汶川地震余震序列的地震各向异性

利用2008年5月12日汶川地震震源区及周边地震台站记录的余震序列资料,使用剪切波分裂系统分析法,分析了汶川地震发震构造龙门山断裂带及周边地区的地壳各向异性特征,推断了地壳最大主压应力方向及空间分布特征.研究结果表明：大致以安县为界,位于龙门山北东段的台站快剪切波的偏振方向为北东向,与断裂带走向一致;而位于龙门山西南段的台站快剪切波的偏振方向为北西向,与断裂带走向垂直;这个特征同样揭示出龙门山断裂带西南段逆冲、北东段带有明显走滑性质的特征.研究还显示,靠近龙门山与鲜水河、安宁河小江断裂交汇区附近的台站快剪切波的偏振方向表现比较离散,这可能是由震源区局部的复杂地质构造引起,与该地区复杂的主压应力方向特点一致.     

汶川地震余震序列中2个疑似深于30km余震的波形研究

寻找并确认更深的余震,对认识汶川主震的深部构造环境、应力状态具有一定的意义.已有研究表明,绝大多数汶川地震余震深度在20km以内,但近期的研究提出了2个余震可能深于30km的证据,为了确认这2个疑似深震的震源深度,本文通过计算理论地震图测试了震源深度及震中距对P波偏振的影响,并与实际观测的P波偏振信息进行对比分析.此外,还使用近震深度震相sPL波拟合的方法来测定震源深度,确认了这2个地震的深度在10 ～ 15km范围.     

汶川地震余震活动固体潮调制的统计分析

基于Schuster检验对汶川地震余震受固体潮的调制触发情况进行了系统的研究,包括对引潮力、潮汐应力和潮汐库仑破裂应力等触发地震情况的分时段分区段研究.结果表明,汶川北段2008年7月底至8月初的一组强余震受潮汐触发明显,引潮力、潮汐正应力及潮汐库仑破裂应力经Schuster检验平滑后均得到基本一致的结果.此外,汶川余震受半月潮的调制非常明显,北段余震多发生于上、下弦时段,南段地震多发生于上、下弦和望时段.     

云南地震序列最大余震的估算

利用1965~2012年云南地区的181次地震序列资料,分别用4种不同的方法得到主震和最大余震的震级关系式分别为:b值截距法Mmax=-0.44+1.03Mb±0.4;最大后续余震法Mmax=-0.23+1.00Mm±0.4;主震震级估算最大余震法Mmax=-0.71+0.89M±0.4;主震与最大余震震级差法:主震震级在5.0~5.9级之间,Mmax=M-1.2,在6.0~7.9级之间,Mmax=M-1.0。用这4种方法对2009年7月9日姚安6.0级地震和2012年9月7日彝良5.6、5.7级地震序列中的最大强余震进行估算,结果符合较好。统计结果显示最大强余震发生在主震后前3天的比例高达60%,这一结果可为最大强余震的时间判定提供依据。     

汶川地震序列中较大深度余震的一种可能的直接观测证据

汶川地震序列中为数很少的深度大于30km的余震是否存在,对解释汶川地震的成因机制具有重要意义.本文分析了汶川地震序列中26个"恰好"发生在观测台站下方的小地震--"台下地震",利用这种地震与台站之间的特殊组合来确定这些地震的震源深度,以期为地震精确定位提供"GT事件".在这26个地震中,有两例的震源深度约36km,尽管仍与所采用的地壳结构模型有关,却也提供了深度大于30km的余震存在的直接证据.     

汶川8.0级地震序列及相关问题讨论

汶川8.0级地震序列具有明显的分段特性,较强余震分布于茂县、绵竹以南及平武以北。主破裂过程在中南段以逆冲为主,序列逐渐衰减,呈主余型的序列衰减特征;北段是汶川地震破裂过程的终止区域,主破裂过程在该区域以走滑为主,形成多震型的序列特征,也成为汶川序列较大余震的主体活动区域。序列较强余震活动明显受引潮力调制,大多数较强余震发生在固体潮大、小潮时段,并且16时前后是较强余震的优势发震时段。序列衰减系数p值随时间增加而逐渐增大,最终基本稳定在1附近变化。结合以往的研究,对序列类型及最大强余震震级、强余震活动持续时间等进行了初步讨论。初步的统计结果还显示,8级左右强震序列中主震与最大余震之间的震级差正比于主震破裂尺度,这意味着当震级大体接近时,较大的破裂尺度与较为充分的能量释放相对应     

汶川地震余震序列的地震各向异性初步分析

2008年5月12日,在四川龙门山断裂带上发生了8.0级大地震,根据中国地震台网中心的地震目录,震源深度为14km处,属于浅源构造地震.汶川地震序列是主震余震型.截至到2008年10月,已发生了3万余次连续余震.北东走向的龙门山断裂带位于青藏高原东缘,是由3条断裂构成,自西向东分别是龙门山后山断裂,龙门山主中央断裂,龙门山山前断裂.龙门山断裂带是一条以逆冲为主,走滑为辅的大型断裂带.     

汶川8.0级地震及强余震破裂方式与引潮力之间的关系

本文通过计算汶川8.0级主震及20次M_S≥5.0强余震发震时刻引潮力的方位、 大小及变化率, 并对比其破裂方式, 发现11次逆冲型地震其发震时刻的水平引潮力方位和主压应力轴P轴有6次夹角在33°之内; 8次走滑型地震, 其发震时刻垂向引潮力都处于向上的峰值区间; 而2次具有张性正断分量的地震, 发震时刻垂向引潮力都处于向下的峰值区间。 根据以上的统计特征, 本文就引潮力对三种破裂类型在汶川主震及强余震中可能的触发机制进行了探讨。     

汶川Ms8.0地震及余震序列重新定位

从2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震发震时刻起到2008年12月31日,四川省及其周边省区布设的区域台网、水库台网以及流动台共记录到10000余次余震序列(M≥2.0).我们采用双差定位法对主震及余震序列进行重新定位,得到7000多个地震的重新定位结果.结果表明,余震分布带长约350 km.在西南部,余震沿龙门山后山...     

汶川8.0级地震触发与余震活动空间分布研究

文中分析研究了2008年汶川8.0级地震发震构造即龙门山断裂带历史和现今地震活动情况, 并计算主震发生后产生的库仑破裂静应力变化, 讨论了地震触发与余震空间分布之间的联系。 结果表明, 龙门山断裂带以虎牙—北川—安县为界分为二段, 西南段和东北段在地震活动性方面存在着较大的差异。 虽同处一条断裂带上, 但两者之间地震活动没有联系。 汶川8.0级主震发生之后, 在空间上产生的库仑破裂静应力变化具有很明显的分区特征。 龙门山断裂带北川至青川之间库仑破裂应力变化值大于+0.05 MPa, 主震对该地区后续M_L≥5.0余震的发生存在着触发作用。     

Relocation of the M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake and its aftershock sequence

We relocated M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake and 2706 aftershocks with M≥2.0 using double-difference algorithm and obtained relocations of 2553 events. To reduce the influence of lateral variation in crustal and upper mantle velocity structure, we used different velocity models for the east and west side of Longmenshan fault zone. In the relocation process, we added seismic data from portable seismic sta-tions close to the shocks to constrain focal depths. The precisions in E-W, N-S, and U-D directions after relocation are 0.6, 0.7, and 2.5 km respectively. The relocation results show that the aftershock epi-centers of Wenchuan earthquake were distributed in NE-SW direction, with a total length of about 330 km. The aftershocks were concentrated on the west side of the central fault of Longmenshan fault zone, excluding those on the north of Qingchuan, which obviously deviated from the surface fault and passed through Pingwu-Qingchuan fault in the north. The dominant focal depths of the aftershocks are between 5 and 20 km, the average depth is 13.3 km, and the depth of the relocated main shock is 16.0 km. The depth profile reveals that focal depth distribution in some of the areas is characterized by high-angle westward dipping. The rupture mode of the main shock features reverse faulting in the south, with a large strike-slip component in the north.     

基于同震库仑应力变化的汶川地震余震频次研究

在计算同震静态库仑应力变化的基础上,基于速率-状态摩擦定律及与同震静态库仑应力变化相关的余震频次估计方法,研究了汶川地震余震区及附近不同区域内与汶川地震同震静态库仑应力触发相关的"直接"余震频次。结果显示,主震破裂带尤其是主震破裂带南段的"直接"余震频次明显低于实际情况,其原因在于同震库仑应力变化导致的主震破裂面上应力水平的降低。研究结果还显示,汶川地震同震库仑应力变化对余震活动持续时间的影响与震级下限有关。对ML4.0以上余震,持续时间约为震后15~16个月;对ML3.5以上余震,接近60个月。在上述时段内,与同震库仑应力变化相关的"直接"余震占全部余震的比例为44.7%~48.6%。这表明,即使在同震库仑应力变化的"有效"作用时段内,主震破裂面上也大约有50%的余震活动不是缘于同震库仑应力变化的影响,这可能与震后余滑及粘弹松弛等时间相关因素的影响有关。     

Relocation of the M 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake and its aftershock sequence

We relocated M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake and 2706 aftershocks with M⩾2.0 using double-difference algorithm and obtained relocations of 2553 events. To reduce the influence of lateral variation in crustal and upper mantle velocity structure, we used different velocity models for the east and west side of Longmenshan fault zone. In the relocation process, we added seismic data from portable seismic stations close to the shocks to constrain focal depths. The precisions in E-W, N-S, and U-D directions after relocation are 0.6, 0.7, and 2.5 km respectively. The relocation results show that the aftershock epi-centers of Wenchuan earthquake were distributed in NE-SW direction, with a total length of about 330 km. The aftershocks were concentrated on the west side of the central fault of Longmenshan fault zone, excluding those on the north of Qingchuan, which obviously deviated from the surface fault and passed through Pingwu-Qingchuan fault in the north. The dominant focal depths of the aftershocks are between 5 and 20 km, the average depth is 13.3 km, and the depth of the relocated main shock is 16.0 km. The depth profile reveals that focal depth distribution in some of the areas is characterized by high-angle westward dipping. The rupture mode of the main shock features reverse faulting in the south, with a large strike-slip component in the north. Supported by the Basic Research Project of Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration (Grant No. DQJB08Z03)     

Spatio-temporal epidemic type aftershock sequence model for Tangshan aftershock sequence

Shallow earthquakes usually show obvious spatio-temporal clustering patterns. In this study, several spatio-temporal point process models are applied to investigate the clustering characteristics of the well-known Tangshan sequence based on classical empirical laws and a few assumptions. The relative fit of competing models is compared by Akaike Information Criterion. The spatial clustering pattern is well characterized by the model which gives the best fit to the data. A simulated aftershock sequence is generated by thinning algorithm and compared with the real seismicity.     

The strong ground motion observation for the Wenchuan aftershock

In this paper, the mobile strong ground motion observation for the destructive earthquake is introduced.Considering the characteristics and its spatial distributions of aftershock, 59 strong ground motion instruments were installed along the Longmenshan fault area, and more than 2 000 records have been accumulated.It shows that it is necessary to per-form the mobile strong ground motion observation after the destructive earthquake, and the precious collected data could be applied for further research.     

The time of occurrence and the magnitude of the largest aftershock over India

Summary The time of occurrence and the magnitude of the largest aftershock in relation to the main shock have been studied for India and its neighbourhood based on the USCGS data during the years 1963–1971. It is found that the largest aftershock occurs within 2 hours after the main shock in about 50% of the cases and frequency of occurrencen(t) of the largest aftershocks decreases hyper-bolically with the intervalt after the main event and could be represented by a law of the formn(t)=At ^–h whereA andh are constants. The probability of occurrence of the largest aftershock within 2 hours of the main shock is found to be higher over island are regions of the world. The difference (M ₀–M ₁) of the magnitude of the largest aftershockM ₁ to that of the main shockM ₀ as a measure of aftershock activity does not show any marked regional variation over India and its neighbourhood, as was reported by Mogifor Japan. Examination of the values ofM ₁/M ₀ and the constantb in Gutenberg-Richter's frequency magnitude relationship reveals a range of variation in both; high values ofM ₁/M ₀ have been found to be associated with high values ofb in many tectonic earthquakes and thus not, restricted to reservoir associated seismic activity.     

基于线性回归分析的主余震相关关系

预防强震后可能发生的余震对于保护灾区安全具有重要意义。为了对余震进行一定误差水平的快速判定,对主震与余震之间的关系进行分析。选取1970年1月1日—2009年9月30日全球范围5—10级地震进行预处理,采用基于最小二乘法的线性回归方法,对主震震级与最大余震震级关联关系、主震视应力与最大余震震级关联关系进行分析,并进行结果可视化。结果表明,主震与最大余震的震级存在一定线性关系,可为主震后在一定范围内对最大余震的快速判定提供一定参考。     

基于聚类分析的多尺度相似地震快速识别方法及其在汶川地震东北端余震序列分析中的应用

相似地震是具有相似波形记录的一组地震,往往以地震丛集的方式发生.而重复地震是一种特殊的相似地震,一般具有相近的震源机制解和几乎重合的破裂面积.对相似地震特别是重复地震的研究是我们认识断层的结构和变化的重要手段.本文提出了一种基于相似度距离概念和聚类分析技术的相似地震识别方法,可以利用单个台站对其记录到的地震事件进行快速的相似地震和重复地震识别.我们将此方法应用于汶川地震东北端的余震序列,获得了该地区相似地震的分布图像,并对其中存在的重复地震的发震机制进行了讨论分析.