湘中涟源凹陷石炭系测水组页岩气成藏特征及勘探潜力

目前对海陆过渡相页岩的储层及其成藏特征研究较少.湘中地区涟源凹陷下石炭统测水组海陆过渡相页岩是重要的页岩气勘探层位,基于二维地震资料、钻井岩心资料和测录井资料,选取2015H-D6井进行了井区构造与测水组岩性描述,页岩储层地化、物性及含气量等测试分析,以及单井埋藏史和热史模拟.研究表明:涟源凹陷海陆过渡相测水组泥页岩沉积于滨岸泻湖或沼泽环境,有效厚度为71.8 m,埋深大于2 500 m;泥页岩有机碳含量平均为1.68%,干酪根类型以Ⅱ型为主,具备良好的生气基础和吸附载体;成熟度分布在2.30%~3.32%,平均为2.96%,处于过成熟阶段;储层脆性矿物含量超过60%,粘土矿物含量小于30%,储层整体表现为低孔低渗特性,孔隙以微孔隙为主,具较好的页岩气储层条件.利用测井解释、等温吸附以及现场解析等方法,揭示出测水组泥页岩具有较好的含气量,结合模拟结果提出了构造保存并持续沉降是涟源凹陷海陆过渡相测水组页岩气藏形成的关键因素.      

中国页岩气的储层类型及其制约因素

页岩气是重要的非常规天然气能源。按页岩气储层的沉积环境将页岩分为海相、海陆过渡相和陆相页岩3种类型,由此总结了中国海相、海陆过渡相和陆相富有机质页岩的地层、分布及储层特征。海相页岩单层厚度大、分布范围大,空间连续性好;海陆过渡相地层中页岩具有单层薄、累积厚度大、频繁互层的特征;陆相页岩在平面上规模相对小、展布受到河湖相的控制。不同沉积相页岩在气体成分、赋存状态、气体成因等方面具有一定的共性,但由于页岩气储层的沉积环境不同,海相、海陆过渡相和陆相页岩在厚度、分布和岩性组合特征等方面又有较大差别。对比中美主要产气页岩储层的制约因素,结果表明,有机质丰度、有机质演化程度、有机质类型等因素制约着页岩的生烃;矿物的比例及结构、有机质的演化程度、有机质类型、孔隙及裂隙结构、页岩气赋存及运移条件、埋藏深度和有效厚度等因素影响页岩气富集成藏。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘海陆过渡相页岩气储层孔隙特征及影响因素

为了研究鄂尔多斯盆地石炭—二叠系海陆过渡相页岩气储层孔隙特征,选取页4井、页1井和DT803井海陆过渡相泥页岩样品进行了扫描电镜、低温液氮吸附实验以及相关的地球化学实验,分析了海陆过渡相页岩气储层的孔隙类型、特征及其影响因素。实验结果表明:研究区页岩孔隙以粒间孔和有机质孔最为发育;页岩孔形态以狭窄的平行板状为主,孔隙微观孔径分布范围为1~60 nm,主孔径分布介于1~6 nm和40~60 nm,介孔为孔体积和比表面积的主要贡献者,但微孔对比表面积的贡献不容忽视;有机碳和黏土矿物含量是海陆过渡相页岩孔隙发育的主要影响因素,脆性矿物对孔隙发育影响不明显。     

下扬子地区海陆过渡相页岩气成藏条件与主控因素:以萍乐坳陷二叠系乐平组为例

萍乐坳陷二叠系乐平组是典型的下扬子地区海陆过渡相泥页岩的发育层系。通过野外地质调查、样品采集和分析测试等对萍乐坳陷二叠系乐平组泥页岩的发育特征、有机地球化学特征、储层特征和含气性等页岩气成藏地质条件进行了分析。结果表明:萍乐坳陷二叠系乐平组页岩单层厚度小、累积厚度大,横向、纵向连续性差;有机质丰度较高,w(TOC)以1.0%~2.5%为主,有机质类型以Ⅲ型和Ⅱ2型为主,有机质成熟度Ro分布在0.6%~4.5%之间,以高成熟-过成熟为主。页岩矿物组成中黏土矿物较为富集,储层孔隙类型主要为微孔隙和微裂缝,储层物性较差;总含气量和最大吸附气含量都较小。在页岩气成藏地质条件研究的基础上,结合区域沉积-构造背景的分析表明,页岩气成藏控制因素为:沉积环境、构造运动和保存条件。综合分析表明萍乐坳陷二叠系乐平组页岩气成藏条件一般,但在有机质丰度高、物性较好、埋藏适中的构造稳定地区仍然有较好的页岩气资源前景。     

海陆过渡相页岩气层系沉积研究进展与页岩气新发现

四川盆地海相页岩气成功规模效益开发,使我国页岩气跨入了高速发展的快车道,确立了页岩气在我国能源安全保障中的重要战略地位。我国海陆过渡相页岩气资源丰富,有望成为我国页岩气增储上产的现实领域。目前海陆过渡相页岩气勘探开发和地质评价还处在初期阶段,海陆过渡相富有机质页岩发育特征与分布、沉积模式、有机质富集机理等非常规油气沉积学相关研究有待深入。通过系统厘定海陆过渡相相关概念与特征,明确了国内外典型海陆过渡相页岩气层系;系统总结海陆过渡相页岩沉积研究现状与新进展,揭示了海陆过渡相中富有机质页岩有利发育环境、主要沉积模式和页岩气储层基本特征。系统梳理鄂尔多斯、四川、渤海湾等盆地海陆过渡相页岩气勘探开发新发现,指出了我国海陆过渡相页岩气具有良好勘探开发前景。海陆过渡相页岩层系常伴有煤层,可进行页岩气、煤层气等联合开采,实现“体积开发”,以期有效推动我国天然气产业高质量大发展。     

鲁西地区上古生界页岩气成藏条件研究

以鲁西地区上古生界海陆过渡相暗色泥页岩为研究对象,通过获取分析暗色泥页岩有机地球化学及岩石物性等资料,认为鲁西地区上古生界暗色泥页岩具备形成页岩气的物质基础,且成藏条件优越。暗色泥页岩厚度大,有机质丰度高,有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主,热演化程度适中,储层微孔隙-纳米孔发育,泥页岩中脆性矿物丰富,有利于页岩气的形成、富集和后期改造。在鲁西地区上古生界山西组、太原组有机质泥页岩发育的凹陷盆地中部,盖层保存完整,后期改造活动弱,有利于页岩气成藏,为鲁西地区上古生界的页岩气勘探潜力区。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中部山西组烃源岩特征

<正>我国页岩气发育于海相、海陆过渡相和陆相沉积的富有机质泥页岩中[1-3],其中以南方古生界页岩为代表的海相页岩气和以鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长7段为代表的陆相页岩气均取得一定突破[3-7],而有关海陆过渡相页岩气资源评价的工作较少。鄂尔多斯盆地在早二叠世海陆过渡环境下沉积了一套富有机质泥页岩煤系地层[8,9],泥页岩厚度大,有机质丰度高,热演化程度高,历来被认为是天然气重要的气源岩。其中山西组地层沉积于海退背景下,盆     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部太原组海陆过渡相页岩孔缝特征及油气地质意义

鄂尔多斯盆地太原组海陆过渡相泥页岩是非常规天然气的储集层.通过采集太原组泥页岩样品,利用氩离子抛光-扫描电镜技术,观察抛光后泥页岩样品微孔隙、微裂缝的微观结构特征,分析其成因,认为沉积作用、成岩作用、有机质变质作用、干酪根生烃作用、溶蚀作用、构造应力作用是太原组页岩孔隙、裂缝发育的主控地质因素.同时参考国内外学术界对海相和陆相页岩的孔隙、裂缝类型的划分方案,将太原组海陆过渡相泥页岩孔隙、裂缝初步划分为有机孔、无机孔和微裂缝三大类.有机孔细分为化石孔、生烃孔;无机孔细分为粒间孔、晶间孔和溶蚀孔;微裂缝细分为收缩缝、应力缝和黏土矿物层间缝.太原组页岩中发育的微孔隙、微裂缝,为页岩气（尤其是游离气）提供了良好的储集空间和渗流通道,有利于页岩气的成藏.为页岩气的压裂开采及高产稳产提供了有利条件.     

淮南煤田煤系页岩气储集空间特征及其岩相控制作用

海陆过渡相煤系泥页岩广泛分布,具有良好的天然气资源潜力。以淮南煤田煤系泥页岩为研究对象,运用X射线衍射、扫描电镜等分析手段,对淮南煤田煤系地层泥页岩的矿物学、岩相、储层特征等方面进行相关测试,并探讨了泥岩岩相对页岩气储集空间的控制作用。研究表明:淮南煤田煤系泥页岩矿物成分中黏土矿物含量多、自生非黏土矿物相对较少,致使岩石脆性降低并对压裂裂缝产生具有负效应,但部分菱铁矿的存在可能起改善作用;存在花斑状高岭石泥岩、浅灰色高岭石泥岩、鲕状泥岩、暗色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩等5种岩相。泥页岩储层裂缝包括层面剪切缝、有机质演化异常压力缝、层间页理缝、构造裂缝等宏观类型和与石英和高岭石有关的微裂缝类型;泥页岩孔隙包括化石孔、粒间孔、粒内孔和晶间孔及可能的有机质孔等类型,为页岩气赋存提供了储集空间。不同沉积环境下的泥岩岩相不同,进而决定了矿物成分特征与有机质相对含量,对泥页岩储集空间起主要控制作用。     

海陆过渡相与海相富有机质页岩储层特征差异

海陆过渡相页岩气逐渐成为非常规油气的接替能源,系统分析海相与海陆过渡相储层特征差异,可为海陆过渡相页岩气勘探开发提供借鉴。选取大吉区块山23亚段底部海陆过渡相、威远区块龙一11小层海相页岩,开展TOC、有机质显微组分、全岩—黏土X衍射、物性、氩离子抛光扫描电镜、氮气吸附、核磁共振等实验,厘清了海相与海陆过渡相页岩储层宏观参数与微观孔隙结构两方面差异。结果显示:与海相页岩储层相比,海陆过渡相页岩储层TOC含量高达10.91%,干酪根类型为Ⅱ₂型,黏土矿物以高岭石为主,孔隙度与含气量略低。微观储层特征方面,海相页岩储层孔隙类型以有机孔为主,孔径分布介于10~50 nm,微裂缝主要为生烃增压缝和成岩缝,而海陆过渡相页岩储层孔隙类型以无机孔为主,孔径分布介于5~20 nm,有机孔多为孤立状不规则孔隙,微裂缝主要为有机质边缘缝和黏土矿物层间缝。在此基础上,初步揭示了海陆过渡相优质页岩储层孔隙发育受控于有机质和黏土矿物类型,阐释了页岩气赋存的优势孔隙类型为黏土矿物粒间孔。借鉴浅层海相页岩气的成功勘探实践经验,仍需加强有机质、矿物组分、孔隙赋气机制之间的三元耦合关系研究,以期为海陆过渡相页岩气的勘探开发提供坚实的理论支撑。     

沁水盆地阳泉区块太原组煤系页岩孔隙结构特征

页岩孔隙结构是影响页岩气赋存与储集的基本因素之一.为研究高演化海陆过渡相煤系页岩的孔隙结构和评价页岩气储集能力,主要运用扫描电子显微镜、高压压汞、低温N2和CO2气体吸附实验方法,对沁水盆地阳泉区块太原组海陆过渡相煤系页岩孔隙微观特征与孔隙结构进行了研究,并分析了太原组煤系页岩孔隙发育的影响因素.研究结果表明:沁水盆地...     

China Shale Gas Reservoir Types and Its Controlling Factors

Shale gas is an important unconventional natural gas. This paper classified shale into three types, which are marine, marine-continental transitional and continental facies shales, and summarized strata, distributions and reservoir features of the three kinds of shales. Marine face shale usually occurs in large scale and great thickness, and has widespread distributions; transitional face shale has the characteristics of thin layers, large multiple thickness and frequent interbedding, while the distribution of terrestrial face shale is relative narrow. Different shale reservoirs have similarities in gas compositions, occurrence states, gas origins. But they also differ in thickness, distributions and rock associations, etc., because of different sedimentary environments. Comparing reservoir characteristics of Chinese and American shale, organic matter abundance, maturity and types control the gas generation; mineral compositions and structures, organic matter maturity and types, pore and fracture structures, gas occurrence and migration characteristics, burial depth, and effective thickness control the shale gas accumulation.     

Geochemical and Geological Characterization of Marine-Continental Transitional Shale: A Case Study in the Ordos Basin, NW China

The organic-rich shale of the Shanxi and Taiyuan Formation of the Lower Permian deposited in a marine-continental transitional environment are well developed in the Ordos Basin, NW China, which is considered to contain a large amount of shale hydrocarbon resources. This study takes the Lower Permian Shanxi and Taiyuan shale collected from well SL# in the Ordos Basin, NW China as an example to characterize the transitional shale reservoir. Based on organic geochemistry data, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) observations, the desorbed gas contents of this transitional shale were systematically studied and the shale gas potential was investigated. The results indicate that the Lower Permian Shanxi and Taiyuan shale has a relatively high total organic carbon (TOC) (average TOC of 4.9%) and contains type III kerogen with a high mature to over mature status. XRD analyses show that an important characteristic of the shale is that clay and brittle minerals of detrital origin comprise the major mineral composition of the marine-continental transitional shale samples, while the percentages of carbonate minerals, pyrite and siderite are relatively small. FE-SEM observations reveal that the mineral matrix pores are the most abundant in the Lower Permian shale samples, while organic matter (OM) pores are rarely developed. Experimental analysis suggests that the mineral compositions mainly govern the macropore development in the marine-continental transitional shale, and mineral matrix pores and microfractures are considered to provide space for gas storage and migration. In addition, the desorption experiments demonstrated that the marine-continental transitional shale in the Ordos Basin has a significantly potential for shale gas exploration, ranging from 0.53 to 2.86 m3/t with an average value of 1.25m3/t, which is in close proximity to those of terrestrial shale (1.29 m3/t) and marine shale (1.28 m3/t). In summary, these results demonstrated that the Lower Permian marine-continental transitional shale in the Ordos Basin has a significantly potential for shale gas exploration.     

下扬子苏皖南地区上二叠统页岩油气地质条件研究

下扬子地区广泛发育厚度大、有机质含量高的上二叠统海陆过渡相泥页岩,但是勘查程度低,缺乏对页岩油气地质条件的系统分析。下扬子苏皖南地区上二叠统大隆组和龙潭组泥页岩埋藏深度适中,部署的多口探井获得了良好的油气显示。结合前人资料,通过野外调查、岩心观察、测试分析和资料对比等手段,对苏皖南地区上二叠统泥页岩进行了页岩油气成藏条件与保存条件的综合分析。研究表明,苏皖南地区上二叠统地层具有良好的生烃基础和储集条件,但有机质成熟度变化大,构造活动复杂,导致了区内不同地区油气保存和富集条件的差异。建议在重点地区开展页岩油气保存条件和埋藏演化史的精细研究,以寻求突破,力争带动整个下扬子地区的勘探开发进程。     

Exploration and research progress of shale gas in China

There are three types of shale gas resources in China. The resources are present in large amounts and are widely distributed. Marine facies, transitional facies and continental facies resources each account for a third. Based on resource distributions, there are many wells penetrated into the Sinian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian strata of the Yangtze plate and its periphery, the North China Craton and the Tarim Basin. Many years of exploration have indicated that the marine Silurian Longmaxi shale gas is widely distributed in south China and has been industrialized in its production in the Sichuan basin. The shale gas from the Cambrian Niutitang Formation and the Sinian Doushantuo Formation are important discoveries in Yichang, Hubei and Zhenba, Shanxi. There are also shale gas resources found within transitional facies and continental facies in different areas in China. The “two element enrichment theory” has been summarized during the exploration process of Silurian marine shale gas in the Sichuan Basin. In addition, horizontal drilling and fracturing technologies up to 3500 m in depth have been developed. Based on the understanding of shale gas accumulation in a complex tectonic zone outside the Sichuan basin, a preliminary summary of the formation of the “converse fault syncline control reservoir” and “paleo uplift control reservoir” model has been constructed. The dominant theory of “Trinity” shale gas enrichment and the high yield of the “deep water Lu Pengxiang sedimentary facies belt, structural preservation conditions and overpressure” is summarized. Guided by the above theories. Anye1 well in Guizhou and Eyangye1 well in Hubei were drilled. “Four storey” oil and shale gas is found in the Permian Qixia group, the Silurian Shiniulan Formation, the Longmaxi Formation and the Ordovician Baota Formation in Anye1 well. Good shale gas has been gound in the Cambrian Niutitang formation inian Doushantuo formation in Eyangye 1well. This paper aims to summarize and review the main progress, theoretical technology and problems of shale gas exploration and development in recent years in China, and predicts the future exploration and development direction for shale gas and possible exploration areas.     

鄂尔多斯盆地中部上古生界山西组页岩储层特征

鄂尔多斯盆地山西组发育一套厚度大且有勘探潜力的陆海陆过渡相页岩。应用岩芯观察、X衍射、扫描电镜和显微镜观察以及高压压汞等方法,对该盆地中部山西组页岩的岩石学、矿物学、页岩储集空间、孔隙结构和物性特征进行分析研究。结果表明:研究区山西组页岩以黑色泥岩、黑色页岩夹纹层或薄层状深色粉砂岩为主,页岩主要由黏土矿物和石英两类矿物组成,二者平均含量分别为59.6%和36.9%。页岩宏观和微观裂隙发育,显微镜下统计的显微裂缝平均面密度达到116.6/m。除了发育与矿物和成岩作用有关的矿物孔隙外,页岩中有机显微组分发育较多的有机质孔。页岩孔隙度平均为0.77%,渗透率平均为0.06×10-3 μm2。山西组页岩总有机碳（TOC）、镜质体反射率（R_o,%）和黏土矿物含量是影响页岩孔隙度的主要因素,具有正相关性,而石英含量与页岩孔隙度呈一定的负相关关系。山西组页岩中裂缝的普遍发育提高了页岩的渗透率,有利于页岩气聚集成藏。综合分析表明山西组页岩气储层地质条件一般,开发难度较大,但在裂缝发育、物性较好的层位和地区仍具有较好的页岩气资源前景。     

沁水盆地武乡区块上古生界煤系页岩气储层孔隙特征和孔隙结构

储层孔隙特征和孔隙结构是影响页岩气赋存与储集的重要因素。为评价海陆过渡相高演化煤系页岩储层性质与页岩气储集性能,应用扫描电子显微镜、高压压汞、低温N₂和 CO₂气体吸附、微米CT扫描、核磁共振实验方法,对沁水盆地武乡区块上古生界煤系页岩气储层孔隙微观特征和孔隙结构进行了研究。结果表明,沁水盆地武乡区块上古生界煤系页岩样品中发育多种类型微观孔隙,常见粒间孔、粒内孔和微裂缝,有机质孔几乎不发育;武乡区块煤系页岩气储层样品孔隙总孔容分布在0.021 9~0.073 5 mL/g之间,平均值为0.039 9 mL/g,总比表面积主要分布在11.94~46.83 m²/g之间,平均为29.16 m²/g,其中介孔(2~50 nm)和微孔(<2 nm)是煤系页岩气储集的主要载体。煤系页岩中的高配位数孔隙数量越多,相应的孔容和孔比表面积越大,孔隙连通性越好;在孔隙数量和总孔容相差不大的前提下,山西组煤系页岩储层孔隙结构与连通性比太原组煤系页岩稍好。     

中国海相层序油气地质个性与勘探策略

中国海相地层的油气勘探直至近几年才获得重大突破,原因在于中国的海相油气地质的复杂性。中国古大陆板块的个性造就了中国海相盆地演化的多旋回性,由此形成烃源岩热成熟度高、目的层埋深大、保存条件差等个性。海相油气藏多具有多期次充注—调整改造—再充注的特点,且以气藏为主。中国海相油气勘探的策略应是以有效烃源岩、储集层及保存条件评价为基础,立足于古隆起发育区、海陆过渡相生储盖发育区、有效烃源岩与大面积储层的叠合区勘探,加强基础地质、地震、测井等综合研究,以提高勘探目标的预测性。