Effects of a mudcake on Stoneley waves in a fluid-filled porous formation around a borehole

A mudcake formed on the borehole wall between a fluid-filled porous formation and the borehole fluid can affect Stoneley wave propagation used to estimate the formation permeability. The mudcake effect on the permeability dependence of radial oscillations of borehole fluid is investigated in a system with a source generating radial acoustic waves in the borehole and hydrophones (pressure sensors) that record the respective attenuating oscillations of the borehole fluid. The permeability of the porous formation is estimated from theoretical permeability dependence of the attenuation exponent, knowing the time dependence of the exponential attenuation of borehole fluid oscillations.     

A logging method for estimating permeability, velocity of second compressional wave, and electroacoustic constant in electrolyte-saturated porous formations

A new algorithm is suggested for joint calculation of three key parameters of reservoir rocks: permeability, electroacoustic constant, and velocity of second bulk compressional wave (slow wave). The algorithm is advantageous in the use of Stoneley waves which are most stable in acoustoelectric log waveform data.     

横向各向同性弹性地层井孔中模式波的探测深度

研究了横向各向同性(TI)弹性地层充液井孔中模式波的频散曲线和灵敏度曲线。结果显示:弯曲波对地层中垂直向传播的横波速度比较敏感,而斯通利波对地层中水平向传播的横波速度较灵敏;在慢速地层中,从斯通利波(或弯曲波)对不同径向位置和不同波数下水平向 (或垂直向) 传播的横波速度的灵敏度曲线上可知,斯通利波的探测深度在整个计算频段约为1.5个井眼半径(距井壁距离),弯曲波的探测深度相对较深,但受波数影响大:在较低波数时,其探测深度约为4个井眼半径,较高波数时约为1.5个;在快速地层中,由于受井内流体的影响较大,弯曲波在较高波数时探测深度稍有下降,但斯通利波对地层性质的敏感程度明显降低甚至消失。     

利用斯通利波衰减反演渗透率的方法改进

利用严格的Biot介质模型,针对阵列声波测井情况,建立了基于物理统计方法的利用斯通利波幅度衰减反演储层渗透率之线性化最小二乘反演模型。作为对方法可行性的检验,运用该方法对理论合成数据进行了处理,结果表明运用统计方法后反演渗透率的偏差变小,证明了方法的可行性。     

利用斯通利波反演地层渗透率

以渗透性地层的测井声波传播理论为基础,研究斯通利波反演地层渗透率方法。斯通利波计算渗透率的关键在于如何将其受渗透率的影响因素与其它影响因素分离开来。已采用的计算方法有相速度(或慢度)方法、衰减幅度方法;作者使用的方法是结合相位滞后和衰减变化的测量来计算渗透率。求取渗透率过程有波场分离、正演模拟和渗透率的反演计算3个主要步骤。     

Absorption characteristics of a Stoneley wave in multilayered media and the logging method for estimating permeability

The aim of the study is to increase the reliability of estimation of the acoustic parameters of a layered permeable formation using new software, based on two-velocity continuum equations for 2D numerical simulation of acoustic waves propagating in a borehole. The key method is the method of finite differences as applied to solving equations of the continuum filtration theory. The dissipative characteristics of Stoneley waves have been identified for the case of their propagation in a layered formation. These aspects should be taken into account when using Stoneley waves to estimate the permeability of geologic media.     

基于斯通利波及电成像测井数据对火成岩裂缝地层的特征分析

随着石油勘探类型的转变和发展,如何高效且准确地识别地层中的裂缝变得十分重要。本文构建了斯通利波在裂缝地层中传播的理论模型,得到了斯通利波在经过裂缝带时会形成反射斯通利波,以及地层中裂缝的条数越多、斯通利波反射系数越大的理论结果。在此基础上,对辽河盆地火成岩地层的声波测井数据进行了斯通利波波场分离（中值滤波）,得到反射斯通利波,并计算了裂缝地层的反射系数。同时对该地层的电成像测井数据进行了孔隙度分布谱和区间孔隙度分析。研究表明：在裂缝发育的地层,反射斯通利波能量增强,反射系数变大;裂缝发育地层电成像孔隙度分布谱明显变宽,电成像区间孔隙度中大孔隙占比增大,显示次生孔隙（裂缝）发育。     

辽河盆地东部凹陷含气孔、裂隙火成岩地层斯通利波响应特征

为了有效地识别和评价裂缝性地层,对辽河盆地东部凹陷地区含气孔、裂隙地层的单极子阵列声波测井数据进行了斯通利波波场分离（中值滤波）和希尔伯特黄变换（HHT）。研究表明：裂隙和油气通常会使斯通利波的能量衰减（主要发生在高频）、主频下降和到时滞后,这三者具有相关性;裂隙会使反射斯通利波能量增强,反射系数变大;高频和低频斯通利波的比值简称为能量比,能量比接近零时对应渗透性裂隙地层,能量比较小但有一定数值时可能对应渗透性孔隙地层;固有模态函数保留了原始数据固有的物理特性,HHT幅值谱从时间和频率两个方面突出了阵列声波的动力特性。实测数据的傅里叶变换和HHT均能对储层性质进行一定的评价,HHT放大了阵列声波信号对于地层性质的敏感程度,易于研究的分析对比。     

井孔声场二维谱的数值计算与理论分析

简要介绍了井孔声场二维谱计算方法,实现了井孔声场二维谱的数值计算。通过对硬地层和软地层两类地层的模拟计算,得到硬地层和软地层的二维谱的分布图以及井孔中接收到的声压波形。根据对两类地层二维谱的分析,表明纵波（首波）、横波和泥浆纵波的声幅较小,频散不明显。斯通利波的频率范围较低,频散较弱。伪瑞利波频散较强、幅度较高,软地层不存在伪瑞利波。泄漏模对应的模式波,是一种几何衰减波,在声场传播中具有衰减快,频散性较强的特征。利用二维谱分析井孔声场,能够将复杂的声波传播特征用图像表现出来,具有直观、形象的效果。     

饱和多孔介质表面透水性对表面波传播特性影响薄层分析法

饱和半无限体表面透水性会影响表面波（瑞利波和斯通利波）存在及其传播特性。在表面透水情况下,只有瑞利波存在,而在不透水情况,不仅有瑞利波而且还有斯通利波。表面波在工程勘探及声波测试中扮演很重要角色,因此,有必要研究表面透水性对表面波传播特性的影响。采用薄层法,将表面波频率方程根的搜索问题转换成求特征值问题。根据表面波沿深度衰减特性,从一组计算的特征值及特征向量中筛选出与表面波对应特征值、特征向量,由特征值得到表面波频率特性（频散和衰减特性）,由特征向量得到孔隙压力、骨架位移随深度变化,进而分析在表面不透水情况下瑞利波和斯通利波影响深度及程度。     

Impact of extreme waves on a vertical wall

This study addresses the impact of nonlinear wave evolution on the resulting wave force values on a vertical wall. To this end, the problem of interaction between non-breaking water waves and a vertical wall over constant depth is investigated. The investigation is performed using a two-dimensional wave flume model which is based on the high-order spectral method. Wave generation is simulated at the flume entrance by means of the additional potential concept. This model enables to preserve full dispersivity. Therefore, the model enables to examine the role of nonlinear evolution in the formation of extreme wave force values on a vertical wall for a wide range of water depths. The results for the force exerted on a vertical wall are presented for shallow and deep water conditions. In shallow water, extreme wave force values occur due to the formation of an undular bore. In deep water, extreme wave forces have been obtained as a result of disintegration process of incident wave groups into envelope solitons. Multiple maximum force values have been detected for each of the highest run-up peaks. This phenomenon has been introduced in shallow water conditions and is extended here for deep water conditions.     

Evaluation of formation permeability from borehole Stoneley wave with lithological composition

The analysis of lithological composition was carried out. Reservoir elastic moduli were estimated with the lithological composition taken into account. The technique for permeability prediction according to the Stoneley wave parameters and a calculation example are presented. The comparison of permeability calculation with the proposed technique and other technologies is demonstrated. The application of the developed technique for permeability calculation provides theoretically proven outcomes.     

PCC桩低应变反射波法检测时速度波形成机制探讨

现浇混凝土大直径管桩（PCC桩）低应变检测时,桩头附近存在着明显的三维效应,表现在与激振点夹角不同的测点的速度响应存在着明显的差别。基于所建立的解析公式,研究了桩顶各振动模式的动力响应特征,分析了桩顶总体速度响应沿环向和径向的变化规律。研究结果表明：90º点的总体速度响应主要来源于轴对称模式,45º点、135º点和180º点的桩底反射峰大小和到达时间与轴对称模式接近,但入射波峰大小和到达时间与轴对称模式差别较大;桩顶速度响应主要来源于径向第1阶的模式,第2阶以上的模式贡献较小;各点速度响应主要是前几阶模式的叠加结果,环向第10阶以上的振动模式对总体速度响应的贡献较小;各模式对入射波峰的形成都有较大贡献,但反射波峰主要来自轴对称模式的贡献;高频干扰峰主要来自第1阶非轴对称模式,各点干扰波峰值、相位不一,90º点干扰波峰值最小,0º～90º点与90º～180º点相位相反;环向各点的速度响应差别较大,但沿径向的变化却不很明显。     

利用Hudson裂隙模型分析井径变化对声波测井响应的影响

裂隙性介质因其复杂的结构和可观的藏储量一直是资源勘查领域的重点研究对象。基于Hudson裂隙理论对裂隙介质中不同裂隙参数（数密度、角度、纵横比）下变化井径的井场响应进行数值模拟,得到如下结果：在裂隙数密度较小的情况下,纵波、横波以及斯通利波幅度对井径变化响应较敏感;在裂隙角度较大的情况下,斯通利波幅度对井径变化响应较敏感;在裂隙角度较小的情况下,横波幅度对井径变化响应较敏感;在裂隙纵横比较小的情况下,纵波、横波以及斯通利波幅度对井径变化响应较敏感;在频率-波数二维谱中,随着井径的增大,波动激发强度峰值所在的频率带以及波动的首次激发频率都向低频区域移动。由此认为：弹性波在裂隙性介质中传播时在受井径变化的影响下产生规律性响应,应用Hudson裂隙理论模拟裂隙介质的井场响应可以系统地分析裂隙参数和井径变化对声波传播规律的影响,进而指导实地裂隙储层声波测井勘探工作。     

A numerical study on 2-D compressive wave propagation in rock masses with a set of joints along the radial direction normal to the joints

An explosion in a borehole or an accidental explosion in a tunnel will generate a two-dimensional (2-D) compressive wave that travels through the surrounding rock mass. For the problem of 2-D compressive wave propagation in a rock mass with parallel joints in the radial direction normal to the joints, parametric studies on the transmission ratio and the maximum rebound ratio are performed in universal distinct element code. The variation of the transmission ratio with the ratio of joint spacing to wavelength is generalized into a characteristic curve, which can be used as a prediction model for estimating the transmission ratio. The relationship between the maximum rebound ratio and the influence factors is obtained in charts. The charts can be used as a prediction model for estimating the maximum rebound ratio. The proposed prediction models for estimating the transmission ratio and the maximum rebound ratio are applied to a field explosion test, Mandai test in Singapore. The minimum possible values of peak particle velocity (PPV) at the monitoring points are estimated by using the proposed prediction model for estimating the transmission ratio along the radial direction normal to the joints. On the other hand, the maximum possible values of PPV are estimated by using the proposed prediction model for estimating the maximum rebound ratio along the same radial direction. The comparison shows a good agreement between the field-recorded PPVs and the estimated range of PPVs given by the minimum possible PPVs and the maximum possible PPVs at the monitoring points in Mandai test. The good agreement between the estimated and field-recorded values validates the proposed prediction models for estimating peak particle velocity in a rock mass with a set of joints due to application of a compressive wave at the boundary of a tunnel or a borehole.     

煤层水平井中随钻电磁波仪器影响因素分析及电阻率模拟计算

为掌握煤层水平井中随钻电磁波仪器探测影响因素,通过有限元数值模拟研究顶底板围岩电阻率、仪器偏心、煤层井眼垮塌和煤层厚度等因素对电阻率测量值的影响,分析高阻煤岩地层条件下幅度比和相位差计算的电阻率响应规律。在此基础上,建立三层地质数学模型,模拟不同发射频率情况下随钻电磁波仪器钻进煤层时,幅度比和相位差电阻率计算解析解和数值解的差异,以及煤层相对介电常数对幅度比和相位差计算的影响。模拟结果表明:幅度比和相位差计算的电阻率解析解和数值解符合度很高,但当电阻率大于100 Ω·m时,幅度比电阻率已经不能反映煤层的真实电阻率,所以在实际处理解释过程中用相位差电阻率要好些;高阻煤层不同发射频率情况下,电阻率数据主要对煤层电阻率敏感,对介电常数不敏感,只有在超高频时,介电常数才会对电磁波传播造成较大影响。      

斯通利波在碳酸盐岩储层解释中的应用

在塔河油田碳酸特岩裂缝性储层中，采用声波全波列测井及偶极横波测井来获取丰富信息，主要成分波有纵波、横波、斯通利波，主要采用时域和频域2种信启、提取方法，来获得声波时差、频率和能量信息．其能量衰减和能量值的大小可以反映地层渗透性能，斯通利波能量的相对变化可用来定性划分渗透层，反射波能量反映渗透性地层的裂缝分布，为划分渗透层提供了良好的条件．     

考虑固结参数变化时砂井地基的非线性径向固结

传统的砂井地基径向固结理论基于小应变理论,所以假设固结过程中体积压缩系数 和水平渗透系数 为常数。然而,固结过程中的 和 均随孔隙比 的减小而呈非线性变化。在Hansbo理论基础上,引入普遍压缩方程和普遍渗透性变化方程来分别表示正常固结土的 - 和 - 的非线性变化关系,得到砂井地基非线性径向固结解,并与前者进行对比分析,探讨了非线性固结参数 和加荷比 对固结过程的影响。结果表明： 和 是控制砂井地基非线性径向固结过程的两个重要因素。     

基于模拟退火算法的阵列声波测井组分波慢度提取

为了提高阵列声波测井组分波慢度提取的精度,基于模拟退火算法以及慢度—时间相关(STC)法的原理,提出了模拟退火算法与慢度—时间相关法结合的阵列声波测井资料处理新方法。该算法核心是将慢度—时间相关法的相关系数经过变换作为模拟退火算法的能量函数,利用模拟退火的全局寻优能力求取组分波慢度。对于纵波,在退火前使用长短时窗能量比法进行波至点的求取可以将二维搜索简化为一维;对于其他组分波,分别使用该算法进行慢度—波至点二维搜索以提取慢度。实例表明,与常规的纵波速度测井对比,该算法提取的纵波精度比传统STC方法处理结果高9.94%;横波结果与传统STC方法的差别为0.29%;斯通利波结果与传统STC方法的差别为0.42%。算法在一定程度上提高了解释精度,在实际应用中有较好效果。     

基于Choi-Williams时频分布的裂缝性地层时频特征

为验证Choi-Williams能量分布时频分析方法的有效性,将其引入阵列声波测井信号处理之中。结果表明,它对于裂缝性地层具有较好的区分和识别能力,并且可以有效地抑制多频率成分信号的交叉性干扰,清晰地得到声波测井信号的时频分布性能及其特征。对于致密性地层来说,声波测井信号的各组分波均无明显的衰减。对于裂缝性地层来说,斯通利波能量会有较大幅度的衰减;破碎度更好,渗透性越好的裂缝对斯通利波的衰减影响更大;横波的衰减在渗透性更好的裂缝中更加明显。