Quasi indicatrix approach for distortion visualization and analysis for map projections

Tissot’s indicatrix or ellipse of distortion is a diagram that is the projection of an infinitesimal circle on the original surface. It is normally an ellipse of which elongation depends on the amount of distortion caused by map projection. It provides a medium for analyzing existing projections and developing new ones. The ellipse can be scaled and depicted on the map for visualization purposes. This paper presents an alternative approach, in which the projection of a finite small circle on the sphere is used. Its projection is normally an ellipse that can be very close to Tissot’s indicatrix, and is called quasi indicatrix, here. Its parameters can be derived from the forward projection equations without using partial derivatives. Therefore, it is a useful and practical approach from a programmer’s point of view. The quasi indicatrix approach is also numerically tested on Aitoff–Hammer projection with a set of points. The indicatrix parameters obtained by using this approach deviate 0.5% from the ground truths at most, being the average less than 0.2%.     

湿地恢复的技术与方法研究

从湿地恢复的基本概念和应遵循的原则入手,阐述了湿地恢复的两种模式,即被动恢复模式和主动恢复模式。从确定湿地恢复的目标、明确恢复区域、制定恢复方案、监测恢复活动、评价是否成功、恢复的长期管理等方面阐述了湿地恢复的流程。最后从土壤基质的恢复、植被恢复、栖息地保护与生境改善、湿地生态水管理、富营养化治理、有害生物防控、火生态控制等方面介绍了常见的湿地恢复措施。     

Supply and Demand Levels for Livestock and Poultry Products in the Chinese Mainland and the Potential Demand for Feed Grains

The widening gap between the supply and demand levels for livestock and poultry products in the Chinese mainland poses a significant challenge to the secure supply of feed grains. Therefore, the accurate prediction of the demand potential for feed grains represents a key scientific issue for ensuring food security in the Chinese mainland. This study is based on an analysis of several factors, such as the Chinese mainland’s output, trade volume, apparent consumption of livestock and poultry products, and two different scenarios for predicting the future demand for feed grains are assessed. The results indicate that output and consumption of livestock and poultry products, as well as the country’s trade deficit and the pressure of the supply and demand balance with respect to these products, have been increasing in recent years. The analysis predicts that the demand for feed grains in the Chinese mainland will reach 425.5 or 389.6 million tons in 2030 based on the two scenarios. This finding indicates that with the increasing demand for livestock and poultry products in the Chinese mainland, the demand for feed grains will continue to increase, and the shortfall in feed grains and raw materials will expand further, especially dependence on external sources of protein-rich feed grains will remain high.     

环保组织的社区领域建构策略及其环境治理影响

现有的环境政治文献多关注环境治理中多元主体之间的互动和策略,尤其是国家与环保组织之间的权力关系,但对权力在空间上的领域特征及其实践影响探讨不足。通过对一个国际环保组织乡村水资源保育项目的田野观察,分析了该组织在近十年的社区领域建构策略演化,并探讨动态的领域化过程如何影响环境治理的形式、范围和效果。研究发现：（1）环保组织通过与不同层级政府建立差异化联系,能够在农村社区中建构相对独立的社会领域,自主开展环保活动,但与农村社区之间的隔离也限制了环保项目进一步发展的空间;（2）环保组织通过融入本土社会关系网络的策略调整,重新建构了更具流动性、融合性的社会领域,为项目发展提供了新的动力;（3）面对长期的资源挑战,环保组织通过培育本土组织来保持自身在社区“飞地”的长期影响,但“代理人”在融合后的新领域空间内却难以再维持独立性和专业性,从而制约了公众参与环保的范围和效果。通过动态的领域化过程及其影响,解释了环境治理和环保组织发展的规律,为认识国家-环保组织-社区之间的关系提供了新视角。     

路径依赖理论及其地方经济发展隐喻

路径依赖是理解经济社会系统演化的重要概念,同时也有着明显的地理学涵义。但相对于在经济管理等领域的研究,路径依赖理论在经济地理学和区域经济领域的研究还相对较少。本文系统梳理了路径依赖理论的起源及其在技术变迁、制度变化与社会政治文化等领域的扩展;回顾了该理论在经济地理学中的引入及其发展;并重点探讨了如何运用路径依赖理论分析区域经济演化的机理。本文认为地方经济发展过程中存在着两种路径依赖效应:一种是以企业衍生、聚集经济为驱动力的路径依赖;一种是由于过度专业化、忽略外部联系而导致的路径依赖,即锁定。最后文章还分析了现有经济地理里路径依赖研究的不足以及未来的研究方向。     

南北问题跨世纪的发展态势

本文通过对南北问题的简要回顾，展现南北关系的变化过程及其时代特征，揭示南北问题的产生根源与实质，努力寻求解决南北问题的新途径，并对跨世纪南北问题的新发展进行展望。     

National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis

Abstract

Abstract. The growth of the remote sensing field has caused and explosion in the size and complexity of Earth satellite image databases. The explosion of data is already challenging current satellite-based GIS databases. New technologies for information management will be required in the future to maintain these large geographically-oriented systems created by projects such as NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS). This paper presents a technology adapted from the planning/scheduling field in Artificial Intelligence (AI) that promises to automate and facilitate the process of creating and storing satellite images and their associated data products.     

Trends and short-term prospects for copper demand

In recent years, the rate of consumption of minerals and energy has been increasing. Herein, a few fundamental components of mineral consumption including population growth, rising standard of living, advances in technology, and economic growth are analyzed. Copper is one of the best resources for illustrating the growth of metal consumption and components of that growth because statistical data for copper are quite comprehensive. Among the various factors examined, an index of rising standards of living is the most significant factors explaining growth of copper consumption.     

景观连通性模型及其应用

景观连通性模型可区分为点连通性模型，线连通性模型，网连通性模型和斑块连通性模型。因为点连通性、线连通性和网连通性已有很长的研究历史，相应的连通性模型（连通度）已比较成熟，所以本文的研究焦点是尚不成熟的斑块连通性模型。斑块连通性被定义为斑块中动物迁徙或植物传播运动的平均效率（或最小化运动距离）。斑块连通性模型在黄河三角洲新生湿地的应用研究结果表明，斑块连通性与人类活动强度和景观多样性负相关。     

离子交换与吸附研究方法

综合文献资料，结合本人研究实践，对离子交换与吸附研究的一些方法做专门介绍．     

Reducing model complexity for explanation and prediction

Numerical models can be useful for explaining poorly understood phenomena or for reliable quantitative predictions. When modeling a multi-scale system, a ‘top-down’ approach—basing models on emergent variables and interactions, rather than explicitly on the much faster and smaller scale processes that give rise to them—facilitates both goals. Parameterizations representing emergent interactions range from highly simplified and abstracted to more quantitatively accurate. Empirically based large-scale parameterizations lead more reliably to accurate large-scale behavior than do parameterizations of much smaller scale processes. Conversely, purposefully simplified representations of model interactions can enhance a model's utility for explanation, clarifying the key feedbacks leading to an enigmatic behavior. For such potential insights to be relevant, the interactions in the model need to correspond to those in the ‘real’ system in some straightforward way. Such a correspondence usually holds for models constructed for predictive purposes, although this is not a requirement. The goals motivating a modeling endeavor help determine the most appropriate modeling strategies, as well as the most appropriate criteria for judging model usefulness.