Industrialization of Slovenia

A new European state, the Republic of Slovenia, was constituted in 1991. It used to be considered the most industrialized and economically developed federal unit of the former Yugoslavia. There were (in 1990) 362,732 workers employed in manufactur industry, which meant 46% of all employees in Slovenia. The industrialization occurred in two waves: the first one before the Great War, and the second one, imposed and conducted by the communist regime, in the 1960's and 1970's. The latter promoted the establishing of factories all over Slovenia, particularly in the less developed regions. This process was prolonged, and the result of universal industrialization of Slovenia was that 464 Slovenian settlements had one or more industrial plants. The willful industrialization caused the substantial transformation of society, and left its traces in geographic features of Slovenia as well. The intended incorporation of Slovenia into the international market will cause considerable dilemmas and a crisis in this type of industrialization.     

Nationalities of Slovenia — changing ethnic structures in Central Europe

The ethnic structure of Slovenia has in recent decades changed dramatically due to the geo-political rearrangements in Central Europe and due to the socio-economic developments in former Yugoslavia. The mixed, dark-age based ethnic pattern was at first eliminated to be replaced by a similar level of multi-ethnicity of a different origin recently. Ethnic groups of mostly Slavic (Croat, Muslim, Serb) origin have in the past couple of decades migrated to urban centers of Slovenia, thus replacing there former German and Italian minority population. Problems of attitudinal, cultural, social and linguistic nature emerge and impact the poli-structured cultural landscape of the independent nation-state.     

The problems of the Italo-Croato-Slovene border delimitation in the Northern Adriatic

The Adriatic Sea, and its northern part in particular, is a highly illustrative example of the changing political geography of the sea. In the 1990's the changing political map was influenced by the break-up of Yugoslavia. As a consequence two successor states, Croatia and Slovenia, started delimitation of their common and new international border. In spite of the fact that a joint boundary commission managed to resolve disputes along almost the entire length of the land border, there are several disputed points remaining as well as unresolved issues of maritime delimitation. The authors analysed the existing claims of the two countries and suggested a possible solution. Regardless of existing problems, there are favourable conditions to develop intensive cross-border cooperation.     

International tourism and its impact on the Slovenian society and landscape

By all the usual measurements, Slovenia should present a particularly attractive destination for tourists. First, it has a diversity of natural phenomena; second, the cultural landscape has imprints of many peoples and times. But oddly enough only several resorts, based on attractions of nature, like Rogaka Slatina (mineral wells), Portoro-Portorose (Mediterranean littoral) and Bled (alpine lake) are comparable to similar places in Europe. On above named examples the effects of the tourist industry are elaborated. This paper suggests that the phenomenon tourism impacts the culture, economy and looks of a diversity of Slovenian regions. Due to a basic ignorance during most of the socialist era, in Slovenia as a whole tourism gives bread only to 3% of the resident population. Opportunities for the development of this branch of economy are diverse.     

Croatia in the continental traffic network of Europe

Croatia is located on the southeastern edge of Central Europe (Ruppert 1995), between the navigable Danube River and the Adriatic Sea, so that participates not only in continental traffic, but in the maritime and river traffic of Europe as well.Although the transit position of Croatia is very favorable, transportation itself has unfortunately not been developed in accordance with these advantages. This is a result of the social-economic, especially political, development of the region in the course of its history. Unfortunately, politics also influences the selection of transit routes in this part of Europe today. With the break-up of socialist states, particularly the former Yugoslavia, new states have appeared which are seeking their place in the European traffic network. Because of the momentarily uncertain political circumstances, the construction of some transit routes in Croatia have not been foreseen in international developmental plans for continental transit, despite the fact that they would be logically expected given the advantages of their position.     

Voting and borderland minorities: Recent Italian elections and the Slovene minority in eastern Fiuli-Venezia Giulia

This article seeks to link electoral behavior and borderland ethnic minority patterns. Results of the November 1993 mayoral election in Trieste, and the March 1994 and April 1996 national elections in Italy are studied in reference to the distribution of the Slovene minority in Northeastern Italy, specifically in the eastern part of the Region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia adjoining the boundary with Slovenia. The history of this borderland is rampant with conflict and territorial sovereignty changes. Recent events – the end of the Cold War, the breakup of Yugoslavia and independence of Slovenia, and the collapse of the Italian political party system – have served both to ease traditional tensions but also to exacerbate ethnic relations between Italians and the Slovene minority. The impact of Italian electoral reform and political party reformulation on the region is examined. Specifically, Mayor Illy's election in the city of Trieste in 1993 and voting patterns in the borderland Goriziano district of the Italian Senate for both the 1994 and 1996 elections are studied in some detail. The article concludes that while electoral campaigns and election results are marked with ethnic confrontation and contrasts, evidence suggests that, despite continuing nationalist tendencies, greater understanding and cooperation between Italians and Slovenes are emerging.     

A review of the historical development of the Republic of Croatia

The Croats were among the first peoples of Europe who established a state, and from the beginning of the tenth century they had their own kingdom, the first among the Slav peoples. By their language they belong to the Indo-European Slavic, or more precisely the South Slavic group of peoples, and by their cultural and religious orientation they belong to the Western European sphere of civilization. They settled their present homeland at the beginning of the seventh century. Their formation as a distinct ethnicity began in the early Middle Ages, and this on territory which was for centuries the meeting place of Greek and Roman culture, the Frankish and Byzantine Empires, and the Holy Roman (German) and Ottoman Empires. Here the world's three greatest religions also met: Catholicism, Orthodoxy and Islam. The Croats are Catholics and have always gravitated to the West. As one of the six republics of the former Yugoslavia, Croatia was on the border between the Western democratic countries and the Eastern communist world, between the countries gathered in NATO and those in the Warsaw Pact. Since becoming an independent and democratic state in 1991, the Republic of Croatia has been on the eastern border of Central Europe.     

Survey of a coastal karstic aquifer by analysis of the effect of the sea-tide: Example of the Kras of Slovenia,Yugoslavia

A hydrodynamic study of a coastal karstic aquifer is attempted by analyzing the effect of sea-tide on its water table Under certain conditions, this approach, which involves quite easy data processing, may yield the hydrodynamic parameters of the aquifers, diffusivity, in particular. The aquifer involved here is the Kras of Slovenia, Yugoslavia, which is bounded on one side by the Adriatic Sea (Bay of Trst)Kras is the Slovenian word from which the wordkarst originates The Kras aquifer is located in a thick carbonate sequence (Cretaceous) with an anticline structure. This sequence outcrops and is affected by opened vertical fractures. The geological setting could suggest a free groundwater with negligible piezometric variations with respect to the thickness of the carbonate sequence The study was carried out by the identification of observed data (fluctuations of the water table) and computed data under various assumptions (confined, semi-confined, free groundwater). The best fit is obtained when considering a groundwater with semi-confined behavior, which, of course, does not agree with the geological setting of the Kras However, this behavior can be justified by the fact that an important karstification occurred below the existing sea-level during the Quaternary and Tertiary marine recessions, creating diffusive zones in lower parts of the saturated karst it should be noted that similar situations must prevail in all the peri-Mediterranean karsts as they too were affected by the Quaternary and Tertiary recessions     

Ethnicity as a cause of migration in Eastern Europe

Migration within and from Eastern Europe has recently risen as a topic of significance on the European political agenda. One aspect of this complex migration matrix relates to ethnic unrest. This paper examines the scale and spatial ramifications of this movement on a part of the continent recently freed from communist rule.An attempt is made to divide the ethnic quilt of Eastern Europe into those countries with few such problems and those with many. It is possible then to define areas of active migration (hot spots) from those of potential migration (inflammable spots) based on predictions from the current situation.Active ethnic migration results from the present political/military instability in the western Balkans, where refugees have left for other parts of Europe to escape the present Croat-Serb-Muslim conflict. War escalation could encourage potential ethnic migration from Kosovo, the Sandzak and Vojvodina regions,and Macedonia within the former Yugoslavia. Future disquiet elsewhere could stimulate ethnic groups such as the Turks in Bulgaria,and the Hungarian minorities in Slovakia and Romania to join this migration movement scenario.     

Global Review of Permian Tyloplecta Muir-Wood and Cooper, 1960 (Brachiopoda): Morphology, Palaeobiogeographical and Palaeogeographical Implications

A global review of the stratigraphical and geographical distribution of Tyloplecta reveals that the genus ranges in age from Kungurian to Changhsingian (Middle to Late Permian). Tyloplecta first evolved in South China in the Kungurian (late Early Permian). The genus went through its first diversification in the Guadalupian, suffered a major extinction at the end of the Guadalupian, and re-diversified in the Wuchiapingian. T. yangtzeensis persisted into the Changhsingian as the only survivor of the genus involved in the end-Permian mass extinction. Palaeogeographically, South China is not only the centre of origin for the genus but also an area of diversification and evolution. In addition to South China, Tyloplecta has also been recorded from the Far East Russia, Japan, central Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Qiangtang Terrane of Tibet, Salt Range, Iran, Armenia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and Slovenia. This geographic spread suggests that Tyloplecta was primarily restricted to the Palaeotethys and is indicative of warm-water palaeoequatorial conditions. Its presence in some of the northeast Asian terranes (e.g., parts of Japan and Far East Russia) and in the Salt Range (Pakistan) and central and north Iran (part of the Cimmerian microcontinents) demonstrate that the genus invaded the middle palaeolatitudinal regions in both hemispheres during the late Middle Permian in response to increased shallow marine biotic communications between Cathaysia in the eastern Palaeotethys and southern Angaraland, and between Cathaysia and Peri-Gondwanaland. The invasion of Tyloplecta (and some other taxa) into the southern shore waters of Angaraland may be explained by assuming ocean surface current connections and close palaeogeographical proximities between the South China, Sino-Korea and Bureya blocks. In comparison, the invasion of Tyloplecta into the Peri-Gondwanaland region is more likely a result of reduced palaeogeographical distance between South China and Peri-Gondwanaland and the appearance of the Cimmerian microcontinents as migratory stepping stones.     

对天然地基承载力计算公式的理解和应用

文章就新老国标和上海标准对地基承载力的计算公式进行了分析比较,并认为在上海地区岩土工程勘察报告中提供天然地基承载力设计值fd更适合。     

Macroseismic practice in Slovenia

In 1986, a project was started concerning the improvement of macroseismic data management in Slovenia. It was decided to establish a network of collaborators all over Slovenia (20 251 km², approx. 2 million inhabitants), dense enough to allow the use of the MSK scale. Since the uniform spatial distribution with desired density of collaborators is hard to achieve, several methods are being used to obtain new collaborators. At present we have approximately 4100 collaborators in our computer supported database.When an earthquake is felt in Slovenia, the seismologist decides to what areas the questionnaires are to be sent. The prospective observers can be chosen by two criteria: density and quality marks. The density mark allows us to choose a number of observers in the same town or village, based mostly on the quality of answers and demographic conditions. The quality mark is computed, combined with the previous marks, and updated every time a completed questionnaire is returned.The average number of shocks for which the questionnaires are being sent is about 25 per year during the normal seismic activity. The average number of questionnaires is approximately 300 per event. The percentage of the returned questionnaires is above 66%. A user-friendly, interactive program has been developed to manage the database with information about collaborators, to select an area, density and quality threshold of inquiry, and to print addresses onto questionnaires.     

The Upper Adriatic borderland: From conflict to harmony

The paper presents an overview of the Upper Adriatic as a contact area between different cultural, social, economic and political entities, producing potential conflicts in the last century. The first part of the 20th century represented a classic example of geopolitical conflict through two World Wars and their related Peace Conferences that deeply impacted the region. Conflicts arising from the mid-century solution of the Trieste question transformed the Upper Adriatic into a laboratory of contemporary political geographic transformation. Changing geopolitical patterns have also modified the political, social and ethnic construction of the Upper Adriatic. The process of creating new international boundaries in the region ended in 1991 with the independence of Slovenia and Croatia. Through these geopolitical transformations in the Upper Adriatic, new political geographic attitudes evolved. Early on, Ratzel's geopolitical principles of defining borders as power barometers between neighbors dominated. More recently, attitudes have reflected modern integrative ideas with a focus on looking for harmony and the elimination of international conflicts. Greater attention has thus been given to the political geography of `everyday life', inter-ethnic relations, and cross-border contacts. Hence, `new' borderlands of the Upper Adriatic are more receptive to integration because they seek to overcome conflicts caused by the division of traditionally homogeneous spaces as local level political and ideological hindrances disappear. The region divided among Italy, Slovenia, and Croatia is becoming a new and special type of European borderland in the new century.     

经济地理学新的思维范畴

全球经济一体化与信息时代的到来，给经济地理学带来了新的变化，加之实践的检验，经济地理学由过去那些“区位论”，“生产布局”相应地发展到空间理论和信息理论，重在分析机制因素，时空的变化也更加深刻了，本学科比较综合，具有广阔的区域空间，复杂的内涵 ，其学科的创新在于在时空耦合度上使经济和社会同人口，资源，生态环境之间保持和谐，高效优化有序的发展，逐步建立具有我国特色的资源节约型的社会经济消费体系。着重分析了经济地理学新的思维范畴与研究趋势，强调用科学方法来检验以前的结论，用统计方法（层面分析）来解释数量关系，用GIS的分析法来印证空间布局的合理性。     

The Republic of Slovenia —geographical constants of the new Central-European state

The territory of the youngest European state is crossed by strategically important passes, the lowest in the entire Alps, leading from the Danubian basin to the Mediterranean (Italy). Thus, the Slovenes had been under cultural, civilization and political domination of centers from these two parts of Europe all until 1918. Because the mountanous land forms, dissected also by valleys and basins, were prone to processes of diffucion rather than fusion, the Slovenians became a national and political subject of their own as late as 19th C. From 1918 to 1990 they were joined with Yugoslavia, a SE European state, and learnt to their cost all the differences between the cultures of W and Central Europe on the one hand, and SE and E Europe and the Near East on the other. Hence the plebiscite decision by the nation for an independent state.     

Geochemistry and metamorphic evolution of the Pohorje Mountain eclogites from the easternmost Austroalpine basement of the Eastern Alps (Northern Slovenia)

Kyanite-rich and quartz-rich eclogites occur as lenses within amphibolite-facies quartzo-feldspathic gneisses in the Pohorje Mountains, Northern Slovenia, that form the easternmost Austroalpine basement. Major and trace elements indicate that the kyanite-rich eclogites were derived from plagioclase-rich gabbroic cumulates, whereas the quartz-rich eclogites represent more fractionated basaltic compositions. Both varieties are characterized by a LREE-depleted N-MORB type REE signature. Geothermobarometry and P-T pseudosections indicate that eclogites equilibrated at 1.8-2.5 GPa and 630-700 °C, consistently with the lack of coesite and with equilibration conditions of the chemically similar eclogites from the adjacent basement units at Koralpe and Saualpe type localities. Decompression reaction textures include (i) clinopyroxene-plagioclase intergrowths after omphacite, (ii) replacement of kyanite by corundum-plagioclase-spinel±sapphirine symplectites, (iii) breakdown of phengite to biotite-plagioclase sapphirine symplectites. The results of this study indicate that Koralpe, Saualpe and Pohorje high-pressure rocks represent former MORB-type oceanic crust that was subducted in the course of the late Cretaceous (approximately 100 Ma ago) collision between the European and the Apulian plates.     

Cultural industries, information technology and the regeneration of post-industrial urban landscapes. Poblenou in Barcelona - a virtual city?

In a former industrial part of Barcelona, as in the de-industrialising neighbourhoods of many big cities, the ‘new’ economy and the ‘cultural’ economy have started to replace the ‘old’ economy, bringing new life into a declining district but also causing conflicts of land use, housing or the preservation of architectural heritage. The latter is an important part of regeneration and marketing policies of city governments, whereby the ‘new’ economy not only emerges from the old but the physical space of the old industrial quarter becomes the tool and setting in which the city can re-present itself and its success story of transformation and regeneration. Through the increasing use of information and communication technologies, which are at the same time driving this transformation - an industry as such as well as business-aid in various sectors, cultural industries in particular - the city has acquired a second, virtual presence. The city exists and ‘lives’ on numerous websites. Those by city government and city organisations often have the express purpose of marketing and presenting the city, while those by (cultural) businesses and other organisations in the district add to the mosaic of the virtual city. As a result, the old industrial space continues to live and be productive, its economic value having changed largely into a cultural value. This coexistence of the real and the virtual, old and new, also meets with a conflict at certain junctures. There is the positive representation of plans and events on the city's websites on the one hand, and the undercurrent of protest and disenchantment among the local population who find themselves marginalised from the profits and success of development, on the other. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

大理点苍山正片麻岩初步研究

点苍山正片麻岩分为两类：斜长片麻岩和花岗片麻岩。前者属岛孤火山岩，形成于中晚元古代。二者主要化学组分具相关性，花岗片麻岩是由早形成的斜长片麻岩、斜片角闪岩经深熔作用而成。     

地质找矿改革发展面临的突出问题与对策

国有地勘单位的改革始于20世纪末,以原地矿部所属的地勘队伍以及工业部门所属的大部分地勘单位属地化为标志,国有地勘单位开始了企业化进程。国家一系列优惠政策,给地勘单位的发展注入了新的活力。国家在加大对地勘单位投入的同时,放开了民营资本进入地勘市场的限制,商业性地勘市场出现了前所未有的繁荣,并取得了一大批重要的地质找矿成果。但国民经济的快速发展及国际矿业巨头的垄断,致使国内矿产品供需矛盾日益突出,经济发展对地质技术保障能力的要求被迅速放大,同时地勘单位体制机制的不和谐性也显现出来,具体表现为:勘查体制不顺、找矿机制不活、政策落实不够、勘探能力不强等。针对上述突出问题,提出了完善勘查体制、创新找矿机制、推进政策落实、提升勘探能力等相应的对策。     

21世纪矿业应向后工业发展势态倾斜--适者生存和可持续发展

“后工业”（post-industry)是知识经济或曰“新经济”的发展时代。这个时代的自然资源和一般劳动力资源,包括矿产资源在国民经济和社会发展中的基础地位逐渐为知识产权、市场网络、信息、创新环境等后天获得性资源,以及为创新人才的新“认知”（recognized intellect,RI)所代替。然而,据矿产资源分布及其成矿既具有一定的全球统一性又有区域的特殊性,以及不同国家（地区）对矿产资源勘查程度的不均衡性,特别是矿业活动与其他产业性质的不同,如何能按不同国家（地区）的具体发展状况,做好21世纪矿业向“后工业”发展势态的倾斜,达到适者生存和矿业可持续发展的目标是当代探讨的重大问题。在概括阐述了21世纪矿业发展势态、矿业活动特点及其自然属性的基础上,提出了矿业可持续发展的地质勘查和矿业活动决策支持系统的模拟,以及对当前紧缺铜矿资源可持续发展的新“认知”。