喀斯特森林雨水的地球化学特征——以贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区为例

贵州茂兰喀斯特原始森林地区25个雨水样品的化学组成研究表明,该区雨水的pH值为4．4～7．2,平均为5．1。雨水样品富NH4^＋、Ca^2＋和SO4^2-、C1^-。NH4^＋是最主要的阳离子,平均值为56．8／μmol／L,占阳离子组成的26％～74％,Ca^2＋次之,平均值为14．8μmol／L,NHg和Ca^2＋之和占了阳离子组成的71％～94％,SO4^2-是最主要的阴离子,平均值为39．2μmol／L,占了阴离子组成的69％～91％,CI一次之,平均值为9．5μmol／L。SO4^2-和C1-占了阴离子组成的71％～96％。与中国其他地区的雨水样品相比,茂兰地区雨水离子含量要低1～2个数量级;物质来源分析表明茂兰地区雨水中溶质主要来源于自然过程的输入,人为活动输入可以忽略不计。     

离子色谱法测定水样中S^2－、SO3^2－、SO4^2－、S2O3^2－

该种方法利用离子色谱仪的电导检测器与电化学检测器串联，十几分钟即可连续完成水中S^2-、SO3^2-、SO4^2-、S2O3^2-的测定，方法具有快速，高效，方便，灵敏，选择性好等特点。方法的检出限分别为：S^2-12.5μg/L；SO3^2-22.4μg/L;SO4^2-5.0μg/L；S2O3^2-5.0μg/L。相对标准偏差在1.5%-6.9%之间，能够不中S^2-、SO3^2-、SO4^2-、S2O3^2-四种阴离子分析测试的需要。     

P204萃淋树脂对地质样品中痕量铌和钽的分离富集研究及其应用

研究结果表明，P204萃淋树脂在0．5—3mol／L HCl介质吸附钽，在1—8mol／L HCl介质吸附铌，1—3mol／L HCl介质中可同时吸附铌、钽。H2SO4 H2O2溶液解脱铌，酒石酸 HCl溶液解脱钽，H2SO4 H2C2O4溶液能同时解脱铌、钽，从而建立了新的铌和钽分离富集体系。分离后的铌、钽用光度法测定。方法用于测定地质样品中的铌和钽，结果与标准值符合，其RSD(n＝7)分别＜6％和9％。     

喀斯特坡地石灰土硫形态分布及其同位素组成特征

土壤中S形态及各形态硫化物的稳定S同位素组成的分布特征对于土壤S循环研究具有重要意义。利用S形态连续提取方法测定了喀斯特坡地石灰土总S、SO4^2- -S、S^0-S、FeS—S、FeS2-S和有机S含量及其δ^34S值。有机S是石灰土主要的S形态,占总S的76．5％～93．6％。总S和有机S含量随土壤深度加深而降低,这与有机S矿化有关,对应有机S的δ^34S值逐渐增大。总体来看,FeS2是石灰土主要的无机S形态,其次为SO4^2-、FeS和S^0。石灰土表层以下深度FeS2-S增加与SO4^2-异化还原反应速率增大有关,对应SO4^2-和FeS2的δ^34S值平行增大。深层土壤FeS2-S降低则主要与SO4^2-异化还原反应速率减小及无机S厌氧氧化有关。土壤各形态S含量及其δ^34S值的分布特征,可以记录与深度相关的S形态转化过程。值得注意的是,受石灰土类型、植被状况及地形特征等因素的影响,喀斯特坡地石灰土中SO4^2-、FeS2和有机S组分容易迁移,这也是石灰土中各形态S分布变异的主要原因。     

连续流动化学发光法测定地质样品中的银

采用732阳离子交换树脂静态吸附分离，以Luminol-K2S208-Ag^ -乙二胺体系，连续流动化学发光法测定地质样品中的痕量银。该方法的检出限为4μg／L，9次测定8．8μg/Ag的标样07-GRD-35，x＝8．5μg／g，RSD为2．5％，经地质标样测定，验证结果的相对误差小于15％，适于野外快速测定银。     

离子色谱法检测土壤样品水溶态中的七种阴离子

采用离子色谱法测定土壤样品水溶态中的F^-、Cl^-、NO2^-、SO4^2-、Br^-、NO3^-、PO4^3-。通过优化提取条件,得出最优条件下7种阴离子的加标回收率为94.4%～102.5%,精密度为3.1%～4.6%。对实际样品进行测试,结果表明,该方法适用于土壤样品水溶态中7种阴离子的定性、定量分析。     

贵阳市大气总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）中水溶性无机离子的化学特性及季节变化特征

2005年1月到12月,在贵阳市区采集TSP样品,分析了其主要水溶性无机离子的化学性质及其季节变化规律。结果显示,TSP浓度年均值为106.60μg／m^3;各离子摩尔浓度的大小顺序为：SO4^2-＞NH4^＋＞Ca^2＋＞NO3^-＞K^＋＞Na^＋＞C^-＞Mg^2＋＞F^-。TSP及其组分存在明显的季节变化,TSP、Cl^-、SO4^2-、NO3^-、NH4^＋、K^＋、Na^＋、Ca^＋和Mg^2＋浓度的冬／夏比值分别为1.29、5.23、1.35、2.37、1.73、1.22、1.84、1.23和1.02。影响TSP、Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋和F^＋的气象参数主要是相对湿度和风速,影响SO4^2-、NO3^-、NH4^＋,和Cl^-的是温度。TSP大多呈微酸性,可能是高含量的SO4^2-所致。NH4^＋与SO4^2-的相关性最好（R为0.85）,NH^＋与SO4^2-的摩尔比值为0.8,说明NH4^＋主要以（NH4）2SO4的形式存在。     

Fe2+ -邻二氮菲树脂相分光光度法测定痕量铁的研究

基于三乙醇胺-盐酸介质中,Fe2 与邻二氮菲形成的阳离子配合物被强酸型阳离子交换树脂吸附富集,使树脂显桔红色,据此建立了测定痕量铁的树脂相分光光度法,并讨论了适宜的实验条件。方法的检出限为1.65×10-2μg/mL,ε=9.44×104L·mol-1·cm-1。用于茶叶、余甘中痕量铁的测定,结果令人满意。     

NK8310螯合树脂分离富集地质样品中痕量金银铂钯及其测定

研究了硫脲螯合树脂（NK8310）分类富集地质样品中痕量Au、Ag、Pt和Pd的实验条件。在φ=10％的王水介质中，[AuCI4]^-、[AgCI2]^-、[PtCI6]^2-和[PdCI4]^2-定量吸附于树脂上并与大量贱金属分离；用5g/L硫脲－0.12mol/L HCI溶液洗脱Au、Ag、Pt和Pd，回收率为97％－104％。用硫镍矿管理样以及国家一级标准物质进行分析验证，分析结果与推荐值及标准值吻合，表明NK8310螯合树脂适用于地质样品中Au、Ag、Pt和Pd的分离富集。     

峨眉山地区大气漂尘化学组成研究

为了揭示峨眉山大气漂尘的化学特征，研究小组分别在1998，1999，2000年使用小型大气采样器进行采样，并测得样品中含有水溶性化学成分（Na^ ,K^ ,Mg^2 ,Ca^2 ,SO4^2-,NO3^-,NH4^ 和Cl^-)和酸溶性化学成分（Pb和Zn)。这一地区三年的大气成分与1990年的相似，而且峨眉山的Na^ ,Cl^-,SO4^2-,NO3^-,Ca^2 ,NH4^ ，Pb和Zn浓度分别比日本山形县鹤岗的要高出4－15，3－19，3－5，3－6，13－23，4－7，11－28和10－23倍之多。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

The evolution of the magmatism in the external zones of the Betic Cordilleras during the mesozoic

Abstract

The Mesozoic igneous rocks from the External Zones of the Betic Cordilleras extend for some 300 km along the Subbetic Zone. They are poorly differentiated basic rocks which, altogether, correspond to a transitional series containing tholeiitic and sodium-alkaline terms. They crop out as small ophite stocks and dykes intruded into middle- and upper-Triassic rocks, or as submarine flows and sills interlayered with Jurassic materials.

Geological and radiometric evidence points to an upper-Triassic-Liassic age for the ophite-generating magmatism, while the fissure volcanism began locally in the early-Liassic and extended throughout the Dogger. It reached its climax in the Tithonian and ceased abruptly in the lowermost Cretaceous.

The magmas that generated the two groups of rocks originated within the mantle. During the ascent through a continental crust they were contaminated by deep-crust granitoid rocks and by the assimilation of pelites from the basement. The chemical composition and fractional-crystallization differentiation trends of the ophites belong to the tholeiitic series, while those of the middle-uppermost Jurassic magmas to the sodic-alkaline series. This magmatic evolution may be attributed to a geodynamic change from distensive in the Triassic to transtensive from the middle-Jurassic onwards.     

悬板开孔对排沙漏斗流场特性的影响

排沙漏斗的水沙分离性能取决于其流场特性,为了弄清楚悬板开孔对流场特性的影响,利用粒子图像测速技术和数值模拟方法,分别对悬板溢流段和非溢流段同时均匀布孔、仅在非溢流段布孔和无孔时的排沙漏斗流场特性开展研究。结果表明：①布孔位置不影响涡流性质但影响其强度,均匀布孔时涡流强度最小,不利于水沙离心分离;②无孔和仅在非溢流段布孔时的流场特性有利于泥沙径向输移、沉降和排出,均匀布孔径向速度和二次流流速减小不利于泥沙输移和排出;③仅在悬板非溢流段布孔时悬板表面速度大于其他方案,泥沙不易淤积于悬板。为减少悬板上的泥沙淤积量且同时要保证较高的泥沙截除率时可采用仅在悬板非溢流段布孔的方案优化悬板体型。     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the