. Finally, adsorption increased with increasing ionic strength.     

Study on the performance of the micropile-mechanically stabilized earth wall

The Micropile-Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) wall, specially designed for mountain roads, is proposed to improve the MSE wall local stability, global stability and impact resistance of roadside barriers. Model tests and the corresponding numerical modeling were conducted to validate the serviceability of the Micropile-MSE wall and the reliability of the numerical method. Then, a parametric study of the stress and deformation of Micropile-MSE wall based on the backfill strength and interfacial friction angle between backfill and backslope is conducted to evaluate its performance. The test results indicate that the surcharge-induced horizontal earth pressure, base pressure and lateral displacement of the wall panel of Micropile-MSE wall decrease. The corresponding numerical results are nearly equal to the measured values. The basic failure mode of MSE wall in steep terrain is the sliding of backfill along the backslope, while A-frame style micropiles are capable of preventing the sliding trend. The maximum resultant displacement can be decreased by 6.25% to 46.9% based on different interfacial friction angles, and the displacement can be reduced by 6% ~ 56.1% based on different backfill strengths. Furthermore, the reduction increases when the interfacial friction angle and internal friction angle of backfill decrease. In addition, the lateral displacement of wall panel, the deformation of backfill decrease and the tension strain of geogrid obviously, which guarantees the MSE wall functions and provides good conditions for mountain roads.     

上硬下软地层中h型桩与滑坡相互作用机理模型试验研究

组合式抗滑桩是加固大型滑坡的有效防护措施, 但上硬下软等复合地层中h型抗滑桩的加固机理仍有待深入研究。基于一套自主研发的上硬下软地层滑坡-h型抗滑桩物理模型试验装置, 综合应力应变监测、激光测距仪、高速相机与粒子图像测速(PIV)技术研究了上硬下软地层滑坡中h型桩的位移、内力响应规律与滑体变形破坏特征, 揭示了上硬下软地层条件下h型桩与滑坡相互作用机理。研究结果表明, 在坡顶荷载逐渐增加的条件下, h型桩加固的上硬下软地层滑坡的演化阶段可划分为蠕变阶段、匀速变形阶段、加速变形阶段和破坏阶段4个阶段。受连系梁影响, 前排桩与后排桩桩顶位移较小, 应变最大值出现在靠近滑面深度处; 后排桩弯矩呈"S"型分布, 前排桩弯矩呈三角形分布, 负弯矩最大值位于连系梁下方20 cm处。随着硬岩体积分数(φ_β)增加, 桩顶位移逐渐减小, 前、后排桩最大弯矩值也逐渐减小, 但硬岩体积分数超过60%后最大弯矩值变化幅度较小。当φ_β=20%和40%时, 后排桩土压力总体呈抛物线形式; 当φ_β=60%和80%时, 土压力总体呈反"S"型, 且滑面附近出现第二个土压力峰值; 前排桩土压力分布形式均为抛物线型。试验结果可为组合式抗滑桩加固机理研究和设计提供理论支撑。      

非均质各向异性油藏水平井流入动态

为分析渗透率非均质性对水平井流入动态的影响,根据质量和动量守恒定律,建立全耦合的非均质各向异性盒式油藏渗流与水平井筒变质量流的耦合模型;通过坐标变换建立各向异性油藏水平井非均质表皮计算模型,将非均质渗透率场转化为等效均质渗透率场和沿井筒变化的非均质表皮;应用源函数法和势的叠加原理得到油藏渗流模型的解,给出基于模型离散的顺序迭代解耦方法.结果表明:渗透率非均质性对水平井流量剖面和采油指数影响较大.水平井流量分布规律与近井渗透率变化规律基本相同;高渗区流量大,低渗区流量小;在等效渗透率相同的情况下,随着近井非均质性的增强,水平井平均采油指数逐渐降低,平均流量分布不均衡因数逐渐增大.该研究为非均质各向异性油藏水平井产能预测和完井参数优化提供了依据.     

模拟堆载作用的黄土边坡土体变形机理试验

通过固结不排水剪试验,研究了堆载作用下不同深度、含水量和围压的原状黄土的变形和破坏特征,并从黄土的微观结构角度分析了产生这一现象的原因,结合黄土边坡特殊的工程地质条件,分析了堆载作用下黄土边坡土体的变形破坏过程。试验结果表明,不同深度、含水量和围压的原状黄土的应力应变曲线和抗剪强度具有不同的特征;特殊的工程地质条件,使黄土坡体的某些部位形成了堆载作用下不利于黄土材料强度保持的含水量和围压的组合,导致了这些部位黄土的变形破坏,进而诱发坡体的变形破坏。     

A modified Hoek-Brown failure criterion considering the damage to reservoir bank slope rocks under water saturation-dehydration circulation

After water is impounded in a reservoir, rock mass in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the reservoir bank slope is subject to water saturationdehydration circulation (WSDC). To quantify the rate of change of rock mechanical properties, samples from the Longtan dam area were measured with uniaxial compression tests after different numbers (1, 5, 10, 15, and 20) of simulated WSDC cycles. Based on the curves derived from these tests, a modified Hoek- Brown failure criterion was proposed, in which a new parameter was introduced to model the cumulative damage to rocks after WSDC. A case of an engineering application was analyzed, and the results showed that the modified Hoek-Brown failure criterion is useful. Under similar WSDC-influenced engineering and geological conditions, rock mass strength parameters required for analysis and evaluation of rock slope stability can be estimated according to this modified Hoek-Brown failure criterion.     

Hydroacoustic estimates of fish biomass and spatial distributions in shallow lakes

We conducted acoustical surveys with a horizontal beam transducer to detect fish and with a vertical beam transducer to detect depth and macrophytes in two typical shallow lakes along the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River in November 2013. Both lakes are subject to active fish management with annual stocking and removal of large fish. The purpose of the study was to compare hydroacoustic horizontal beam estimates with fish landings. The preliminary results show that the fish distribution patterns dif fered in the two lakes and were af fected by water depth and macrophyte coverage. The hydroacoustically estimated fish biomass matched the commercial catch very well in Niushan Lake, but it was two times higher in Kuilei Lake. However, acoustic estimates included all fish, whereas the catch included only fish 45 cm(smaller ones were released). We were unable to determine the proper regression between acoustic target strength and fish length for the dominant fish species in the two lakes.     

对数功率谱法计算磁性体顶底深的若干问题

对数功率谱法是计算磁性体顶深、底深的常用反演方法之一。该方法简单、计算速度快,并且不需要预先知道磁性体的磁化率。本文对该方法在实际资料处理时遇到的一些问题做了进一步的研究。通过对计算磁性体顶深、底深的误差分析,证明计算顶深的精度较高。对于非均匀磁化模型,作者推导出其谱公式,这与均匀磁化模型的谱公式近似相等,从而证明对数功率谱法计算磁性体顶、底深度不受非均匀磁化影响。三度磁性体的二度近似计算也是完全可靠的。 最后,计算了山西省太原盆地磁性体顶深,其结果与已有的地质、地球物理资料相符合。     

2021年四川泸县MS6.0地震震源性质及震前区域应力场特征

为了解2021-09-16四川泸县M_S6.0地震的发震机理,加强对四川盆地内地震活动性的认识,基于四川及周边地区地震台网的宽频带地震资料,利用CAP方法反演获得泸县地震的震源机制解和矩心深度;同时,基于震前四川盆地内155个震源机制解,利用MSATSI程序反演得到泸县地震震前四川盆地内的构造应力场。结果显示,泸县地震矩心深度为3 km,矩震级为M_W5.3,滑动性质为纯逆冲。震中附近震前构造应力最大主压应力和中间主压应力都近乎水平,最大主压应力在震中附近走向101°,此构造应力状态下,优势滑动断层为纯逆冲性质,与泸县地震震源机制一致。根据震源位置和性质、震前构造应力场及震中附近的断层性质推测,泸县地震发震断层不是华蓥山断裂,而是其分支和余脉之间极浅的盖层滑脱型断层。     

Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Mechanical Properties and Permeability of Red Sandstone under Triaxial Compression

Geological disasters will happen in cold regions because of the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on rocks or soils, so studying the effects of these cycles on the mechanical characteristics and permeability properties of rocks is very important. In this study,red sandstone samples were frozen and thawed with 0,4, 8 and 12 cycles, each cycle including 12 h of freezing and 12 h of thawing. The P-wave velocities of these samples were measured, and the mechanical properties and evolution of the steady-state permeabilities were investigated in a series of uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. Experimental results show that, with the increasing of cyclic freeze-thaw times, the P-wave velocity of the red sandstone decreases. The number of freeze-thaw cycles has a significant influence on the uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, cohesion, and angle of internal friction. The evolution of permeability of the rock samples after cycles of freeze-thaw in a complete stress-strain process under triaxial compression is closely related to the variation of the microstructure in the rock. There is a highly corresponding relationship between volumetric strain and permeability with axial strain in all stages of the stress-strain behaviour.