北极苔原和海冰地区边界层物理过程观测研究

国家自然科学基金重点项目"北极苔原和海冰地区边界层物理过程的观测研究",通过了国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部组织的专家组的质疑、答辩和验收.     

北极苔原和海冰地区边界层物理过程的观测研究

国家自然科学基金重点项目“北极苔原和海冰地区边界层物理过程的观测研究”在下列方面取得了较大进展：     

南北极海冰的时空变化特征

本文分析了南北极海冰多年平均覆盖资料，给出南北极海冰的年内变化特征，极地海冰最多最少月份的空间分布。计算了２月及９月海冰年际变化方差分布，并对２月及９月南北极海冰７个分区域覆盖面积作了ＥＯＦ分解，为进行南北极海冰影响全球气候的数值试验提供了海冰变化的空间配置     

青藏高原多圈层地气相互作用过程研究进展和回顾

青藏高原高大的地形条件,使得其具有十分显著的动力作用和热力作用,这导致高原地表与大气之间的相互作用和大气边界层发展过程对高原及周边地区的天气过程和气候变化的影响至关重要.自20世纪60年代,特别是1979年以来,人们先后开展了"第一次青藏高原气象科学试验(QXPMEX)"、"第二次青藏高原大气科学试验(TIPEX-Ⅱ)...     

干旱区陆面过程模型参数优化和地气相互作用特征的模拟研究

依据干旱区陆地下垫面观测结果, 对陆面过程模式Common Land Model (CoLM) 中反照率、 粗糙度长度和土壤热力性质3个方面的参数进行了优化, 并按照不同的参数组合形式设计了为加深理解干旱区地气相互作用的控制试验和研究重要参数影响的敏感性试验, 对敦煌戈壁2000年5月～2004年7月的陆面过程进行了离线 (off-line) 数值模拟分析。控制试验结果表明: 优化参数的模式在干旱区得到了更好的模拟性能, 对地表和深层土壤温度、 净短波辐射、 净长波辐射以及感热通量的模拟能力较原模式有了明显的提高。敏感性试验的结果表明: 地表温度在全年对反照率都比较敏感, 春季和夏季更为显著; 粗糙度长度和土壤热力性质分别在春夏和秋冬对地表温度有较大影响; 感热通量对反照率和粗糙度长度在夏半年比较敏感, 而土壤热力性质对感热通量的影响并不明显。对敏感性试验的结果进一步分析发现: 原模式在计算地表温度、 净辐射和感热通量的过程中存在不同形式的误差抵消的现象, 这就会掩盖模式的模拟误差, 优化参数的模式可以更好的反映干旱区地气相互作用的物理过程。针对模式输出的感热通量和地表热通量的分析发现: 感热通量的季节变化明显, 全年都有由地表向上的感热通量输送, 夏季尤为显著; 相对于感热通量而言, 潜热通量量级很小可以忽略不计。夏季, 净辐射的能量大部分以感热通量的形式返回大气, 其余的能量以地表热通量的形式进入土壤并贮存, 夏季土壤为热汇; 冬季, 夏季贮存的能量又由土壤返回大气, 此时土壤为热源。     

陆面过程和大气边界层相互作用敏感性实验

文中建立了一个研究陆面物理过程与大气边界层相互作用的模式。模拟了草原下垫面的土壤 环境物理、地面热量通量、蒸发、蒸散及大气边界层结构特征。并对主要的环境物理参数进 行了敏感性实验。结果表明，本模式能合理地模拟地表热量平衡、土壤体积含水量、植被蒸 发阻抗、地表水汽通量日变化和湍流交换系数、湍流动能、位温和比湿廓线等。该模式还可 进一步应用于研究城市陆面物理过程与大气边界层相互作用机制，及与中尺度大气模式耦合用于区域气候的研究。     

南、北极海冰的长期变化趋势及其与大气环流的联系

采用南、北极海冰面积指数 1°× 1°经纬度格点资料及海平面气压资料 ,运用多种统计方法 ,研究了南、北极海冰的长期变化趋势、突变特征及其与大气环流的联系 ,发现近年来南极冬、春、秋季海冰逐渐减少 ,夏季海冰逐渐增加 ;北极春、夏、秋季海冰均不同程度地减少 ,冬季海冰变化趋势不明显 ;南、北极各季海冰的年际变化均存在一定的突发性 ,大气环流在海冰突变年前后有显著的差异     

南北涛动与南极涛动及北极涛动的相互作用

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了南北涛动（Interhemispheric Oscillation,IHO）与北极涛动（Arctic Oscillation,AO）和南极涛动（Antarctic Oscillation,AAO）的联系。分析表明：1）北极涛动（AO）、南极涛动（AAO）与全年各自半球中高纬度地表气压变化密切联系。其中,AO冬季强度最强,且在春季、冬季的影响范围大。而AAO对南半球中高纬的地表气压变动影响更为明显,其在夏季影响范围最大。2）南极涛动（AAO）与南北涛动（IHO）有很好的同期相关性,南极涛动可部分解释南北涛动的形成。IHO与AO存在不显著的负相关,南北半球中高纬大气运动具有相对独立性。3）南北涛动（IHO）与全球较大范围内的地面气压变化有关,而去除AAO信号后,夏季在南极地区原显著相关区显著减少,夏季AAO与IHO存在密切联系。4）南北涛动（IHO）主要与春季、秋季和冬季亚洲、欧洲北部地面气温关系密切。秋季最强,春季次之,冬季最弱。夏季IHO与全球地面气温没有较好的联系。亚欧大陆北部的热力作用可能部分地解释了南北涛动的形成。     

北极臭氧损耗对初春东亚中高纬地区地面气温影响的观测分析

利用1948—2007年NCEP/NCAR月平均2m地面气温再分析资料、3月北极涛动（AO）指数和春季臭氧含量资料,采用合成分析方法分析了北极臭氧损耗对初春东亚中高纬地区地面气温的影响。结果表明,臭氧低（高）值年,3月东亚中高纬地区地面气温存在正（负）异常。4月的与3月类似,但气温异常的幅度减小,中心位置也有所变化。对...     

用冬季地气图预测河套地区春夏旱涝的初步方法

分析了河套地区9个测站1954-2005年春季(3~5月)和夏季(6~8月)降水距平百分率及对应的冬季地气形势,经对比分析地气形势可分为5种类型:(1)大涡型,(2)小涡型,(3)河套处于地热涡或地冷涡的东(西)边缘(东西相反型),(4)河套处于地热(冷)涡的南(北)边缘(南北相反型),(5)地气系统尺度很小(系统零乱型)。分析发现:“大涡型”最为稳定,河套春、夏季降水也是稳定的多或少(对大地热或冷涡);“小涡型”的稳定性不如大涡,但做夏季预测时可参考大涡型;“东西相反型”意味着河套地区在地热涡和地冷涡之间,可预测河套地区春夏季降水将是正常;当出现“南北相反”或“系统零乱”型时,预报准确率较低。     

南北极大气科学考察

南极考察:我院逯昌贵参加了中国第十八次南极考察队度夏考察。我院还派出河北省滦平气象站李国辉、辽宁省沈阳观象台杨宝伟和黑龙江省龙凤山本底站代鑫参加了第十八次南极气象考察,分别在南极长城站和中山站越冬。本次考察在长城和中山两站更换了风观测塔及遥测自动站仪器,更新了     

An update on dynamical changes in the Arctic and Antarctic stratospheric polar vortices

Dynamical changes in the Arctic and Antarctic lower stratosphere from autumn to spring were analysed using the NCEP/NCAR, ERA40 and FUB stratospheric analyses for three periods: 1979–1999, 1979–2005, and 1965–2005. We found a weakening of the Arctic vortex in winter and a strengthening in spring between 1979/1980 and 1998/1999, with corresponding changes in the zonal mean circulation. The vortex formed earlier in autumn and broke down later in spring. These changes however were statistically not significant due to the high interannual dynamical variability in northern hemisphere (NH) winter and spring and the relatively short time series. In the Antarctic, the vortex formed earlier in autumn, intensified in late spring, and broke down later. The changes of the Antarctic vortex were at all levels and for both autumn and spring transitions larger and more significant than the changes of the Arctic vortex. These changes of the 1980s and early to mid 1990s were however not representative of a long-term change. The dynamically more active winters in the Arctic and Antarctic since 1998/1999 led to an enhanced weakening of the polar vortex in winter, and to a reduction of the polar vortex intensification in spring. As two of the recent Arctic major warmings occurred rather early in winter the polar vortex could recover in late winter and the delay in spring breakdown further increased. In contrast, the increase in Antarctic vortex persistence did no longer appear when including the recent winters due to the dominant impact of the three recent dynamically active Antarctic winters in 2000, 2002, and 2004. The long-term changes of 1965/1966–2005 were smaller in amplitude and partly opposite to the trends since the 1980s. There is no significant long-term change in the Arctic vortex lifetime or spring persistence, while the Antarctic vortex shows a long-term deepening and shift towards later spring transitions. The changes in the stratospheric dynamical situation could be attributed in both hemispheres to changes in the dynamical forcing from the troposphere.     

北极苔原和海冰地区边界层物理过程的观测研究

国家自然科学基金重点项目"北极苔原和海冰地区边界层物理过程的观测研究"在下列方面取得了较大进展:     

北极涛动和南极涛动的年变化特征

北极涛动(Arctic Oscillation,简称AO)和南极涛动(Antarctic Oscillation,简称AAO)分别用于描述北半球和南半球热带外气候变率的主要模态,它们分别是北半球和南半球中纬度和高纬度之间气压变化的跷跷板结构.作者利用1958年1月～1999年12月的NCEP/NCAR全球再分析月平均资料、北极涛动指数IAO和南极涛动指数IAAO来研究AO和AAO的年变化特征以及AO和AAO与纬向平均的月平均各要素场的相关系数随纬度和月份的变化规律.     

The Arctic and Antarctic Oscillations in the IPCC AR4 Coupled Models

This study evaluates the fidelity of Arctic and Antarctic oscillations (AO and AAO for short,respectively) in the coupled general circulation models participating in the Fourth Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR4).The AO and AAO during 1970-1999 in 24 models are analyzed and compared with that in ERA-40 and NCEP-1.Models'performance is seasonally dependent,with best reproducibility of both spatial structure and trend in winter.In most models,the spatial pattern and temporal trend of AAO during this period are more delicately simulated than AO.After picking out models with better performance according to the Taylor diagram,we find that their ensemble mean can obviously improve models'reproducibility.The AO and AAO in the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A1B Projection during the 21st century are also briefly analyzed.The results reveal that both the AO and AAO indices keep increasing during 1970-2099,with a steadier pace of AO than AAO.The spatial difference of sea level pressure between 2060 2089 and 1970-1999 shows decreased values in polar regions,and increased values in midlatitudes.The results manifest that the ozone recovery during the mid 21st century may not weaken such a trend.     

The summer radiation and heat budget of the Arctic and Antarctic

Summary For two pairs of arctic and antarctic stations, one coastal and one mountainous, an intercomparison between the summer radiation and surface energy budgets was carried out. The station pairs were similar in both latitude and altitude. It was found that the global radiation was larger for both antarctic stations. This is the result of a smaller Earth-Sun distance and cleaner atmosphere in Antarctica. Cloudiness, and for the arctic mountainous station substantial screening of the sun, also contributed. Further, large differences were found in the albedo. In the Arctic, the summer surfaces considered were bare tundra and melting snow, with respective albedos of 20 and 59%, while in Antarctica the surfaces considered were melting and dry snow, with albedos of 67 and 83% respectively.This results in a less positive radiation balance at both antarctic stations, despite the higher incoming global radiation. In turn, less sensible heat transfer from the surface to air results in lower temperatures in the Antarctic. The reduced rate of evaporation in Antarctica results in a drier atmosphere and less cloudy conditions.

---

Zusammenfassung Für jeweils zwei arktische und antarktische Stationen, von denen jeweils eine an der Küste, eine in den Bergen liegt, wurden Vergleiche in bezug auf sommerliche Strahlungs- und Oberflächenenergiebilanz angestellt. Die Stationen liegen auf vergleichbarer Höhe und Breite. Es hat sich gezeigt, daß die Gesamt-Einstrahlung in den antarktischen Stationen größer war, aufgrund geringerer Erde-Sonnen-Distanz und der reineren Atmosphäre. Bewölkung und vor allem die für die arktischen Gebirgsstationen ausschlaggebende Sonnenabschirmung tragen auch zu dieser Differenz bei. Weiters wurden starke Albedounterschiede beobachtet. In der Arktis waren die Beobachtungsoberflächen im Sommer offene Tundra und schmelzender Schnee mit einer Albedo von 20 bzw. 59%, während die Antarktisoberflächen, nasser und trockener Schnee, eine Albedo von 67 bzw. 83% aufwiesen.Dies ergibt eine weniger positive Strahlungsbilanz für die beiden antarktischen Stationen trotz höherer Gesamteinstrahlung. Infolgedessen bewirkt die geringere Wärmeabgabe des Bodens an die Luft niedere Temperaturen in der Antarktis. Geringere Verdunstung ergibt somit geringere Bewölkung und eine trockenere Atmosphäre über der Antarktis.

---

---

With 5 Figures     

全球气候变暖中南北半球海冰变化的差异

应用海冰面积资料,分析在全球气候变暖下,南北半球海冰季节和年际变化的差异,结果表明:冬季南半球海冰面积为北半球的1.13倍,而夏季仅为北半球的2/5,南半球海冰的季节变化比北半球更为显著,其季节振幅为北半球的1.6倍.1979--2006年,北半球海冰总面积呈显著减少趋势,夏秋季最快,特别在1990年代中后期以来,减少尤为迅速;夏秋季,整个区域海冰为均一的减少趋势,北冰洋靠近北太平洋的近海变化最为迅速,冬春季,主要发生在北太平洋海域.南半球海冰自1980年代初以来有所增多,四季整个区域海冰并未呈均一的减少趋势,而是有一显著减少中心,位于南极半岛附近,两个增多中心,分别位于罗斯海外围和西南印度洋一带.随夏一秋一冬一春的季节转换,3个中心区域位置存在东移和返回的过程.     

The autonomous sampler probe for the Arctic and Antarctic water areas

Proposed is the Zelenchuk’s hermetic bathometer, where the water sample is taken using a membrane operating as the sucking-in piston and a static pressure equalizer outside and inside the bathometer at any depth. Stated is a new principle of constructing the mobile and safe autonomous sampler measuring probes based on membrane bathometers for the extreme conditions of hard-to-reach water areas in the Arctic and Antarctic. Proposed is a project of the sampler probe without external energy sources and complex supporting equipment and the scheme is presented of water sampling at different levels in subglacial Lake Vostok in Antarctica using this probe.