高邮凹陷北斜坡辉绿岩及其接触带储层发育特征与有利油气藏条件

理论研究与勘探实践表明岩浆侵入作用能够形成侵入岩—外变质带油气储层。以高邮凹陷北斜坡地区阜宁组为研究层位,根据岩心、薄片、分析测试等资料,重点研究了高邮凹陷北斜坡地区辉绿岩及其接触带的储层发育特征,并从烃源岩和成藏条件分析了研究区油气藏形成的有利条件,讨论了岩浆侵入活动对油气成藏造成不利影响的可能性。辉绿岩及其外变质带(接触带泥岩和砂岩)均可作为储层,辉绿岩储集空间包括原始气孔、冷凝裂缝、溶蚀孔隙、微孔、收缩微缝及构造裂缝;接触带泥岩储集空间包括构造裂缝、热液微裂缝、收缩缝、解理缝、晶间微孔和微溶孔;接触带砂岩储集空间包括原生粒间孔、粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔、铸模孔、超大孔及微溶孔。辉绿岩和接触带泥岩整体物性较差,非均质性强,发育的裂缝系统是储层性能改善的重要因素。相对于未受辉绿岩影响的正常储层而言,接触带砂岩的储集性能变差。研究区地球化学特征和油气藏分布特征等证据表明辉绿岩侵入降低了烃源岩生烃门限,加速了有机质向油气的转化,为辉绿岩及变质带储层提供了油气来源。研究区有利成藏条件主要包括:近距离油源供给、辉绿岩侵入形成运移通道、油气运移与圈闭形成良好时空配置、较大规模的辉绿岩及变质带和良好的封闭遮挡条件。     

济阳坳陷罗151火成岩油藏储集层概念模型

罗１５１火成岩油藏储集层成因类型可分为晶间微孔隙角岩、冷凝气孔－溶蚀孔辉绿岩、冷凝边、冷凝缝辉绿岩体边缘及中心带,其中冷凝缝辉绿岩带根据其裂缝产状进一步分为水平、垂直和风状裂缝等类型。根据储集层成因类型及不同产状类型裂缝的分布规律,建立了工区储集层概念模型：纵向分为Ｚ１、Ｚ２、Ｚ３、Ｚ４等４个带;平面分为ＰⅠ、ＰⅡ、ＰⅢ等３个区。结合罗１５１辉绿岩体侵入期次的划分,可对工区有利储集层分布进行预测。     

浅层侵入体泥岩变质带储集特征及发育模式—以江苏高邮凹陷北斜坡侵入体泥岩变质带为例

对江苏高邮凹陷北斜坡浅层侵入体泥岩变质带储集特征及发育模式开展的研究表明,泥岩变质带厚度与侵入体厚度呈正相关关系,按变质程度差异分为3个岩相带:角岩带、板岩带和变余泥岩带。其储集空间以各种成因的裂缝为主,物性变化受热接触变质作用控制,越靠近侵入体储层物性越好,即角岩带物性好于板岩带及变余泥岩带。岩浆侵入带来的高温高压、热流体活动及冷凝收缩作用是泥岩变质带储层发育的主要动力机制;侵入体上下变质带多呈非对称发育,上部变质带厚度及物性均优于下部变质带,这种非对称发育特征主要受控于高压热流体向上优势运移作用;其中上部角岩带为泥岩变质带相对优质储层发育部位。通过分析岩浆侵入与油气运聚的时空匹配关系认为泥岩变质带具有较大成藏潜力。     

柴达木盆地南翼山油田新近系油砂山组低渗微裂缝储集层特征及成因分析

通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定并借助X衍射全岩矿物分析,对柴达木盆地南翼山油田新近系油砂山组储集层特征进行分析。该区岩石中泥质含量高,岩性复杂,可划分为泥岩、碳酸盐岩、砂岩和混积岩4种类型。储集层中发育粒间孔、溶蚀孔、微孔隙和微裂缝等,形成了具有双重孔隙介质的储集空间特征。微裂缝是该区主要渗流通道,而微孔隙是主要储集空间,储集层物性总体较差。该区微裂缝类型包括构造缝、溶蚀缝和成岩缝。储集层岩石纹层发育,砂质纹层和泥灰质纹层交互出现,沉积和成岩作用过程中岩石受力不均衡、碳酸盐矿物的溶解以及泥岩收缩是形成微裂缝的主要原因。该区储集层物性受压实作用明显变差,溶蚀和胶结作用同时存在,对储集层物性影响较大。储集层岩石毛管压力曲线由近似垂直的斜线段和近似水平的曲线段两部分组成,中间存在较为明显的拐折点。斜线段反映了微裂缝特征,近似水平曲线反映了微孔隙特征。利用毛管压力曲线求取的排驱压力和平均孔喉半径无法真实地表述此类微裂缝储集层的孔隙结构特征,提出了有效孔喉半径概念,可以合理表述该区微裂缝储集层孔隙结构特征。     

马朗凹陷芦草沟组源岩油储集空间特征及其成因

通过场发射环境扫描电子显微镜,背散射电子衍射,X射线能谱,X衍射等分析手段对马朗凹陷芦草沟组源岩油储层储集空间类型及其特征与成因进行研究。结果表明,该区源岩层的储集空间可分为5大类:原生孔,包括粒间孔、晶间孔;次生溶蚀孔隙,包括粒间溶蚀孔、粒内溶蚀孔、溶蚀缝和基质型溶蚀孔隙;有机质热演化生烃残留孔;裂缝,包括构造缝和非构造缝;纹层间由于岩石物理性质差异形成滑脱缝和破裂缝。从微观孔隙结构分析,各类微孔隙、微裂缝是源岩中烃类的主要储集空间,裂缝、微裂缝起主要的输导作用,改善储层渗透性。     

准噶尔盆地中-东部石炭系火山岩储集空间特征研究

通过岩心观察、显微鉴定、扫描分析和成像测井等对准噶尔盆地火山岩油气储层的储集空间进行系统分类并分析其组合特征。结果表明,准噶尔盆地火山岩储层的储集空间可划分为原生孔隙、次生孔隙和裂缝3大类,进一步可细分出4种原生孔隙、5种次生孔隙和4种裂缝。其中,次生孔隙和裂缝对火山岩储集性能的改善具关键作用;储集空间组合类型包括构造缝-溶蚀缝-溶孔组合、原生气孔-构造缝-溶蚀缝-溶蚀孔组合和晶间孔-原生孔-构造缝-溶蚀孔组合等3种类型;孔缝组合整体表现为类型多样、形态各异、结构复杂、分布不均、连通性差、裂缝改善明显等特点。     

河南省南襄盆地泌阳凹陷古近系核桃园组湖相页岩油储集层特征

尽管对南襄盆地泌阳凹陷古近系核桃园组湖相页岩采用大型压裂初产已获高产油气流,但是对该湖相页岩储集层特征尚未进行系统研究。文中应用薄片分析及全岩X衍射分析,结合陆相页岩矿物组成特点,将泌阳凹陷湖相页岩划分为块状泥岩、纹层状黏土质页岩、纹层状粉砂质页岩、纹层状灰质页岩及纹层状云质页岩5种类型。根据页岩岩心样品氩离子抛光扫描电镜分析结果,探讨了研究区湖相页岩的储集特征:(1)主要发育溶蚀孔、晶间孔、粒间孔、构造缝、层间页理缝和微裂缝等储集空间类型;(2)孔隙发育具有各向异性;(3)孔隙以中孔体积为主,微孔次之,孔径平均为4.76 nm,有2个峰值区,分别是2～3 nm和71 nm左右。进一步分析表明,岩石类型控制了储集层的储集空间发育特征,研究区以纹层状灰质页岩的溶蚀孔、晶间孔、有机质孔、层间缝等孔隙最为发育,其亦对页岩油储集最为有利。     

准噶尔盆地西泉地区石炭系火山熔岩油气储层特征及成岩演化过程研究

火山熔岩油气藏是准噶尔盆地油气勘探和开发的重要目标之一。通过对准噶尔盆地西泉地区16口石炭系火山熔岩井的岩心观察、普通薄片和铸体薄片镜下鉴定和定量统计、扫描电镜和X-射线衍射等实验,研究玄武岩、安山岩、英安岩的岩石学特征、孔隙类型及储集特征及异同点,建立火山熔岩成岩演化序列,探讨成岩作用对火山熔岩孔隙演化的影响。研究表明,安山岩的储集空间最发育,孔隙类型及组合多样,多为气孔+斑晶溶孔+基质溶孔+溶蚀缝组合和气孔+斑晶溶孔+基质溶孔+溶蚀缝+构造裂缝组合。英安岩的孔隙组合为气孔+斑晶溶孔+基质溶孔和气孔+斑晶溶孔+基质溶孔+溶蚀缝。玄武岩孔隙类型及组合单一,为构造裂缝+溶蚀缝,构造裂缝+基质溶孔,气孔+溶蚀缝。挥发分逸出作用控制火山熔岩原生气孔的发育,岩浆期后热液作用和充填作用破坏了火山熔岩的储集空间,溶蚀作用、风化淋滤作用和构造破裂作用极大地改善了火山熔岩的储集性能。认为西泉地区石炭系顶部风化剥蚀淋滤带(距石炭系顶面0～20 m)的安山岩是油气聚集的最有利层段。     

松辽盆地昌德地区营城组火成岩气藏储层特征及其控制因素

松辽盆地昌德地区火山岩储层以酸性岩为主,主要岩石类型为熔结凝灰岩和凝灰岩,与国内其他含油气盆地的火山岩储层明显不同。宏观上岩性较致密,岩心观察仅见构造裂缝和溶蚀孔,局部见溶蚀洞,显微镜下观察储集空间类型多样,发育粒内溶孔、晶内熔孔、晶间微孔、构造微裂缝、炸裂缝和收缩缝等。火山岩厚度普遍较薄,其中芳深9井区火山岩厚度最大,最厚仅为75m。从岩相类型看,芳深9井附近为爆发相,其他地区为溢流相。研究区火山岩为低孔低渗储层,岩性和岩相与物性关系密切,同时控制着原生孔隙的形成。后期的成岩改造,包括构造活动、溶蚀作用等决定了次生孔隙的发育程度,构造运动产生的裂缝是该区储层得以改善的主要因素,而后期充填作用破坏了储层的储集性能。火山口附近爆发相与溢流相的叠合区是天然气勘探的有利目标。     

百色盆地东部兰木组古岩溶储层特征及其主控因素

常规薄片和扫描电镜分析表明,百色盆地上法地区兰木组石灰岩古岩溶储层具低孔渗特点,主要储集空间为后期改造产生的裂缝和溶蚀孔洞;经历了风化壳岩溶和缝洞渗流岩溶两种成因的两期岩溶作用,纵向上分表生岩溶带、渗流岩溶带和潜流岩溶带三个相带。裂缝以构造裂缝为主,以发育开启—半开启的高角度裂缝为主,低角度裂缝次之。有三种储层类型,其中以裂缝—孔洞型的最好,为主力产层,裂缝—孔隙型的次之,孔隙型的最差。影响古岩溶储层空间发育的主控因素为断裂和构造活动、岩石纯度、后期成岩作用的破坏。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.